see url: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma
The classic story of a liberation movement built in secret to overthrow
an oppressive regime, finds it difficult to take over and manage a
nation state, because it does not have enough people in its own ranks
educated enough and with the experience of those skills after the
revolution, because they were denied access to acquiring them in the
first place...
See full entry...
*Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma* (Zulu: [geɮʱejiɬeˈkisa ˈzʱuma]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Zulu>; born 12 April 1942) is a
South African politician who served as the fourth President of South
Africa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa> from
2009 to 2018.^[5]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-sabc-outgoing-president-5>
Zuma is also referred to by his initials *JZ* (pronounced /jay-zee/) and
his clan name *Msholozi*.^[6]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-6> ^[7]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-7> ^[8]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-lander2007-8>
Zuma served as Deputy President of South Africa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa> from
1999 to 2005,^[9]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-anc-bio-9> ^[10]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-iafr-10> but was
dismissed by President Thabo Mbeki
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki> in 2005 after Zuma's
financial adviser, Schabir Shaik
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schabir_Shaik>, was convicted of
soliciting a bribe. Zuma was elected President of the African National
Congress <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress> (ANC)
on 18 December 2007 after defeating Mbeki at the ANC conference in
Polokwane
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress>.
On 20 September 2008, Mbeki announced his resignation after being
recalled by the ANC's National Executive Committee
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_(African_National_Congress)>.^[11]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-bbc2008-09-20-11>
The recall came after South African High Court Judge
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Courts_of_South_Africa> Christopher
Nicholson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Robert_Nicholson>
ruled Mbeki had improperly interfered with the operations of the
National Prosecuting Authority
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Prosecuting_Authority> (NPA),
including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. However,
Nicholson's ruling dismissing the charges against Zuma was unanimously
overturned by the Supreme Court of Appeal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)>
in January 2009, in a ruling which was critical of Nicholson's judgement
in the case, including his addition of personal opinions to the ruling,
and of including "gratuitous findings" about Mbeki and others in his
judgement.^[12] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-12>
Zuma led the ANC to victory in the 2009 general election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election> and
was elected President of South Africa. He was re-elected as ANC leader
at the ANC conference in Mangaung
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress>
on 18 December 2012, defeating challenger Kgalema Motlanthe
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe> by a large
majority,^[13]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-head-anc-13> and
remained president of South Africa after the 2014 general election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_South_African_general_election>,
although his party suffered a decline in support, partly due to growing
dissatisfaction with Zuma as president. On 18 December 2017, Cyril
Ramaphosa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa> was elected to
succeed Zuma as President of the ANC at the ANC Conference at Nasrec,
Johannesburg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress>.^[14]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-14> Subsequent
months saw growing pressure on Zuma to resign as President of South
Africa, culminating in the ANC "recalling" him as President of South
Africa. Facing a motion of no confidence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence> in parliament,
Zuma announced his resignation on 14 February 2018, and was succeeded by
Ramaphosa the next day.
Zuma has faced significant legal challenges before, during, and after
his presidency. He was charged with rape
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_rape_trial> in 2005, but was
acquitted. He has fought a long legal battle over allegations of
racketeering <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racketeering> and corruption
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption>, resulting from his financial
advisor Schabir Shaik's conviction for corruption and fraud
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud>. On 6 April 2009, the NPA dropped
the charges against Zuma, citing political interference, although the
decision was successfully challenged by opposition parties. After
extensive state-funded upgrades to his rural homestead at Nkandla
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)>, the Public
Protector
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Protector_(South_Africa)> found
that Zuma had benefited improperly from the expenditure, and the
Constitutional Court
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa>
unanimously held in 2016's /Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the
National Assembly
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters_v_Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly>/
that Zuma had failed to uphold the country's constitution, resulting in
calls for his resignation and a failed impeachment attempt in the
National Assembly
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa>.
Zuma's presidency is estimated to have cost the South African economy R1
trillion (approximately US$83 billion).^[15]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-15> He has also been
implicated in reports of state capture
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capture> through his friendship
with the influential Gupta family
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_family>. He survived multiple
motions of no confidence, both in parliament
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa> and within
the ANC.
Since 2018, the Zondo Commission
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondo_Commission> established by Zuma has
been investigating corruption and fraud in the government, and Zuma
himself has been called to testify before the Commission. He has not
returned to the inquiry since withdrawing on the fourth day of his
testimony in July 2019.^[16]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-16> In a separate
legal matter, in 2018 the High Court of South Africa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa> backed a
decision to reinstate charges from 2009 of corruption against Zuma
relating to a $5bn (£3bn) arms deal from the 1990s. He faces 16 counts
of corruption, racketeering, fraud, and money laundering, accepting a
total of 783 illegal payments. Zuma pleaded not guilty in May 2021.^[17]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-17>
On 29 June 2021, he became the first South African president since the
end of white-minority rule in 1994 to receive a prison sentence.^[18]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-18> The
Constitutional Court issued a 15-month sentence for contempt of court
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_court> after Zuma defied an
earlier court order to return and testify before the Zondo
Commission.^[19] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-19>
On 7 July 2021, Zuma handed himself over to the police and was admitted
to the Estcourt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estcourt> Correctional
Centre in his home province of KwaZulu-Natal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal>.^[20]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#cite_note-20> Following his
sentence, a number of protests around South Africa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Zuma_protests> began.
