Excellent summary of the points, Tom. Good job. I had heard about John Karlin, but I didn't remember the name. In particular, way back in the 1960s, I heard about why the telephone keypad is not arranged the same as calculator keypads. User clinics, in short. One thing, phone numbers have changed over time. First, the strings of numbers used to be shorter than they are now. And second, in many parts of the world, including in the US, they were originally a combination of letters and numbers, just for ease of memorizing them. I guess for whatever reasons, everyone seems to have gotten away from the letters. The Internet had the same addressing problem to solve that the telephone industry had to solve. But the IETF from the start determined that people should NOT be required to memorize long strings of numerals. That's why they built this entirely parallel structure, the Domain Name System. A big global network of servers whose only job is to translate names into the actual IP address, the numbers plugged into the IP header, used for routing of packets. Bert ---------------------------------------------------------------------- You can UNSUBSCRIBE from the OpenDTV list in two ways: - Using the UNSUBSCRIBE command in your user configuration settings at FreeLists.org - By sending a message to: opendtv-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with the word unsubscribe in the subject line.