In a message dated 7/6/2009 10:58:12 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time, pastone@xxxxxxxxx writes: Burkas are designed to eliminate a woman's peripheral vision so that she must turn her head to look at something. This gives the man full information about where his wife (i.e. property) is looking. WOW, those male oppressors are diabolical shitheads. Of course, the whole thing may be an old wives tale -- ---- Also for horses. You put things so that you control their peripheral vision. I was reading Grice on "The senses of the Martians". This was an early paper, 1962, before the Moon was walked. He imagines these Martians who have two pairs of eyes ('one eye too many', he writes). 0 0 o o / U With the upper 'eyes', things x (i.e. 'look') blue to them. With the lower 'eyes', things y (i.e. 'look-2) blue to them. And, they say, 'there is a world of difference between a thing x-ing blue and the same thing y-ing blue. Coady, in his reply to Grice, wonders if the Martians may be said to have 'superfluous' eyes? Grice says, "no". In later years, Grice became more and more of a serious student of etymology and evolution theory. The fish, for example, we expect, _see_ things (as we do). Bats can 'see' with their ears, Grice says. But Coady notes that this 'aural' vision is not so good. "A bat will colide, almost often fatally, if a building is built on his way to his cave -- their 'ears' don't help them _see_ new things. ---- The attribution of 'perception states' to animals is blurred by their inability to speak. Cheers, J. L. Speranza Buenos Aires, Argentina **************An Excellent Credit Score is 750. See Yours in Just 2 Easy Steps! (http://pr.atwola.com/promoclk/100126575x1222377077x1201454398/aol?redir=http://www.freecreditreport.com/pm/default.aspx?sc=668072&hmpgID=62&bcd=Jul yExcfooterNO62) ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html