About the rein board: There are good descriptions of it in the books that were recommended: The Principles of Driving by the German National Equestrian Federation (page 53 -54), although they call it there the Driving Apparatus, as well as in Max Pape-The Art of Driving (can't give you the page as I have the German Edition) Pape goes into much greater details. It its for all driving, singles and pairs, as well as tandems and four. Basically, it is two eye hooks (for singles and pairs) screwed into a wall next to each other, with a foot or so apart for a single, or about 2- 3 feet apart for a pair, through which you then run your reins and attach some weights (a few pounds) at the bit end of the reins. Then you sit in front of it and practice your rein holds and "driving" turns and watch how your hands effect the weight on the end of the reins move up and down. For tandem or 4 you add two more eye bolts and two more reins. For better results, instead of just eye bolts, you attach sailboat blocks to the eyebolts and run ropes through them, so that they run more freely, and then you attach old riding reins to the ropes for the ends in your hand to simulate the reins. You also hold a riding crop in your hand to simulate the whip, or better yet, you don't put the eyebolts into a wall, but just into a board, which you can set on a chair in front of you (but need to tie it down and anchor the chair, so it doesn't tople over), then you can use your real whip and keep that in hand. This all is a very German way of training, as they sit a row of students all next to each other into a classroom, each with their rein board, and then the teacher tells them which turns to do, and everybody has to use the exact proper handholds as described in the Achenbach system: Left turrns, right turns, U turns, lengthenings of reins, shortenings of reins, halts, shortening or lengthening of leader reins, and shortenings and lengthenings of wheeler reins, adjusting the length of individual reins, taking proper loops for turns including proper oppostitions etc etc, and for singles and pairs changing the hand holds between basic position, standard position and schooling position back and forth and the teacher watches the execution and gives the proper corrections. As I say, it's very German, the students are drilled until they can do all the positions and proper handholds in their sleep with closed eyes (and on their back - just kidding), just like people are drilled in the military, so that these things become second nature and go automatically, so that when stressful situations arise in the actual driving with the horses, the students don't need to think what to do with their hands, and don't need to look at the reins to find the proper one, but can concentrate on driving the horses. It is also done, so that the students develope the muscles in their hands and arms for handling the reins properly and don't cramp up and get stiff by being inexperienced or by using wrong hand holds. It is also done, so that they become SMOOTH (but quick) and correct with their hands, so that the horses are spared sharp jerks in the mouth alternating with loss of contact by inexperinced drivers, and it is done, to teach proper handholds while being able to use the whip properly, again, without disturbing the horses in the mouth when using the whip. When learning all of this properly on the rein board, it spares the horses a lot of the jerks and mistakes of inexperienced drivers. As with anything else in life, practice makes perfect. One can do many things without such extensive training, and most do, but if one wants to become real good at ones craft, whatever it might be, doing it the proper way helps. One can learn to ride on one's own, but I doubt that anybody ever won an upper level dressage class without having taken proper instructions, same for golf, tennis, gymnastics, dancing, you name it. And with horse sports, it's not only us, it always also involves our partner, the horse, who often suffers when we make mistakes, and naturally even with proper training we still will make mistakes, we are human, but we need to make sure that we keep our mistakes to a minimum as much as possible. (I'm not worried about Cindy anymore after her further posts in the meantime) Hardy _________________________________________________________ To Unsubscribe, change to Digest or Vacation mode go to: http://www.drivingpairs.com/dpmem.html `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````