In a message dated 3/1/2015 12:22:52 P.M. Eastern Standard Time, _lawrencehelm@roadrunner.com_ (mailto:lawrencehelm@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx) in "Emerson and Surprise" quotes from Bloom quoting from Emerson's "Poetry and Imagination", "where," Bloom writes, "after rightly observing that ‘conversation is not permitted without tropes,’" Emerson does something that confirms that allegedly right observation. Perhaps the pre-text (or context leading to that) might help (but then it might not!). "Not permitted" usually suggests some authority. Now, I would NOT be surprised if Popper would think that even the conversation between Einstein and someone who tried to refute him (Einstein) sprinkled their conversation with this or that trope! Yet another thing is that 'conversation is not POSSIBLE without tropes'! If by 'trope' we mean something like a 'rhetorical figure' -- "figura rhetorica" in Quintilian's phrase, then I think the above may be tautologous in that even LITERALITY is a _trope_. (i.e. we tend to think of 'figuratively speaking' as contrasted to 'literally' or 'non-figuratively speaking', but EVERYTHING is a 'figure' for Quintilian. Go figure! And, while we're at it, have you noticed how many conversationalists add 'literally' to utterances where the invited implicature seems confusing? "Literally, it was snowing!" -- Geary may have some better specimens! Cheers, Speranza ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html