https://phys.org/news/2019-04-ocean-circulation-blame-severity-red.html
April 18, 2019
Ocean circulation likely to blame for severity of 2018 red tide
by University of South Florida
The harmful algae that causes red tide is currently at near undetectable
levels in Florida waters compared with the much higher concentrations at
this time last year. The red tide algae, Karenia brevis, causes
respiratory issues, is responsible for massive fish kills and is often
blamed for damaging tourism.
While traces of the bloom are always present offshore in the Gulf of
Mexico, a new study published in the Journal of Geophysical
Research-Oceans finds ocean circulation made 2018 the worst year for red
tide in more than a decade.
By affecting the nutrient levels offshore, marine scientists at the
University of South Florida (USF) showed that the ocean circulation
played a controlling role. If nutrient levels offshore are high in
spring due to the upwelling of deeper ocean waters, then there tends not
to be major red tide blooms along the shoreline in fall. Such upwelling
did not occur in winter and spring of 2018, allowing a new bloom to form
offshore in spring and summer 2018. An upwelling circulation then set in
toward the end of July, ensuring that the newly formed bloom would be
carried to the coastline along the bottom where it reinforced what had
already been in place from 2017.
Tropical Storm Gordon temporarily disrupted the upwelling circulation,
allowing some of the new bloom to be carried to the Florida Panhandle.
After the passage of Gordon, the upwelling circulation then allowed the
bloom to be transported offshore at the surface to eventually be carried
to the Florida's east coast by the Gulf Stream. Thus, the rare
occurrence of Karenia brevis at three different locations (Florida's
west, Panhandle and east coasts) may be attributed to the ocean circulation.
"This further demonstrates that the ocean circulation is the major
determinant of Florida's, Karenia brevis harmful algae blooms,
dispelling the myth that land-based fertilizers are to blame," said
Robert Weisberg, Ph.D., Distinguished University Professor of Physical
Oceanography. "While pollutants can exasperate an existing red tide,
they are not the root cause."
In addition to ocean circulation models, the team at USF and
collaborators with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
(FWC) deployed an autonomous underwater glider for a near month-long
mission. Its sensors detected relatively high chlorophyll and low oxygen
levels near the sea floor, along with upwelling circulation. On-site
sampling also helped pinpoint the initiation zone for all three regions
to be the middle shelf some 30 to 50 miles off the coast from north of
Tampa Bay to Sarasota Bay.
Weisberg and his colleagues have accounted for the occurrence or lack of
occurrence of major red tide blooms in 20 of the past 25 years based on
the ocean circulation conditions. While recent sampling shows very low
concentrations of Karenia brevis offshore, which is not a cause for
immediate concern, it is too early to speculate on what future
conditions may be. Weisberg expects to have a better idea of the
possible severity of 2019's red tide season in mid-June.
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