. SPORTS: SCIENCE: PERIODICALS : SPORTS MEDICINE: SportScience: A Peer-Reviewed Journal and Site for Sport Research SportScience: A Peer-Reviewed Journal and Site for Sport Research <http://sportsci.org/> Sportscience... Home/Latest Issue Contents by Issue Mailing List Research Resources Sports Medicine Sport Nutrition Statistics Tests/Technology Train/Perform 1997 to date POPULAR RESOURCES AT THIS SITE Spreadsheets related article Assessing an individual article Assigning subjects in controlled trials article Combine/compare effects article Compare two group means article Confidence limits & clinical chances article Pre-post parallel groups trial article Post-only crossover article Pre-post crossover article Reliability article Sample-size estimation article Validity article Articles/Slideshows Assessing athletes Assigning subjects in controlled trials Controlled trials + covariate Controlled trials basics Controlled-trials decision tree Dimensions of research Finding out what's known Magnitude-based inferences Magnitude matters Mechanistic vs clinical inferences Meta-analysis Preparing graphics for publication Progressive statistics Repeated measures & random effects Research designs Sample-size estimation Understanding stats via simulations Writing Volume 13 2009 News and Comment In BriefEditorial: Sportscience Reformatted and Revisited. History Makers and more. May 13.
Progressive Statistics Updated. Magnitude-based inferences and injury thresholds. May 13, Nov 21.
Train/PerformThe Second International Congress of Complex Systems in Sport. James Croft, Chris Button and Matt Dicks. Theory and practice of skills and strategies. May 19.
Research ResourcesThe 2009 Race for Impact by Journals in Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, and Tom Reilly's H Index. Will Hopkins. The latest citation statistics. Jun 30. Updated Jul 7.
Train/PerformSport Performance at the Oslo Conference of the European College of Sport Science. Will Hopkins . The latest training and other strategies. Jul 7.
Perspectives Research ResourcesFourier Series Approximations and Low Pass Filtering. Steve Elmer and Jim Martin. Theory and spreadsheet for biomechanists.
Mar 25. Progressive Statistics. Will Hopkins, Alan Batterham, Stephen Marshall, and Juri Hanin.Current best practice in data analysis and presentation. Nov 21.
Train/PerformThe Improbable Central Governor of Maximal Endurance Performance. Will Hopkins. An overview of a recent debate in J Appl Physiol. May 4.
Intervals, Thresholds, and Long Slow Distance: the Role of Intensity and Duration in Endurance Training. Stephen Seiler and Espen Tnessen. Reconciling research and practice. Nov 9.
Commentary. Steve Ingham. Nov 9 RESEARCH RESOURCES at sportsci.org Design and Analysis Exercise Physiology Questionnaires Writing Presentation Sites for Kids Design and Analysis 2008In Brief: Slideshow on Statistical Guidelines. A presentation at ACSM 2008.
In Brief: Update: Sample Size. Risk of an unclear outcome; new slides. In Brief: Sample-Size Commentary. Misconception explained.In Brief: Updates: Controlled-trial spreadsheets; graphs in Office 2007; Compare/combine effects.
Research Designs: Choosing and Fine-tuning a Design for Your Study. Will Hopkins. An update and slideshow of the most popular resource at this site.
2007In Brief: Editorial: Blogs and Podcasts. New i-tricks for sport scientists.
In Brief: Tutorials on R-Stats. Learn this powerful free package. In Brief: Update: Sample Size. 4x more for individual differences.In Brief: A Spreadsheet to Compare Means of Two Groups, including a covariate.
The Tour de Journals 2007: Impact Factors in Exercise and Sport. Will Hopkins. An assessment of the latest ratings.
Whats Behind the Numbers? Important Decisions in Judging Practical Significance. Greg Atkinson. A view on smallest worthwhile effects.
A Spreadsheet for Deriving a Confidence Interval, Mechanistic Inference and Clinical Inference from a P Value. Will Hopkins. An old resource updated with new insights about sample-based research.
Understanding Statistics by Using Spreadsheets to Generate and Analyze Samples. Will Hopkins. Implicit learning of all the important biomedical stats concepts.
2006In Brief: Sad Stats. No suitable statistical package for sport scientists.
In Brief: Magnitude Matters. A slideshow from the 2006 ACSM meeting.In Brief: New and Updated Research Slideshows. Student supervision, dimensions of research, making inferences, controlled trials.
Spreadsheets for Analysis of Controlled Trials, with Adjustment for a Subject Characteristic. Will Hopkins. A covariate and other enhancements now included in this useful resource. Commentary. Alan Batterham. Commentary. Amanda Cox.
A Spreadsheet for Combining Outcomes from Several Groups. Will Hopkins. Sex and other group effects made easy. Commentary. Glen Fincher.
Estimating Sample Size for Magnitude-Based Inferences. Will Hopkins. Clinical or practical outcomes with fewer subjects.
2005In Brief: A Spreadsheet for Fully Controlled Crossovers. Resource for analysis.
In Brief: Sport Scientists' Top 10 Sites. Feedback from the Sportscience list.
Making Meaningful Inferences About Magnitudes. Alan Batterham and Will Hopkins. Replace statistical significance of an effect with chances it is important. Commentary. Steve Marshall.
A Decision Tree for Controlled Trials. Alan Batterham and Will Hopkins. Reliability, washout time, and availability of subjects and resources are the deciding factors. Commentary. Greg Atkinson.
2004In Brief: Clinical Significance and Decisiveness. Will Hopkins. Make better inferences.
An Introduction to Meta-analysis. Will Hopkins. Article/slideshow on quantitative systematic reviews of original research.
Bias in Bland-Altman but not Regression Validity Analyses. Will Hopkins. Bland-Altman plots are misleading for method comparisons.
2003A Spreadsheet for Analysis of Straightforward Controlled Trials. Will Hopkins. Transformations, individual responses, effect sizes, clinical chances and more for data from a controlled trial, crossover, or time series.
Dynamical Systems Theory: a relevant framework for performance-oriented sports biomechanics research. Paul Glazier, Keith Davids, Roger Bartlett. New approaches to analysis of sports movements.
2002Dimensions of Research. Will Hopkins. An analysis of research projects in terms of topic, scope, mode, methods, ideology, and politics.
In Brief: Data-Analysis Tutorial. Will Hopkins. October 24In Brief: Qualitative vs Quantitative Designs (Letter). Douglas Booth. October 24
Probabilities of Clinical or Practical Significance. Will Hopkins. How to use and interpret probabilities more meaningful than the traditional P value. July 8
2001 In Brief: Clinical vs Statistical Significance by Will Hopkins In Brief: Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Designs by Will HopkinsA Research Agreement for Students in Exercise and Sport Science, by Will Hopkins. A template for planning and monitoring projects.
Comprehension in the Informed-Consent Process, by Steve and Amanda Olivier. Subjects have to understand what they agree to.
Informed Consent in Sport Science, by Steve and Amanda Olivier. Background info and forms for ethics applications.
A New View of Statistics, by Will Hopkins 2000Quantitative Research Design, by Will G Hopkins. All about double-blind randomized crossovers and other designs.
1999Researching Worthwhile Performance Enhancements by Will Hopkins, John Hawley, and Louise Burke. Summary of a recent publication.
1998-7 Quantitative Research Design (earlier version), by Will Hopkins Exercise Physiology 2004 In Brief: Calibrating Metabolic Carts. Save on calgas.Effects of High-intensity Training on Performance and Physiology of Endurance Athletes. Carl Paton and Will Hopkins. Gains of ~8% with some forms of resistance training.
2000A Spreadsheet for Partitional Calorimetry, by Kerry Atkins and Martin Thompson. Calculating temperature change in exercise.
1999Analysis of Expired Air with GasCalc by David J Egan. An Excel spreadsheet for analysis of energy expenditure and substrate utilization.
Questionnaires 1998-7Measurement of Training in Competitive Sports by Will Hopkins. Methodology, including downloadable diaries and questionnaires for researchers.
Writing 2006In Brief: Preparing Graphics for Publication. Tips and tricks for the Office platform.
The Journals World Cup 2005: Impact Factors for Sport Science. Will Hopkins. An assessment of the latest ratings. 2005 In Brief: Editorial: Copyright Control. No flexibility in a publisher's policy.
In Brief: Copyright-Free Images and Information. Resource for handouts/slides.
Impact Factors of Journals in Sport and Exercise Science, 2004. Will Hopkins. An assessment of the latest ratings.
2004In Brief: Updated Endnote Journal Abbreviations. Will Hopkins.Less errors in references.
Impact Factors of Journals in Sport and Exercise Science, 2000-2003 . Will Hopkins. An assessment of the latest ratings.
2003 In Brief: Finding Out What's Known Will Hopkins. In Brief: Writing Pre and Post. Will Hopkins. In Brief: Impact-Factor Update and Put-Down Will Hopkins. 2001Journal Impact Factors in Sport and Exercise Science, 1999-2000, by Will Hopkins. The latest journal rankings, and an analysis of MSSE's rising impact.
2000Impact Factors of Journals in Sport and Exercise Science, by Will Hopkins. Where to send your journal articles for publication.
Physiology Symbols in Microsoft Word and Corel Wordperfect, by J Andy Doyle. How to dot the V and create other symbols.
1999Workshop on Grant Applications and Other Scientific Documents by Will G Hopkins. A handout from a local conference.
Endnote Abbreviations and Styles: Files for Sport and Exercise Journals by Will G Hopkins. Use these files to make a formatted list of references for publication.
Guidelines on Style for Scientific Writing by Will Hopkins. An up-to-date collection of advice and rules for authors.
How to Write a Literature Review by Will Hopkins. A systematic approach to analysis of published research.
How to Write a Research Paper by Will Hopkins. More structure eases the writing, editing, and reading of an original-research paper.
Excel 97/98 Workbook of Templates for Drawing Figures by Will Hopkins 1998-7 Who Should be the Authors, by Rob Roach Presentation 2006-8 Preparing graphics for publication. Will Hopkins 1998-7 How to Use PowerPoint by Will Hopkins How to Give Talks by Will Hopkins Create an Effective Poster by Will Hopkins Create and Publish Web Documents by Will Hopkins Research Resources at Other Sites Guide to grammar and writing at Capital Community College, Connecticut. SPORT NUTRITION at sportsci.orgThis page is an index for all the articles at the Sportscience site that relate to the effects of nutrition on performance. Articles within each topic are sorted by date, with the most recent at the top.
For external links to sport nutrition, go to the nutrition links page.
Carbohydrate Drinks and Fluid Replacement Fat General History: Exercise Nutrition Nutritional Ergogenic Aids Carbohydrate 1997-1998: Carbohydrate intake targets for athletes: grams or percents? Louise Burke Pre-event Meals: High or Low Glycemic-index Foods? Louise Burke Carbohydrate Depletion: Is it for You? Louise Burke Carbohydrates? It Isn't That Simple! Louise Burke Drinks and Fluid Replacement2006 The Optimum Composition for Endurance Sports Drinks. Will Hopkins and Matt Wood. A hypotonic mix of salt and several carbohydrates for events lasting several hours.
2001 Nutritional Intake Predicts Performance in an Ironman Triathlon, by Brendon Downey and Will Hopkins. An increase in fluid and food intake can cut race time by 5%
1999 Fluid and Carbohyrate Intake During Team Games: Research and Recommendations by Louise Burke. Nutritionists base their guidelines on experience with endurance athletes, owing to problems with measuring performance in team sports.
1997-1998: Coca-Cola Preferred by Top Endurance Cyclists David Martin et al. IV or not IV? (Intravenous fluid replacement) Louise Burke Fat 1997-1998: Swimmers: Body Fat Mystery! Louise Burke Ketogenic Diets Maybe Lyle McDonald Ketogenic Diets No Tom McCullough General2002 Effect of Vegetarian Diets on Performance in Strength Sports. Chris Forbes-Ewan. No clear benefit for strength and sprint athletes from eating meat. July 9.
1997-1998: Nutrition News from the Netherlands Louise Burke Should Athletes Nibble or Gorge? Louise Burke Eating Disorders in Males Stephen Seiler History: Exercise Nutrition 1997-1999: History Makers (index page to 12 articles) Frank Katch Nutritional Ergogenic Aids 2001: A Ban on Caffeine? by Will Hopkins2000: Positive Drug Tests from Supplements, by Louise Burke. Advice for athletes and manufacturers.
Vitamin C Warning Creatine and Kidney Damage? Liability for Side Effects by Will Hopkins
1999:Amino Acids and Athletic Performance by Andy M Stewart. A mini conference in Oxford on glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, and the overtraining / underperforming / underrecovery syndrome.
Effects of Protein and Amino-Acid Supplementation on Athletic Performance by Richard Kreider. This review, updated the day before we published, includes the effects of glutamine, creatine, and hydroxymethylbutyrate.
1997-1998: Creatine, the Next Ergogenic Supplement Richard Kreider Glycerol Hyperhydration to Beat the Heat? Robert Robergs Neutralize Acid to Enhance Performance Lars Mc Naughton et al. A New View of Statistics <http://sportsci.org/resource/stats/index.html>Dec 8. Progressive statistics now available as a complete updated article. May 23-29. Much improved reliability spreadsheet. May 17. A spreadsheet for the intraclass correlation coefficient, and some updating of page on reliability calculations. May 16. Progressive Statistics Updated in Sportscience 2009 for more information on a complete guide to statistical analysis and presentation. April 9. Sorry, folks, I continue to neglect these pages in favor of peer-reviewed articles at Sportscience. See the 2008 In-Brief column for a comprehensive slideshow on statistical guidelines and an article in the same issue on research designs. See the frame at right for links to much more. Previous updates...
About These Pages Alpha Reliability ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) OneWay TwoWay Repeated Measures Arcsine-root Transformation Assessing an Individual (using reliability) Bayesian analysis Become a license holder Between-subject variation Bias Binomial regression Bonferroni adjustment Bootstrapping Calibration equation Categorical modeling Central limit theorem Chi-squared test Clinical significance Cluster analysis Coefficient of variation Defined Measure of reliability from log-transformed data Use of and Complex Models Confidence limits/Interval Calculations: assumptions of Correlation Defined of Effect Size (long, pop SD) of Effect Size (long, sample SD) of Effect Size (xsect) Example Effect of Sample Size of Frequency Difference of GoodnessofFit from a P Value Powerpoint Presentation Spreadsheet Statistical Significance Contingency Table Contrasts: see Estimates Controlled trial Confounders Controlling for something Controlling Type I Error Correlation Coefficient Counts as dependent variable Covariance Defined Covariates in repeated measures Crossovers Simple Multiple Cumulative Type I and 0 error Data and variables Degrees of freedom Dimension reduction Discriminant function analysis Distributions Binomial Frequency Normal Poisson Probability Effect statistics Correlation coefficient Defined Difference in means Effect-size statistic and non-parametric analysis Magnitudes Probability of superiority Relative frequency Error Non-uniform error Precision of estimation Precision of measurement RMSE (root mean square error) Type 0 Type I Typical (standard) error of estimate Typical (standard) error of measurement Type II Estimates or Contrasts in 1-Way Anova in RMANOVA Estimating Sample Size See SampleSize Estimation Factor Analysis Fisher z Transformation Bootstrapping Confidence Limits Confidence Limits of r Fitting Models Nonlinear Polynomials Fixed vs random effects Frequency Distributions Generalizing to a Population Generalizing via Confidence Limits Getting It Wrong Goodness of Fit GroupSequential Design see SampleSize On The Fly Heteroscedasticity Home Page How a Stats Program Fits a Model How Many Digits? Hypothesis Testing Independence Individual responses in slideshow on repeated measures via Mixed Modeling via Analysis of Reliability Inferences: see article Inflation of Type 0 and I Error Interactions Kappa Coefficient Goodness of Fit Measure of Reliability Latin Squares LeastSquares Means Likert scales: analysis Likert scales: ordinal variables Limits of Agreement Linear and NonLinear Models Linear Regression Goodness of Fit Slope LISREL Log Transformation Logistic Regression Magnitudes for Effect Statistics MANOVA (Multivariate ANOVA) Mean SD or Mean SEM? Mechanism variables with repeated measures MetaAnalysis Middle of Data Mixed Modeling Modeling Covariances Models and Tests Bad Residuals Calculating confidence limits Categorical Modeling Chi-squared test Complex Models Details Fitting a Model Goodness of Fit Linear Regression Mixed Modeling Mixed Modeling: Proc Mixed >1 Independent Variable >1 Dependent Variable NonParametric One vs twotailed Paired T Test Parameters Repeated Measures Residuals Simple Models Unpaired T Test and OneWay ANOVA Variables of Uncertain Status Within-Subject Modeling Multiple Linear Regression New-prediction error Nonlinear and linear models Non-uniform error Nonparametric models Normality of sampling distribution Normality of residuals Null value in sample-size estimation Number of Subjects Odds Odds ratio One-way ANOVA Ordinal dependent variables P Values and Confidence Intervals Statistical Significance P<0.05? Using them Paired T Test Parameters Path Analysis Percentile Ranges Placebo Polynomial Contrasts Polynomial Regression Polynomials: Nonlinear Models Population Post-hoc vs Pre-planned Tests Power Powerpoint Presentations Analysis of Repeated Measures Confidence Limits Covariates in Repeated Measures Reliability Statistical vs Clinical Significance Precision of estimation Precision of Individual's Value via Reliability via Validity Precision of Measurement Predicting with a line Predicted Values Pre-planned vs Post-hoc Tests PRESS statistic Principal Components Probability Probability of Superiority Proc Mixed Proportions as Dependent Variable Quiz Random vs Fixed Effects Rank Transformation Regression to the mean Relative Frequency Reliability Applications Assessing an Individual Comparing Rely of Measures Individual Responses Sample Size for an Experiment Biased Estimates Biological Variation Calculations Change in the Mean Coefficient of Variation Concurrent Correlation Defined Design of Rely Studies Limits of agreement Modeling Variances Nominal Variables Powerpoint Presentation Retest Correlation Sample Size for Rely Studies Spreadsheet Standard Error of Measurement Technological Error Total Error Typical Error of Measurement WithinSubject Variation RepeatedMeasures Article on controlled trials and crossovers Covariates Crossovers Polynomial Contrasts Two trials no betsubj effect Two trials + betsubj effect >Two trials no betsubj effect >Two trials + betsubj effect Mixed Modeling Other Spreadsheets for analysis Troublesome variables Using Proc Mixed Within-Subject Modeling Resampling Research Designs CrossSectional vs Longitudinal Sample Size CrossSectional Sample Size Longitudinal Residuals Residuals: uniformity Residuals: Bad RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) Rsquared: see Variance explained SampleSize Estimation Article in Sportscience 2006 Based on Reliability Study Based on Confidence Limits Complex CrossSectional Studies CrossSectional Studies Formulae Longitudinal Designs "On The Fly" Correlations Ethics Frequencies Means Other Designs Statistical Significance Overview for Reliability Studies by Simulation Spreadsheet Traditional Approach Sampling distribution Scale of Magnitudes SD vsSEM Search form SEE Sensitivity Simple Models and Tests Simple Statistics Simulation for Sample Size CrossSectional Study Longitudinal Study Slide shows See Powerpoint Presentations Solution for a Model Specificity Spread of data Spreadsheets for Analyzing repeated-measures trials Assessing an individual Combining group stats: see article Confidence limits and inferences Controlled trials: see article Reliability Sample-size estimation: see article Validity Standard deviation Standard deviaiton vs standard error of the mean Standard error of estimate Measure of Validity Standard error of measurement Standardized regression coefficient Statistical significance Confidence limits P values vs clinical significance Statistics Simple Effect Test Stepwise regression Sample size Structural equation modeling Summarizing data Summary: most important points T test and oneway ANOVA T test with unequal variances T test: article and spreadsheets Test statistics Tests: see Models and tests Transformation Arcsine-root Defined Fisher z Log Rank Square root Two-way ANOVA Type 0 error Type I error Type II error Typical error of estimate Typical Error of Measurement Uniformity of residuals in complex models and transformations Unpaired t test Unpaired ttest with unequal variances Validity Applications Assessing an individual Comparing validity of measures Sample size for Xsect study Sample size for validity study Validity for monitoring changes Correlation Defined Estimation equation Nominal variables PRESS statistic Spreadsheet Square root of reliability Surrogate variables Systematic offset Typical error of estimate Variables Basics Dependent vs predictor Variance explained and correlation coefficient Goodness of fit Scale of effect magnitudes Within-subject modeling Within-subject variation Measure of reliability TESTS & TECHNOLOGY at sportsci.orgThis page is an index for all the articles at the Sportscience site that relate to tests and technologies for assessing and enhancing training and performance. Articles within each topic are sorted by date, with the most recent at the top.
For external links to information about tests, biomechanics, and training aids, go to the Net Links page.
Biomechanics Blood Tests Equipment Performance Tests Biomechanics 2006Aerodynamic Drag Area of Cyclists Determined with Field-Based Measures. Jim Martin and colleagues. Practical measurement of an important predictor of cycling performance.
2003Dynamical Systems Theory: a relevant framework for performance-oriented sports biomechanics research.
Paul Glazier, Keith Davids, Roger Bartlett. New approaches to analysis of sports movements.
1999Judging Gymnastics with Biomechanics by William Sands and Jeni McNeal. Objective scoring in this subjective sport.
Learn from Nature's Competitive Swimmers by Edwin DeMont. Aquatic animals avoid making waves, and they use unsteady fluid dynamics to generate force.
1997-1998Lift or Drag? Let's Get Skeptical About Freestyle Propulsion by Ross Sanders
Coaches Learn to Use Video Analysis by Todd Allinger Blood Tests 2000: Tests for EPO Abuse by Will Hopkins 1997-1998: Skeleton in the Freezer by Stephen Seiler Blood Testing for Professional Cyclists David Martin et al. Tighter Control on Skiers' Use of EPO Stephen Seiler Palm-top Blood Lab Gord Sleivert Equipment 1999:A New Weights Machine with Dynamically Adjustable Resistance by Fred Hatfield. Novel technology for the gym.
1997-1998: Slap-Skate Update Stephen Seiler Speedskaters Get New Skates Stephen Seiler Aero Wheels? Roads Yes, Trails No. Jason Nugent Breathe Right Nasal Strips: Comment Andrea Fuller Breathe Right Nasal Strips: Not for Most Athletes Fred Hatfield Strength-Shoes Review Challenged Fred Hatfield II Strength Shoes: Pain, No Gain Fred Hatfield II Performance Tests 2004 In Brief: Calibrating Metabolic Carts. Will Hopkins. Save on calgas.How to Interpret Changes in an Athletic Performance Test. Will Hopkins. Article/slideshow on smallest worthwhile changes, the best tests, and making sense of the results.
2003Dynamical Systems Theory: a relevant framework for performance-oriented sports biomechanics research. Paul Glazier, Keith Davids, Roger Bartlett. New approaches to analysis of sports movements.
2000: Has Your Patient/Client/Subject Changed? by Will Hopkins 1997-1998: What's Worth Monitoring? by Will Hopkins Freezing Field Tests Stephen Seiler Reliable Rowing Will Hopkins SPORTS MEDICINE at sportsci.orgThis page is an index for all the articles at the Sportscience site that relate to the medical aspects of sport and performance. We include also articles on mechamisms of performance and pathology. Articles within each topic are sorted by date, with the most recent at the top.
For external links to sports medicine, go to the medicine links page. Adaptation Aging Biochemistry Blood and Drug Tests Hormones (Endocrine System) Illness and Other Dysfunction Injuries Adaptation 1998: Acclimatization to Intermediate Altitudes Luanne F. Hallagan and Edwin C. Pigman Heat Acclimatization Lawrence E. Armstrong Jet-lag: Symptoms and Treatment Thomas Reilly Aging 1998: Aging and Exercise Roy J. Shephard Biochemistry 2001:Exercise-induced Metabolic Acidosis, by Rob Robergs. An argument against lactic acid as the source of acidity in hard exercise.
Blood and Drug Tests 2005: EPO Abuse: a Test Case. False positives in a test for drug cheats. 2001:Doping Disaster for Finnish Ski Team, by Stephen Seiler. Six world-class athletes test positive for a banned plasma-volume expander.
2000:Positive Drug Tests from Supplements, by Louise Burke. Advice for athletes and manufacturers.
Tests for EPO Abuse by Will Hopkins 1997-1999: Skeleton in the Freezer by Stephen Seiler Blood Testing for Professional cyclists: What's a Fair Hematocrit Limit? David T. Martin Tighter Control on EPO Use by Skiers Stephen Seiler Hormones (Endocrine Systems) 2003 In Brief: Testosterone Talent Test? Grant Tomkinson. 1998:Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: Mechanism of Action and Effects on Performance
Thomas D. Fahey Anabolic Steroids: Side Effects Harm Kuipers Worth the Risk? (steroid abuse) Mary Ann Wallace Illness and Other Dysfunction 1998:Sudden Death and Exercise by Tim Noakes. The risk of death is greater during exercise, but regular exercise lowers overall risk.
Wrestlers' Deaths Tim Noakes Eating Disorders in Males Stephen Seiler Testosterone and Reproductive Dysfunction in Endurance-Trained Men Anthony C. Hackney Injuries 1998: Ankle Acute Injuries Karim Khan and Peter Bruker Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Treatment and Rehabilitation Mervyn J. Cross Anterior Cruciate Ligament Prostheses Michael G. Dunn Sincerely, David Dillard Temple University (215) 204 - 4584 jwne@xxxxxxxxxx <http://daviddillard.businesscard2.com> Net-Gold <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/net-gold> Index: <http://tinyurl.com/myxb4w> <http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/net-gold.html> <http://groups.google.com/group/net-gold?hl=en> General Internet & Print Resources <http://guides.temple.edu/general-internet> COUNTRIES <http://guides.temple.edu/general-country-info> EMPLOYMENT <http://guides.temple.edu/EMPLOYMENT> TOURISM <http://guides.temple.edu/tourism> DISABILITIES http://guides.temple.edu/DISABILITIES INDOOR GARDENING <http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/IndoorGardeningUrban/> Educator-Gold <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Educator-Gold/> K12ADMINLIFE <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/K12AdminLIFE/> RUSSELL CONWELL CENTER SUBJECT GUIDE http://guides.temple.edu/Russell-Conwell-Center THE COLLEGE LEARNING CENTER <http://tinyurl.com/yae7w79> Nina Dillard's Photographs on Net-Gold http://tinyurl.com/36qd2o and also http://gallery.me.com/neemers1 http://www.flickr.com/photos/neemers/ Net-Gold Membership Required to View Photos on Net-Gold Twitter: davidpdillard Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. (eds), Wellness and Tourism: Mind, Body, Spirit, Place, New York: Cognizant Communication Books. Wellness Tourism: Bibliographic and Webliographic Essay David P. Dillard <http://tinyurl.com/p63whl> <http://tinyurl.com/ou53aw> INDOOR GARDENING Improve Your Chances for Indoor Gardening Success http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/IndoorGardeningUrban/ http://groups.google.com/group/indoor-gardening-and-urban-gardening SPORT-MED https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/sport-med.html http://groups.google.com/group/sport-med http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sports-med/ http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/sport-med.html Health Diet Fitness Recreation Sports Tourism http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/healthrecsport/ http://groups.google.com/group/healthrecsport http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/health-recreation-sports-tourism.html Please Ignore All Links to JIGLU in search results for Net-Gold and related lists. The Net-Gold relationship with JIGLU has been terminated by JIGLU and these are dead links. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Net-Gold/message/30664 http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/healthrecsport/message/145 .