[nasional_list] [ppiindia] Michael H. Heart: "The 100" - Muhammad SAW Manusia Nomor 1 Paling Berpengaruh
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http://informasi-beasiswa.blogspot.com **Michael H. Heart
"The 100"
From "The 100" by Michael H. Heart Copyright C 1978 by
Michael H. Heart.
Published by arrangement with Carol publishing group,
600 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10022.
1st Print, September 1990, 100 000 copies
2nd Print, November 1990, 100 000 copies
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Surprisingly, over the centuries many of eminent
Non-Muslims has rated Muhammad (pbuh&hf) most highly,
and given due recognition to his greatness.
Michael H Heart a Christian American, Astronomer,
mathematician , Layer, chess master, and a Scientist,
after extensive research published an incisive
biography of the 100 most influential people of all
times. The biography ranking's with explanations
describes the careers of religious and political
leaders, inventors, writers, philosophers, scientists,
and artists.
The Research included illustrious personalities, such
as: Jesus Christ, Moses, Muhammad, Caesar, The Write
brothers, Napoleon, Shakespeare, Columbus,
Michelangelo, Biliver, Pope Urban 11, Aristote, Peter
the Great, St Paul, Budda, Lenin, Jefferson, Cyrus,
Vasco De Gama, Charlemagne, Newton, Edison, and
on????.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MUHAMMAD, No. 1
from the 100, a Ranking of the Most Influential
Persons in History, by Michael H. Hart
My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's
most influential persons may surprise some readers and
may be questioned by others, but he was the only man
in history who was
supremely successful on both the religious and secular
levels.
Of humble origins, Muhammad founded and promulgated
one of the world's great religions, and became an
immensely effective political leader. Today, thirteen
centuries after his death, his
influence is still powerful and pervasive.
The majority of the persons in this book had the
advantage of being born and raised in centers of
civilization, highly cultured or politically pivotal
nations. Muhammad, however, was born in the year 570,
in the city of Mecca, in southern Arabia,at that time
a backward area of the world, far from the centers of
trade, art, and learning. Orphaned at age six, he was
reared in modest surroundings. Islamic tradition tells
us that he was illiterate. His economic position
improved when, at age twenty-five, he married a
wealthy widow. Nevertheless, as he approached forty,
there was little outward indication that he was a
remarkable person.
Most Arabs at that time were pagans, who believed in
many gods.There were, however, in Mecca, a small
number of Jews and Christians; it was from them no
doubt that Muhammad first
learned of a single, omnipotent God who ruled the
entire universe. When he was forty years old, Muhammad
became convinced that this one true God (Allah) was
speaking to him, and had
chosen him to spread the true faith.
For three years, Muhammad preached only to close
friends and associates. Then, about 613, he began
preaching in public. As he slowly gained converts, the
Meccan authorities came to consider him a dangerous
nuisance. In 622, fearing for his safety, Muhammad
fled to Medina (a city some 200 miles north of Mecca),
where he had been offered a position of considerable
political power.
This flight, called the Hegira, was the turning point
of the Prophet's life. In Mecca, he had had few
followers. In Medina, he had many more, and he soon
acquired an influence that made
him a virtual dictator. During the next few years,
while Muhammad s following grew rapidly, a series of
battles were fought between Medina and Mecca. This was
ended in 630 with Muhammad's triumphant return to
Mecca as conqueror. The remaining two and one-half
years of his life witnessed the rapid conversion of
the Arab tribes to the new religion. When Muhammad
died, in 632, he was the effective ruler of all of
southern Arabia.
The Bedouin tribesmen of Arabia had a reputation as
fierce warriors. But their number was small; and
plagued by disunity and internecine warfare, they had
been no match for the larger
armies of the kingdoms in the settled agricultural
areas to the north. However, unified by Muhammad for
the first time in history, and inspired by their
fervent belief in the one true
God, these small Arab armies now embarked upon one of
the most astonishing series of conquests in human
history. To the northeast of Arabia lay the large
Neo-Persian Empire of the Sassanids; to the northwest
lay the Byzantine, or Eastern Roman Empire, centered
in Constantinople. Numerically, the Arabs were no
match for their opponents. On the field of battle,
though, the inspired Arabs rapidly conquered all of
Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine. By 642, Egypt had
been wrested from the Byzantine Empire, while the
Persian armies had been crushed at the key battles of
Qadisiya in 637, and Nehavend in 642.
But even these enormous conquests-which were made
under the leadership of Muhammad's close friends and
immediate successors, Abu Bakr and 'Umar ibn
al-Khattab -did not mark the end of the Arab advance.
By 711, the Arab armies had swept completely across
North Africa to the Atlantic Ocean There they turned
north and, crossing the Strait of Gibraltar,
overwhelmed the
Visigothic kingdom in Spain.
For a while, it must have seemed that the Moslems
would overwhelm all of Christian Europe. However, in
732, at the famous Battle of Tours, a Moslem army,
which had advanced into
the center of France, was at last defeated by the
Franks. Nevertheless, in a scant century of fighting,
these Bedouin tribesmen, inspired by the word of the
Prophet, had carved out an empire stretching from the
borders of India to the Atlantic Ocean-the largest
empire that the world had yet seen. And everywhere
that the armies conquered, large-scale conversion to
the new faith eventually followed.
Now, not all of these conquests proved permanent. The
Persians, though they have remained faithful to the
religion of the Prophet, have since regained their
independence from the Arabs.
And in Spain, more than seven centuries of warfare 5
finally resulted in the Christians reconquering the
entire peninsula. However, Mesopotamia and Egypt, the
two cradles of ancient civilization, have remained
Arab, as has the entire coast of North Africa. The new
religion, of course, continued to spread, in the
intervening centuries, far beyond the borders of the
original Moslem conquests. Currently it has tens of
millions of adherents in Africa and Central Asia and
even more in Pakistan and northern India, and in
Indonesia. In Indonesia, the new faith has been a
unifying factor. In the Indian subcontinent, however,
the conflict between Moslems and Hindus is still a
major obstacle to unity.
How, then, is one to assess the overall impact of
Muhammad on human history? Like all religions, Islam
exerts an enormous influence upon the lives of its
followers. It is for this reason
that the founders of the world's great religions all
figure prominently in this book . Since there are
roughly twice as many Christians as Moslems in the
world, it may initially seem strange that Muhammad has
been ranked higher than Jesus. There are two principal
reasons for that decision. First, Muhammad played a
far more important role in the development of Islam
than Jesus did in the development of Christianity.
Although Jesus was responsible for the main ethical
and moral precepts of Christianity (insofar as these
differed from Judaism), St. Paul
was the main developer of Christian theology, its
principal proselytizer, and the author of a large
portion of the New Testament.
Muhammad, however, was responsible for both the
theology of Islam and its main ethical and moral
principles. In addition, he played the key role in
proselytizing the new faith, and in
establishing the religious practices of Islam.
Moreover, he is the author of the Moslem holy
scriptures, the Koran, a collection of certain of
Muhammad's insights that he believed
had been directly revealed to him by Allah. Most of
these utterances were copied more or less faithfully
during Muhammad's lifetime and were collected together
in authoritative form not
long after his death. The Koran therefore, closely
represents Muhammad's ideas and teachings and to a
considerable extent his exact words. No such detailed
compilation of the teachings of
Christ has survived. Since the Koran is at least as
important to Moslems as the Bible is to Christians,
the influence of Muhammed through the medium of the
Koran has been enormous It is probable that the
relative influence of Muhammad on Islam has been
larger than the combined influence of Jesus Christ and
St. Paul on Christianity. On the purely religious
level, then, it seems likely that Muhammad has been as
influential in human history as Jesus.
Furthermore, Muhammad (unlike Jesus) was a secular as
well as a religious leader. In fact, as the driving
force behind the Arab conquests, he may well rank as
the most influential political
leader of all time.
Of many important historical events, one might say
that they were inevitable and would have occurred
even without the particular political leader who
guided them. For example, the
South American colonies would probably have won their
independence from Spain even if Simon Bolivar had
never lived. But this cannot be said of the Arab
conquests. Nothing similar
had occurred before Muhammad, and there is no reason
to believe that the conquests would have been achieved
without him. The only comparable conquests in human
history are those of the
Mongols in the thirteenth century, which were
primarily due to the influence of Genghis Khan. These
conquests, however, though more extensive than those
of the Arabs, did not prove permanent, and today the
only areas occupied by the Mongols are those that they
held prior to the time of Genghis Khan.
It is far different with the conquests of the Arabs.
From Iraq
to Morocco, there extends a whole chain of Arab
nations united not merely by their faith in Islam, but
also by their Arabic language, history, and culture.
The centrality of the Koran in the Moslem religion and
the fact that it is written in Arabic have probably
prevented the Arab language from breaking up into
mutually unintelligible dialects, which might
otherwise have
occurred in the intervening thirteen centuries.
Differences and divisions between these Arab states
exist, of course, and they are considerable, but the
partial disunity should not blind us
to the important elements of unity that have continued
to exist. For instance, neither Iran nor Indonesia,
both oil-producing states and both Islamic in
religion, joined in the oil embargo of the winter of
1973-74. It is no coincidence that all of the Arab
states, and only the Arab states, participated in the
embargo.
We see, then, that the Arab conquests of the seventh
century have continued to play an important role in
human history, down to the present day. It is this
unparalleled combination of
secular and religious influence which I feel entitles
Muhammad to be considered the most influential single
figure in human history.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The non-Muslim verdict on Muhummed (PBUH)
If a man like Muhamed were to assume the dictatorship
of the modern world, he would succeed in solving its
problems that would bring it the much needed peace and
happiness.
George Bernard Shaw
People like Pasteur and Salk are leaders in the first
sense. People like Gandhi and Confucius, on one hand,
and Alexander, Caesar and Hitler on the other, are
leaders in the second and perhaps the third sense.
Jesus and Buddha belong in the third category alone.
Perhaps the greatest leader of all times was Mohammed,
who combined all three functions. To a lesser degree,
Moses did the same.
Professor Jules Masserman
Head of the State as well as the Church, he was Caesar
and Pope in one; but, he was Pope without the Pope's
pretensions, and Caesar without the legions of Caesar,
without a standing army, without a bodyguard, without
a police force, without a fixed revenue. If ever a man
had the right to say that he ruled by a right divine,
it was Muhummed, for he had all the powers without
their supports. He cared not for the dressings of
power. The simplicity of his private life was in
keeping with his public life.
Rev. R. Bosworth-Smith
Muhammad was the soul of kindness, and his influence
was felt and never forgotten by those around him.
Diwan Chand Sharma
The Prophets of the East, Calcutta 1935, p. l 22. Four
years after the death of Justinian, A.D. 569, was born
at Mecca, in Arabia the man who, of all men exercised
the greatest influence upon the human race . . .
Mohammed . . .
John William Draper, M.D., L.L.D.,
A History of the Intellectual Development of Europe,
London 1875, Vol. 1, pp. 329-330
In little more than a year he was actually the
spiritual, nominal and temporal rule of Medina, with
his hands on the lever that was to shake the world.
John Austin,
"Muhammad the Prophet of Allah," in T.P. 's and
Cassel's Weekly for 24th September 1927.
Philosopher, Orator, Apostle, Legislator, Warrior,
Conqueror of ideas Restorer of rational beliefs, of a
cult without images; the founder of twenty terrestrial
empires and of one spiritual
empire, that is Muhammed. As regards all standards by
which human greatness may be measured, we may well
ask, is there any man greater than he?
Lamartine,
Historie de la Turquie, Paris 1854, Vol. 11 pp.
276-2727
It is impossible for anyone who studies the life and
character of the great prophet of Arabia, who knows
how he taught and how he lived, to feel anything but
reverence for that mighty
Prophet, one of the great messengers of the Supreme.
And although in what I put to you I shall say many
things which may be familiar to many, yet I myself
feel whenever I re-read them,
a new way of admiration, a new of reverence for that
mighty Arabian teacher.
Annie Besant,
The Life and Teachings of Muhammad, Madras 1932, p. 4
Muhummed is the most successful of all Prophets and
religious personalities.
Encyclopedia Britannica
I have studied him - the wonderful man - and in my
opinion far from being an anti-Christ he must be
called the saviour of humanity.
George Bernard Shaw
in "The Genuine Islam"
By a fortune absolutely unique in history, Mohammed is
a threefold founder of a nation, of an empire, and of
a religion.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Prophet Muhummed's Farewell Sermon
This sermon was delivered on the ninth day of
Dhul-Hijjah 10 A.H. in the Uranah Valley of Mount
Arafat.
O people, listen to my words for I do not know whether
I will be
amongst you for another year. Just as you regard this
month,
this day and this city sacred, so regard the lives and
property
of all amongst you as sacred and inviolable.
O people, it is true that you have certain rights with
regard to
your wives but they also have certain rights. Treat
them with
kindness and love for you have taken them in trust.
Keep always
faithful to the trust placed in you and do not sin.
O people, listen to me in earnest, worship Allah, say
your five
daily prayers (salah), fast during the month of
Ramadan and give
Zakat generously. Go if possible on a pilgrimage
(Hajj). You
know that you are each others brothers and are all
equal. No one
is superior except in devotion to Allah and good
works. Guard
against committing injustices.
O people, no prophet or apostle will come after me and
no new
faith will be born. Understand my words. I leave
behind me two
things - the QUR'AN and the SUNNAH. Follow these and
you will
never go astray. Beware of Satan and safeguard your
religion.
Pass on my words to others and those to others again;
and may
they understand my words better than those who listen
to me
directly. Be my witness O Allah, that I have conveyed
Your
Message.
http://members.tripod.com/~beydoun/Heart.html
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