[net-gold] INDOOR GARDENING : AGRICULTURE : AGRICULTURE: URBAN AGRICULTURE : BOOKS: ELECTRONIC: Agriculture in Urban Planning
- From: "David P. Dillard" <jwne@xxxxxxxxxx>
- To: Net-Gold <Net-Gold@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Temple University Net-Gold Archive <net-gold@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Temple Gold Discussion Group <TEMPLE-GOLD@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Net-Gold <net-gold@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Sean Grigsby <myarchives1@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Educator Gold <Educator-Gold@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Educator Gold <Educator-Gold@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, K12AdminLIFE <K12AdminLIFE@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Net-Platinum <net-platinum@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, NetGold <netgold@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, "Net-Gold @ Nabble" <ml-node+3172864-337556105@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>, K-12ADMINLIFE <K12ADMIN@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, MediaMentor <mediamentor@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, Digital Divide Diversity MLS <mls-digitaldivide@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>, net-gold@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
- Date: Sat, 20 Feb 2010 16:22:26 -0500 (EST)
.
INDOOR GARDENING :
AGRICULTURE :
AGRICULTURE: URBAN AGRICULTURE :
BOOKS: ELECTRONIC:
Agriculture in Urban Planning
Agriculture in Urban Planning
Generating Livelihoods and Food Security
Edited by Mark Redwood
International Development Research Centre
<http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/427-7/>
First published in the UK and USA in 2009
by Earthscan and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC)
Copyright International Development Research Centre 2009
All rights reserved
ISBN: 978-1-84407-668-0
IDRC publishes an e-book edition (ISBN: 978-1-55250-427-7)
For further information:
International Development Research Centre
PO Box 8500
Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9, Canada
info@xxxxxxx/www.idrc.ca
Typeset by 4word Ltd, Bristol
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge
Cover design by Yvonne Booth
For a full list of publications, please contact:
Earthscan
Dunstan House
14a St Cross St
London EC1N 8XA, UK
Tel: + 44 (0)20 7841 1930
Fax: + 44 (0)20 7242 1474
Email: earthinfo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Web: www.earthscan.co.uk
22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA
Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for
Environment and Development
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Agriculture in urban planning: generating livelihoods and food security
edited by Mark Redwood
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-84407-668-0 (hardback)
1. Urban agricultureDeveloping countries. 2. Sustainable
developmentDeveloping
countries. I. Redwood, Mark.
S494.5U72A42 2009
630.91732dc22
Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
ix
Foreword
xiii
Acknowledgements
xiv
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
xvi
Introduction
1
Mark Redwood
Enter AGROPOLIS
2
The Rise of Cities and City Farming
3
Overview of this Book
8
Conclusion
18
References
19
1 Household Food Security Among Urban Farmers in Nairobi, Kenya
21
Eunice Wambui Njogu
Introduction
21
Methodology
23
Food Security
28
Relationships between Variables
30
Changes in Agriculture and Livestock Extension Services
31
Conclusion and Recommendations
32
Acknowledgements
33
Notes
33
References
33
2 Urban Compost: A Socio-economic and Agronomic Evaluation in Kumasi,
Ghana
35
Nikita S. Eriksen-Hamel and George Danso
Introduction
35
Objectives
36
Methodology
37
Research Findings
40
Conclusions and Recommendations
46
Acknowledgements
46
Note
47
References
47
3 Urban Agriculture as a Livelihood Strategy in Lima, Peru
49
Luis Maldonado Villavicencio
Introduction
49
Methodology
50
Conceptual Framework
51
Research Findings
53
Conclusion
70
Acknowledgements
70
Note
70
References
70
4 The Social and Economic Implications of Urban Agriculture on Food
Security in Harare, Zimbabwe
73
Charity Mutonodzo
Introduction
73
Objectives and Hypotheses
74
Methods
75
Research Findings
80
Conclusions
88
Acknowledgements
89
Note
89
References
89
5 Urban Agriculture and Food Security in Lilongwe and Blantyre, Malawi
91
David Dalison Mkwambisi
Introduction
91
Literature, Concepts and Objectives
92
Research Methodology
93
Results
95
Discussion
99
Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
100
Acknowledgements
101
Notes
101
References
101
6 An Analysis of the Quality of Wastewater Used to Irrigate Vegetables
in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale, Ghana
105
Philip Amoah
Introduction
105
Key Concepts
106
Methods
107
Results and Discussion
111
Conclusions and Recommendations
120
Acknowledgements
121
Notes
121
References
122
7 Water Contamination and its Impact on Vegetable Production in the Rac
River, Peru
125
Henry Juarez
Introduction
125
Methods
126
Research Findings and Discussions
132
Conclusions and Recommendations
141
Acknowledgements
143
Notes
143
References
143
8 Wastewater Use and Urban Agriculture in Kinshasa, DR Congo
147
Kifuani Kia Mayeko
Introduction
147
Concepts, Objectives and Hypothesis
148
Methods
149
Research Findings
152
Conclusion and Recommendations
162
Acknowledgements
163
Notes
163
References
164
9 The Health Impacts of Farming on Producers in Rosario, Argentina
167
Patricia Silvia Propersi
Introduction
167
Objectives and Hypotheses
168
Methods
169
Research Findings
171
Conclusion and Recommendations
177
Acknowledgements
178
Note
179
References
179
10 Using Participatory Education and Action Research for Health Risk
Reduction Amongst Farmers in Dakar, Senegal
181
Nita Chaudhuri
Introduction
181
Objectives and Hypothesis
184
Methods
184
Research Findings
189
Conclusions
197
Acknowledgements
198
Notes
198
References
198
11 Complex Ecologies and City Spaces: SocialEcological Networks of
Urban Agriculture
201
Laura J. Shillington
Introduction
201
Objectives, Hypotheses and Concepts
202
Methodology
203
Research Findings
205
Conclusion and Recommendations
212
Acknowledgements
213
Notes
213
References
214
12 Urban Agriculture and Physical Planning: A Case Study of Zaria,
Nigeria
217
Chuo Adamu Nsangu
Introduction
217
Background, Objectives and Hypothesis
218
Methodology
220
Research Findings
220
Recommendations and Conclusions
231
Acknowledgements
233
Note
234
References
234
13 Conclusion
235
Mark Redwood
References
242
Index
243
List of Figures and Tables
FIGURES
1 Urban growth rates compared with the expansion of informal
settlements in African cities
4
1.1 The (PANS) Triple-A approach
23
1.2 Nutrition status of children from households involved in the
intervention
30
2.1 WTP for compost at different distances from the compost station
43
3.1 Location of the field research
51
3.2 The sustainable livelihoods systems framework
52
3.3 Urban agriculture in Carapongo
54
3.4 Carapongo land use change: 20022006
55
3.5 Livestock farmer in Carapongo
56
3.6 Different ways of transporting food from the field to urban market
57
3.7 Using traditional tools for soil management
58
3.8 Families participating in agricultural tasks
59
3.9 Women play a central role in urban agriculture in Carapongo
64
4.1 Average share of total budget allocated to food, by expenditure
quartile
84
4.2 Mapping of views of policy makers and practitioners on UA
86
4.3 Trends in maize intake via the Grain Marketing Board
88
5.1 Modified map of Malawi showing Blantyre and Lilongwe
94
5.2 Average cereal equivalents (expressed in kilograms per member of
each household per year) from UA
96
5.3 The relationship between education and UA to total households food
bundle
97
5.4 Main agricultural constraints identified by urban farmers (n = 330)
98
5.5 Average cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) between low-income (n
= 120) and high-income (n = 210) households in urban Malawi
98
5.6 Average cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) between female-headed
(n = 87) and male-headed (n = 243) households in urban Malawi
99
6.1 Agro-ecological map of Ghana showing the three urban study areas of
Tamale, Kumasi and Accra, with details for Kumasi and Accra
108
6.2 Fecal coliform contamination levels of irrigation water used during
the study period (piped water was excluded because no fecal coliforms were
detected during the study period)
114
6.3 Fecal coliform counts at different entry points on the
productionconsumption pathway for irrigated lettuce using water from (A)
wells, (B) streams and (C) piped water in Kumasi
116
6.4 Farmer irrigating with lowered watering can
119
6.5 Seller displaying vegetables in the market
120
7.1 Sampling location of water quality in the Rac River basin conducted
by SEDAPAL (white dots) and DIGESA (black dots)
127
7.2 Urban and peri-urban agriculture in and around Lima (agricultural
plots shown in black, urban areas in grey) and three research locations:
Carapongo, Niever and Huachipa
129
7.3 Annual means for As, Cd, Cr, Pb and FC in the Rac River, where the
vertical lines represent the standard error of the mean
133
7.4 Spatial patterns of water contamination with As, Pb and FC in the
Rac River for the year of greatest contamination (2000 or 2001) and the
most recent year (2004)
134
7.5 As and Pb in the upper part of the basin from 1997 to 2004, where
vertical lines represent the standard error of the mean
135
7.6 Location of mines and populated places in the Rac River basin
136
7.7 Total heavy metals in soils. Vertical lines represent the standard
error of the mean
138
7.8 Available heavy metals in soils. Vertical lines represent the
standard error of the mean
139
7.9 Total heavy metals in vegetables. Vertical lines represent the
standard error of the mean
140
7.10 Levels of FC in vegetables in selected areas: Huachipa, Niever and
Carapongo
141
7.11 Effect of washing vegetables in the irrigation canals
141
8.1 Actor interactions in a sustainable development and good governance
context
163
9.1 Distribution of horticultural farms by area
172
9.2 Access to services where workers reside
174
10.1 The Niayes area of Dakar: Main soil types
182
10.2 Cross-section through the Niayes Zone in Pikine
183
10.3 Focus group meetings with farmers in Pikine, 2005
187
10.4 Methods of data collection, participatory education and action
research
188
10.5 Map produced by Pikine farmers, 2005
195
10.6 Maps produced by farmers, 2006
196
10.7 Maps produced by farmers, 2006
196
11.1 Map of Managua showing location of Barrio San Augusto
204
11.2 Map of patio in San Augusto
209
12.1 Distribution of farm sizes and techniques in Zarias urban area
221
12.2 Urban land use in Zaria (percentage)
224
12.3 Coping mechanisms regarding strategies adopted by urban farmers in
Zaria as influenced by physical-planning control
231
13.1 The growth of peer-reviewed articles with UA in their title,
19852008
237
TABLES
1 Percentage of income spent on food by low-income residents in
selected cities
6
1.1 Dietary diversity based on RDA before and after intervention
28
1.2 Nutrient intakes based on RDA before and after intervention
29
1.3 Nutrition knowledge and nutrient intakes
31
1.4 t-test for differences after intervention
31
2.1 Chemical characteristics of soil fertility amendments
38
2.2 Farmers willingness-to-pay for 50 kg of compost
41
2.3 Probit model of explanatory variables of farmers WTP for compost in
Kumasi
42
2.4 Yield of lettuce following application of the compost and poultry
manure
45
3.1 Perception of poverty
60
3.2 Income range and per capita income
60
3.3 Primary responsibility for agricultural tasks of men and women in
Carapongo (n = 125)
63
3.4 Access to and control over resources in Carapongo
64
3.5 Land tenure classified by gender and reported by the household head
65
3.6 Decision-making matrix in Carapongo households
67
4.1 Distribution of sampled households by suburb name and type
77
4.2 Household energy requirements by age and gender
79
4.3 Descriptive characteristics of surveyed Harare households by the
gender of the household head and by participation in UA
80
4.4 Factors associated with practising UA (logistic regression model)
81
4.5 Comparing UA and food security
83
4.6 Factors associated with adult diet and energy adequacy (linear
regression model)
85
5.1 Household characteristics in urban Malawi
94
5.2 Main livelihoods sources as identified by household heads in urban
Malawi
96
6.1 Ranges of total and fecal coliform population on selected
vegetables
111
6.2 Pesticide residue detection and concentrations on lettuce (n = 60)
113
6.3 Mean numbers of helminth eggs in irrigation water from different
sources
115
6.4 Helminth egg contamination at different entry points along the
productionconsumption pathway
117
7.1 Water quality index based on Class III stipulated by the Peruvian
law for vegetable irrigation and animal consumption
128
7.2 The Taiwanese standards for assessment of soils contaminated with
heavy metals
131
8.1 Water sampling sites in greater Kinshasa
151
8.2 Daily expenditure per person, 2005
155
8.3 Vegetables grown during the dry and rainy seasons, 2005
157
8.4 Water quality parameters during the rainy (dry) season, 2005
157
8.5 Mean concentrations of major and minor fertilizer elements in the
irrigation water during the rainy (wet) season, 2005
159
8.6 Mean concentrations of heavy metals in the irrigation water during
the rainy (dry) season, 2005
160
8.7 Bacteriological quality of irrigation water, 2005
161
8.8 Parameters associated with experimental garden vegetables
162
9.1 Distribution of population in different settlement types
168
9.2 Modal types for the production units
169
9.3 Composition of groups of workers on the quintas
172
9.4 Hours worked on average during the different seasons
175
9.5 Method used to apply pesticides
175
9.6 Treatment of containers of chemical products related to owners
educational level (percentage)
176
11.1 Categories of networks from mapping process
206
11.2 Total number of plants by category in patios
207
11.3 Species diversity identified by plant type
208
11.4 Distribution of network categories in San Augusto by plant type
211
12.1 Desired farming arrangements in Zaria
222
12.2 Urban land devoted for agriculture in Zaria
225
12.3 Mode of land acquisition for urban agriculture in Zaria
225
12.4 Pattern of land development in Zaria
226
12.5 Proposed urban land uses vs actual land developed in Zaria
227
12.6 Occupational status of urban farmers surveyed in Zaria
228
12.7 Distribution of farm produce consumed and sold by urban farmers in
Zaria
228
12.8 Effect on farm sizes in Zaria of planning laws and regulations
229
12.9 Mean and potential yield estimates of cereals on uncultivated
(underutilized) land
230
12.10 Evaluation of stakeholder concerns regarding UA in Zaria
232
Introduction
Mark Redwood
Urban agriculture (UA) has long been dismissed as a fringe activity that
has no place in cities; however, its potential is beginning to be
realized. In fact, UA is about food self reliance: it involves creating
work and is a reaction to food insecurity, particularly for the poor.
Contrary to what many believe, UA is found in every city, where it is
sometimes hidden, sometimes obvious. If one looks carefully, few spaces in
a major city are unused. Valuable vacant land rarely sits idle and is
often taken over either formally, or informally and made productive.
Urban agriculture is a long-established livelihood activity that occurs at
all scales, from the small family-held market garden to the large
agri-business located on the fringe of a city. It supplies food to the
city and income to those who farm. Above all, UA is making an important
contribution to food security for those who do not have easy access. In
essence, UA is the true realization of the statement that necessity is the
mother of invention.
In the 21st century, food comes with baggage. Mechanized farming and the
increased yields associated with fertilizer and pesticide usage have
reduced employment. Accordingly, farmers are relocating to cities in
search of work. As wealth spreads, appetites change, and food is
travelling further and further from where it is produced as people demand
specialty goods. While food choices increase for the wealthy few, others
are exposed to nutrition and health risks because of their lack of secure
food sources. Market changes associated with biofuels, high oil prices and
inflation are raising the cost of basic goods, which leads people to seek
alternative ways to secure their food.
<snip>
The complete book may be read at the URL above.
Sincerely,
David Dillard
Temple University
(215) 204 - 4584
jwne@xxxxxxxxxx
<http://daviddillard.businesscard2.com>
Net-Gold
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/net-gold>
Index: <http://tinyurl.com/myxb4w>
<http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/net-gold.html>
<http://groups.google.com/group/net-gold?hl=en>
General Internet & Print Resources
<http://guides.temple.edu/general-internet>
COUNTRIES
<http://guides.temple.edu/general-country-info>
EMPLOYMENT
<http://guides.temple.edu/EMPLOYMENT>
TOURISM
<http://guides.temple.edu/tourism>
DISABILITIES
http://guides.temple.edu/DISABILITIES
INDOOR GARDENING
<http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/IndoorGardeningUrban/>
Educator-Gold
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Educator-Gold/>
K12ADMINLIFE
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/K12AdminLIFE/>
RUSSELL CONWELL CENTER SUBJECT GUIDE
http://guides.temple.edu/Russell-Conwell-Center
THE COLLEGE LEARNING CENTER
<http://tinyurl.com/yae7w79>
Nina Dillard's Photographs on Net-Gold
http://tinyurl.com/36qd2o
and also http://gallery.me.com/neemers1
Net-Gold Membership Required to View Photos on Net-Gold
Twitter: davidpdillard
Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. (eds),
Wellness and Tourism: Mind, Body, Spirit,
Place, New York: Cognizant Communication Books.
Wellness Tourism: Bibliographic and Webliographic Essay
David P. Dillard
<http://tinyurl.com/p63whl>
<http://tinyurl.com/ou53aw>
INDOOR GARDENING
Improve Your Chances for Indoor Gardening Success
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/IndoorGardeningUrban/
http://groups.google.com/group/indoor-gardening-and-urban-gardening
SPORT-MED
https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/sport-med.html
http://groups.google.com/group/sport-med
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sports-med/
http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/sport-med.html
Health Diet Fitness Recreation Sports Tourism
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/healthrecsport/
http://groups.google.com/group/healthrecsport
http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/health-recreation-sports-tourism.html
Please Ignore All Links to JIGLU
in search results for Net-Gold and related lists.
The Net-Gold relationship with JIGLU has
been terminated by JIGLU and these are dead links.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Net-Gold/message/30664
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/healthrecsport/message/145
.
Other related posts:
- » [net-gold] INDOOR GARDENING : AGRICULTURE : AGRICULTURE: URBAN AGRICULTURE : BOOKS: ELECTRONIC: Agriculture in Urban Planning - David P. Dillard
