[colombiamigra] Fw: [nep-mig] 2013-06-16, 11 papers
- From: william mejia <wmejia8a@xxxxxxxxx>
- To: "colombiamigra@xxxxxxxxxxxxx" <colombiamigra@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Mon, 17 Jun 2013 18:12:51 -0700 (PDT)
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From: Yuji Tamura <ernad@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
To: nep-mig@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Sent: Monday, June 17, 2013 7:11 PM
Subject: [nep-mig] 2013-06-16, 11 papers
Final
NEP: New Economics Papers
Economics of Human Migration
Edited by: Yuji Tamura
Australian National University
Issue date: 2013-06-16
Papers: 11
Note: Access to full contents may be restricted.
NEP is sponsored by the School of Economics and Finance of Victoria University
of Wellington.
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In this issue we have:
1. HUMAN CAPITAL TRAPS? ENCLAVE EFFECTS USING LINKED EMPLOYER-HOUSEHOLD
DATA
Liliana D. Sousa
2. Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database
Ernest Miguelez; Carsten Fink
3. Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration: The Role of the
State in Shaping Destination Choices
John Palmer; Mariola Pytlikova
4. Migrant network and immigrants’ occupational mismatch
Isabelle Chort
5. Networks and Selection in International Migration to Spain
Nina Neubecker; Marcel Smolka; Anne Steinbacher
6. The Slowdown in the Economic Assimilation of Immigrants: Aging and
Cohort Effects Revisited Again
George J. Borjas
7. The Composition of Wage Differentials between Migrants and Natives
Panagiotis Nanos; Christian Schluter
8. Selection and Economic Gains in the Great Migration of African
Americans: New Evidence from Linked Census Data
William J. Collins; Marianne H. Wanamaker
9. Skilled Labor Flows: Lessons from the European Union
Martin Kahanec
10. Cultural influences on the fertility behaviour of first- and
second-generation immigrants in Germany
Stichnoth, Holger; Yeter, Mustafa
11. International Labor Movements and Trade (Japanese)
SATO Hitoshi
Contents.
1. HUMAN CAPITAL TRAPS? ENCLAVE EFFECTS USING LINKED EMPLOYER-HOUSEHOLD
DATA
Date: 2013-06
By: Liliana D. Sousa
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:13-29&r=mig
This study uses linked employer-household data to measure the impact of
immigrant social networks, as identified via neighborhood and workplace
affiliation, on immigrant earnings. Though ethnic enclaves can provide economic
opportunities through job creation and job matching, they can also stifle the
assimilation process by limiting interactions between enclave members and
non-members. I find that higher residential and workplace ethnic clustering
among immigrants is consistently correlated with lower earnings. For immigrants
with a high school education or less, these correlations are primarily due to
negative self-selection. On the other hand, self-selection fails to explain the
lower earnings associated with higher ethnic clustering for immigrants with
post-secondary schooling. The evidence suggests that co-ethnic clustering has
no discernible effect on the earnings of immigrants with lower education, but
may be leading to human capital traps for
immigrants who have more than a high school education.
Keywords: migration, ethnic enclaves, neighborhood effects, labor market
assimilation
JEL: J15
2. Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database
Date: 2013-05
By: Ernest Miguelez (World Intellectual Property Organization, Economics and
Statistics Division, Geneva, Switzerland)
Carsten Fink (World Intellectual Property Organization, Economics and
Statistics Division, Geneva, Switzerland)
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wip:wpaper:8&r=mig
This paper has two objectives. First, it describes a new database mapping
migratory patterns of inventors, extracted from information included in patent
applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. We explain in detail
the information contained in the database and discuss the usefulness and
reliability of the underlying data. Second, the paper provides a descriptive
overview of inventor migration patterns, based on the information contained in
the newly constructed database. Among the largest receiving countries, we find
that the United States exhibits by far the highest inventor immigration rate,
followed by Australia and Canada. European countries lag behind in attracting
inventive talent; in addition, France, Germany, and the UK see more inventors
emigrating than immigrating. In relation to the number of home country
inventors, Central American, Caribbean and African economies show the largest
inventor brain drain.
Keywords: brain drain, skilled international migration, inventors, PCT patents
JEL: F22
3. Labor Market Laws and Intra-European Migration: The Role of the
State in Shaping Destination Choices
Date: 2013-05-31
By: John Palmer
Mariola Pytlikova
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cel:dpaper:9&r=mig
This article investigates the relationship between migrants’ destination
choices and the formal labor market access afforded by multiple potential host
countries in the context of the EU’s eastward enlargement. We use an index of
labor market access laws combined with data on migration from new EU member
states into the existing states of the EU and EFTA from 2004 through 2010 to
test whether (1) migrants are attracted to destinations that give them greater
formal labor market access, and (2) migration flows to any given destination
are influenced by the labor market policies of competing destinations. Our data
support both propositions: Migration between origin/destination pairs was
positively associated with the loosening of destination labor market
restrictions while negatively associated with the loosening of competing
destinations’ labor market restrictions. These relationships hold even when
economic indicators, social welfare spending, and
existing immigrant stocks are modeled. By combining rich EU data with a unique
approach to evaluating competing legal regimes, the analysis helps us better
understand how law shapes migration in a multidestination world.
Keywords: International migration, labor market access laws, EU enlargement
JEL: J61
4. Migrant network and immigrants’ occupational mismatch
Date: 2013-04
By: Isabelle Chort (LEDa, UMR DIAL-Paris-Dauphine)
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dia:wpaper:dt201304&r=mig
(english) This paper defines new measures of horizontal and vertical mismatch
based on the discrepancies between the skill content of occupations in which
individuals have a self-assessed productive advantage and that of their actual
job. Based on these definitions, this paper provides the first direct empirical
test of the causal impact of networks on mismatch, in the particular case of
immigrants. The data used are original survey data collected among 1,200
Senegalese migrants in four host countries. Potential endogeneity issues are
dealt with by using migrants' ethnic and religious characteristics to
instrument for network help to find a job. Analyses show that migrants who
obtained their job through migrant networks have a higher probability of
horizontal mismatch. However, they have a lower probability of negative
mismatch and thus seem to be protected from a loss in occupational status.
_________________________________ (français) Ce papier
présente de nouveaux indicateurs d’inadéquation professionnelle verticale et
horizontale, définis à partir du décalage entre le niveau de qualifications
associé au métier des individus et à leur emploi. Sur la base de ces
définitions, ce papier est le premier à tester directement l’impact causal des
réseaux sur l’inadéquation professionnelle, dans le cas particulier des
immigrants. Les données utilisées sont des données d’enquêtes originales,
collectées auprès de 1200 migrants sénégalais dans quatre pays de destination.
Je traite les problèmes d’endogénéité potentiels en utilisant les
caractéristiques ethniques et religieuses des migrants pour instrumenter le
recours à l’aide du réseau pour trouver un emploi. Cette analyse montre que les
migrants qui ont obtenu leur emploi par leur réseau de migrants ont une
probabilité plus élevée d’inadéquation professionnelle horizontale. En
revanche, ils ont une
probabilité moindre de déclassement professionnel, ce qui suggère que le
réseau joue un rôle protecteur.
Keywords: Occupational mismatch, networks, immigration, labor market, skill
recognition, Déclassement professionnel, immigration, réseau migratoire, marché
du travail.
JEL: J24
5. Networks and Selection in International Migration to Spain
Date: 2013
By: Nina Neubecker
Marcel Smolka
Anne Steinbacher
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1306&r=mig
This paper provides new evidence on migrant networks as determinants of the
total size (scale) and skill structure of migration, using aggregate data from
a recent migration boom to Spain. We draw upon McFadden (1984, 1422-1428) in
order to develop and apply a three-level nested multinomial logit migration
model. Our model accommodates varying degrees of similarity of destinations
located in the same region (or the same country), allowing for a rich structure
of substitutability across alternative destinations. We find strong positive
network effects on the scale of migration and a strong negative effect on the
ratio of high-skilled to low-skilled migrants. Simplifying restrictions on
substitutability across destinations are rejected by the data.
Keywords: international migration, migrant networks, nested multinomial logit
model, skill structure of migration, Spain
JEL: F22
6. The Slowdown in the Economic Assimilation of Immigrants: Aging and
Cohort Effects Revisited Again
Date: 2013-06
By: George J. Borjas
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:19116&r=mig
This paper uses data drawn from the 1970-2010 decennial Censuses to examine the
evolution of immigrant earnings in the U.S. labor market. The analysis reveals
that there are cohort effects not only in the level of earnings, with more
recent cohorts generally having relatively lower entry wages, but also in the
rate of growth of earnings, with more recent cohorts having a smaller rate of
economic assimilation. Immigrants who entered the country before the 1980s
typically found that their initial wage disadvantage (relative to natives)
narrowed by around 15 percentage points during their first two decades in the
United States. In contrast, the immigrants who entered the country after the
1980s have a negligible rate of wage convergence. Part of the slowdown in wage
convergence reflects a measurable reduction in the actual rate of human capital
accumulation. In particular, there has been a concurrent decline in the rate at
which the newer immigrant cohorts
are “picking up” English language skills. The study isolates one factor that
explains part of these trends: The rate of increase in English language
proficiency is significantly slower for larger national origin groups. The
growth in the size of these groups accounts for about a quarter of the decline
in the rates of human capital acquisition and economic assimilation.
JEL: J24
7. The Composition of Wage Differentials between Migrants and Natives
Date: 2013-06
By: Panagiotis Nanos
Christian Schluter
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1306.1781&r=mig
We consider the role of unobservables, such as differences in search frictions,
reservation wages, and productivities for the explanation of wage differentials
between migrants and natives. We disentangle these by estimating an empirical
general equilibrium search model with on-the-job search due to Bontemps, Robin,
and van den Berg (1999) on segments of the labour market defined by occupation,
age, and nationality using a large scale German administrative dataset. The
native-migrant wage differential is then decomposed into several parts, and we
focus especially on the component that we label "migrant effect", being the
difference in wage offers between natives and migrants in the same
occupation-age segment in firms of the same productivity. Counterfactual
decompositions of wage differentials allow us to identify and quantify their
drivers, thus explaining within a common framework what is often labelled the
unexplained wage gap.
8. Selection and Economic Gains in the Great Migration of African
Americans: New Evidence from Linked Census Data
Date: 2013-06
By: William J. Collins
Marianne H. Wanamaker
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:19124&r=mig
The onset of World War I spurred the “Great Migration” of African Americans
from the U.S. South, arguably the most important internal migration in U.S.
history. We create a new panel dataset of more than 5,000 men matched from the
1910 to 1930 census manuscripts to address three interconnected questions: To
what extent was there selection into migration? How large were the migrants’
gains? Did migration narrow the racial gap in economic status? We find evidence
of positive selection, but the migrants’ gains were large. A substantial amount
of black-white convergence in this period is attributable to migration.
JEL: J15
9. Skilled Labor Flows: Lessons from the European Union
Date: 2013-05-28
By: Martin Kahanec
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cel:report:1&r=mig
Keywords: migration, migration policy, skilled migration, European Union,
European Union Neighborhood, ASEAN
10. Cultural influences on the fertility behaviour of first- and
second-generation immigrants in Germany
Date: 2013
By: Stichnoth, Holger
Yeter, Mustafa
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:13023&r=mig
Based on a 1% sample of the German population, we study how fertility rates in
the country of origin-a proxy for cultural imprint-influence the fertility
outcomes of first- and second-generation female immigrants. We use both total
fertility rates in the year of migration and a new measure of completed cohort
fertility rates in the countries of origin as well as direct survey measures of
fertility norms. Our large data set allows us to focus on a relatively narrow
range for age at migration and to estimate models that rely on within-country
variation only, leading to more credible identification. We find a
statistically significant, sizeable and robust effect of country-of-origin
fertility rates on fertility outcomes. The effect is strongest for the first
generation and becomes weaker, though still statistically significant, for
'generation 1.5' (migrants arriving as children) and the second generation. It
is stronger for women with low education and for
women who live with a partner from the same country of origin. --
Keywords: Immigration,fertility,assimilation,intergenerational
transmission,Germany
JEL: J13
11. International Labor Movements and Trade (Japanese)
Date: 2013-06
By: SATO Hitoshi
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:13011&r=mig
Lifting barriers to labor mobility across countries is controversial. Although
the Japanese government is attempting to increase the number of skilled
immigrants while curbing unskilled immigrants, immigration policy has been a
contentiously debated issue in Japan from the perspectives of labor scarcity
due to low fertility, industry competition, and the current demand for
unskilled immigrant workers in Japan. This paper selectively discusses the
recent research on international migration, emphasizing interactions with
international trade and offshoring. Recent studies indicate that, given large
productivity disparities across countries, liberalizing international migration
yields much greater gains than pursuing further liberalization in trade or
international capital transactions. Examining international labor movements and
trade within unified frameworks reveals new insights into the consequences of
international migration from the perspectives of
terms of trade, scale economy, and task specialization. As for economic
growth, empirical studies suggest that skilled immigrants will accelerate
research and development (R&D), which may lead to increases in economic growth.
However, it is still uncertain whether a higher economic growth rate owing to
immigration will improve per capita welfare. Further empirical analyses are
needed to gauge the empirical relevance on theoretical implications about
international migration under free trade. Another promising research area is
the political economy of international migration in which trade policy and
migration policy are simultaneously determined.
________________________________
This nep–mig issue is ©2013 by Yuji Tamura. It is provided as is without any
express or implied warranty. It may be freely redistributed in whole or in part
for any purpose. If distributed in part, it must include this copyright notice.
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For comments please write to the director of NEP, Marco Novarese at < director
@ nep point repec point org >.
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