[blind-democracy] Re: Venezuela
- From: "Miriam Vieni" <miriamvieni@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- To: <blind-democracy@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Fri, 16 Jul 2021 16:01:43 -0400
Just lovely. Disputed president and vice president? No explanation as to who is
disputing who they are and why. No explanation about the US murderous financial
sanctions.
Miriam
From: blind-democracy-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
<blind-democracy-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> On Behalf Of Roger Loran Bailey
(Redacted sender "rogerbailey81" for DMARC)
Sent: Friday, July 16, 2021 10:38 AM
To: blind-democracy <blind-democracy@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Subject: [blind-democracy] Venezuela
Venezuela
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#mw-head> Jump to navigation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#searchInput> Jump to search
"Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" redirects here. For the period when it was
known as the "Republic of Venezuela" from 1953 to 1999, see
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela> Republic of Venezuela.
This article is about the country. For other uses, see
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_(disambiguation)> Venezuela
(disambiguation).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system> Coordinates:
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png>
<https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venezuela¶ms=7_N_65_W_type:country_region:VE>
7°N 65°W
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
República Bolivariana de Venezuela (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language> Spanish)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Venezuela> Flag
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Armas_de_Venezuela_2006.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela> Coat of arms
Motto: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_y_Federaci%C3%B3n> Dios y Federación
("God and Federation")
Anthem: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_al_Bravo_Pueblo> Gloria al Bravo
Pueblo
("Glory to the Brave People")
MENU
0:00
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_Orthographic_Map.svg>
Land controlled by Venezuela shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled land
shown in light green.
Capital
and largest city
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png>
<https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Venezuela¶ms=10_30_N_66_55_W_type:city>
10°30′N 66°55′W
Official languages
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish> Spanish
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#endnote_languagesnone> [b]
Recognized regional languages
show
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela> 26 languages
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group> Ethnic groups
(2011) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Census-ethnics-1> [1]
* 51.6% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizos_in_Venezuela> Mestizo
(mixed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela>
Indigenous and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_of_European_descent>
White)
* 43.6% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_of_European_descent>
White
* 3.6% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Venezuelan> Black
* 1.2% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela>
Indigenous
Religion
(2012) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-grumilla-2> [2]
* 91% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity> Christianity
* —71% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Venezuela>
Roman Catholic
* —17% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant> Protestant
* —3% Other
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations> Christian
* 8% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America> No
religion
* 1% Other
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym> Demonym(s)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelans> Venezuelan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela> Government
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_state> Federal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant-party_system> dominant-party
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system> presidential
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela> constitutional
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic> republic[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> citation needed]
• <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Venezuela> President
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro> Nicolás Maduro
(disputed) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-4> [n 1]
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3> Juan Guaidó
(disputed) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-5> [n 2]
• <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela> Vice President
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez> Delcy Rodríguez
(constitutional position
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis> disputed)
Legislature
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)> National Assembly
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence> Independence
from <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain> Spain
• <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Declaration_of_Independence>
Declared
5 July 1811
• Recognized
29 March 1845
• <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter> Admitted to the
United Nations
15 November 1945
• <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Venezuela> Current
constitution
20 December 1999 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-6> [4]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela> Area
• Total
916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area> 32nd)
• Water (%)
3.2% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#endnote_areanone> [d]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Venezuela> Population
• 2018 estimate
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png>
28,887,118 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UN_WPP-7> [5]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UN_WPP_2019-8> [6]
(government)
28,067,000 ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund> IMF)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-auto-9> [7] (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population>
45th)
• Density
33.74/km2 (87.4/sq mi) (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density>
144st)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product> GDP (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity> PPP)
2019 estimate
• Total
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png>
$204.291 billion <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-imf1-10>
[8]
• Per capita
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png>
$7,344 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-imf2-11> [9]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product> GDP (nominal)
2020 estimate
• Total
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png>
$48.610 billion <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-imf2-11>
[9] ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)> 84th)
• Per capita
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png>
$1,739 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-imf2-11> [9] (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita>
146th)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient> Gini (2013)
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png>
44.8 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-12> [10]
medium
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index> HDI (2019)
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png>
0.711 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-HDI-13> [11]
high ·
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index>
113th
Currency
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar> Bolívar Soberano (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217> VES)
Time zone
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time> UTC−4 (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Venezuela> VET)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era> CE)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic> Driving side
right
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Venezuela> Calling code
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B58> +58
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166> ISO 3166 code
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:VE> VE
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain> Internet TLD
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ve> .ve
a. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#ref_namenone> ^ The
"Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" has been the full official title since the
adoption of the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela>
Constitution of 1999, when the state was renamed in honor of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar> Simón Bolívar.
b. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#ref_languagesnone> ^ The
Constitution also recognizes all
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas> indigenous
languages spoken in the country.
c. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#ref_groupsnone> ^ Some
important subgroups include those of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Venezuelan> Spanish,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Venezuelan> Portuguese,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Venezuelans> Italian,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela> Amerindian,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Venezuelan> African,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Venezuelan> Arab and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Venezuelan> German descent.
d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#ref_areanone> ^ Area totals
include only Venezuelan-administered territory.
e. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#ref_currencynone> ^ On 20
August 2018, a new bolivar was introduced, the Bolívar soberano (ISO 4217 code
VES) worth 100,000 VEF.
Venezuela ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English> /ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə/;
American Spanish: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish>
[beneˈswela] ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela.ogg>
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Venezuela.ogg> listen)),
officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana
de Venezuela), <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-const-14>
[12] is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent> continental landmass and many
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela> islands and
islets in the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea> Caribbean Sea. It
has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi), and the population
of Venezuela was estimated at 28 million in 2019.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-auto-9> [7] The capital and
largest urban agglomeration is the city of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas.
The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the
Atlantic Ocean, on the west by <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia>
Colombia, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil> Brazil on the south,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago> Trinidad and Tobago to the
north-east and on the east by <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana> Guyana.
The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Esequiba> Guayana Esequiba.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Geneva_Agreement,_17_February_1966-15>
[13] Venezuela is a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation> federal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_republic> presidential republic
consisting of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Venezuela> 23 states,
the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Capital_District> Capital
District and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela>
federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among
the most urbanized countries in Latin America;
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-encartaSA-16> [14]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UNpopstats-17> [15] the vast
majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital.
The territory of Venezuela was
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas> colonized
by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples. In 1811, it became
one of the first Spanish-American territories to
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela> declare
independence from the Spanish and to form part, as a department, of the first
federal Republic of Colombia (historiographically known as
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Colombia> Gran Colombia). It separated as a
full sovereign country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered
political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillo> military dictators until the mid-20th
century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments, as
an exception where most of the region was ruled by military dictatorships, and
the period was characterized by economic prosperity. Economic shocks in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_oil_glut> 1980s and 1990s led to major
political crises and widespread social unrest, including the deadly
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracazo> Caracazo riots of 1989,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts> two
attempted coups in 1992, and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez#Impeachment>
impeachment of a President for embezzlement of public funds charges in 1993.
The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election> 1998
Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution> Bolivarian Revolution,
which began with a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela> 1999
Constituent Assembly, where a new
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela> Constitution of
Venezuela was imposed. The government <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populist>
populist <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare> social welfare
policies were bolstered by soaring oil prices,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-18> [16] temporarily
increasing social spending,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-19> [17] and reducing
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality> economic inequality and
poverty in the early years of the regime.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-20> [18] The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election> 2013
Venezuelan presidential election was widely disputed leading to
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election_protests>
widespread protest, which triggered another nationwide
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela> crisis that continues to
this day. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-21> [19]
Venezuela is a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country> developing
country and ranks 113th on the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index> Human Development
Index. It has the world's
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves>
largest known oil reserves and has been one of the world's leading
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_exporter> exporters of oil. Previously, the
country was an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as
coffee and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean> cocoa, but oil quickly
came to dominate exports and government revenues. The excesses and poor
policies of the incumbent government led to the collapse of Venezuela's entire
economy. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-22> [20]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-23> [21] The
country struggles with record <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation>
hyperinflation, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-24> [22]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-25> [23]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela> shortages of basic
goods, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-26> [24]
unemployment, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-27> [25]
poverty, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-28> [26] disease,
high child mortality, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition>
malnutrition, severe crime and corruption. These factors have precipitated the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_diaspora> Venezuelan migrant crisis
where more than three million people have fled the country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-29> [27] By 2017, Venezuela
was declared to be in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_(finance)>
default regarding debt payments by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency> credit rating agencies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-30> [28]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-31> [29] The crisis in
Venezuela has contributed to a rapidly deteriorating
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela> human rights
situation, including increased abuses such as torture, arbitrary imprisonment,
extrajudicial killings and attacks on human rights advocates. Venezuela is a
charter member of the UN,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States> OAS,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations> UNASUR,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBA> ALBA,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur> Mercosur,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association> LAIA and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States> OEI.
[ ]
Contents
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Etymology> 1Etymology
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#History> 2History
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Pre-Columbian_history>
2.1Pre-Columbian history
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Colonization> 2.2Colonization
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Independence_and_19th_century>
2.3Independence and 19th century
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#20th_century> 2.420th century
o
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Bolivarian_government:_1999%E2%80%93present>
2.5Bolivarian government: 1999–present
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez:_1999%E2%80%932013>
2.5.1Hugo Chávez: 1999–2013
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro:_2013%E2%80%93present>
2.5.2Nicolás Maduro: 2013–present
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Geography> 3Geography
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Climate> 3.1Climate
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Biodiversity> 3.2Biodiversity
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Environment> 3.3Environment
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Hydrography> 3.4Hydrography
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Relief> 3.5Relief
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Valleys> 3.6Valleys
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Deserts> 3.7Deserts
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Government_and_politics>
4Government and politics
o
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Suspension_of_constitutional_rights>
4.1Suspension of constitutional rights
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Foreign_relations> 4.2Foreign
relations
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Military> 4.3Military
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Law_and_crime> 4.4Law and crime
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Human_rights> 4.5Human rights
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Corruption> 4.6Corruption
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Administrative_Divisions>
5Administrative Divisions
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Largest_cities> 5.1Largest cities
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Economy> 6Economy
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Tourism> 6.1Tourism
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Shortages> 6.2Shortages
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Petroleum_and_other_resources>
6.3Petroleum and other resources
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Transport> 7Transport
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Demographics> 8Demographics
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Ethnic_groups> 8.1Ethnic groups
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Languages> 8.2Languages
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Religion> 8.3Religion
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Health> 8.4Health
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Education> 8.5Education
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Culture> 9Culture
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Architecture> 9.1Architecture
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Art> 9.2Art
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Literature> 9.3Literature
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Music> 9.4Music
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Sport> 9.5Sport
o <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Cuisine> 9.6Cuisine
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#See_also> 10See also
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Notes> 11Notes
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#References> 12References
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#Bibliography> 13Bibliography
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#External_links> 14External
links
Etymology[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=1>
edit]
According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, an expedition led
by <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda> Alonso de Ojeda visited the
Venezuelan coast. The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_houses> stilt
houses in the area of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo> Lake
Maracaibo reminded the Italian navigator,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci> Amerigo Vespucci, of the city
of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice> Venice, Italy, so he named the
region Veneziola, or "Little Venice".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassabi%C3%A92008153-32>
[30] The Spanish version of Veneziola is Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2005189-33>
[31]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Enciso> Martín
Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different
account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that the crew found
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people> indigenous people who called
themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name "Venezuela" may have evolved from the
native word.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ICH_1958_386-34> [32]
Previously, the official name was
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Venezuela> Estado de Venezuela
(1830–1856), República de Venezuela (1856–1864),
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Venezuela> Estados Unidos de
Venezuela (1864–1953), and again
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela> República de Venezuela
(1953–1999).
History[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=2>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Venezuela> History of
Venezuela
Pre-Columbian history[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=3>
edit]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IdolosRoques.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_image> Cult image sculpted in ceramic,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Roques_Archipelago> Los Roques Archipelago.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petroglifo,_Parque_Waraira_Repano.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyph> Petroglyph in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_%C3%81vila_National_Park> Waraira Repano
National Park.
Evidence exists of human habitation in the area now known as Venezuela from
about 15,000 years ago. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf> Leaf-shaped tools
from this period, together with chopping and
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plano-convex> plano-convex scraping implements,
have been found exposed on the high riverine terraces of the Rio Pedregal in
western Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer200091-35>
[33] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene> Late Pleistocene hunting
artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar series of sites
in northwestern Venezuela known as "El Jobo"; according to
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating> radiocarbon dating, these
date from 13,000 to 7,000 BC.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000172-36>
[34]
It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest;
it has been estimated at around one million.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-37>
[35] In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included
historical groups such as the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalina_people>
Kalina (Caribs), <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auak%C3%A9_people> Auaké,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caquetio> Caquetio,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariche> Mariche, and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people> Timoto–Cuicas. The
Timoto–Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela,
with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields.
They also stored water in tanks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahoney89-38> [36]
Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They
were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops
included potatoes and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulluco> ullucos.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-art-39> [37] They left
behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major
monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for
housing. They are credited with having invented the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arepa> arepa, a staple in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine> Venezuelan cuisine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalas2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6-1QnKS6xG4CpgPA142_142]-40>
[38]
After the conquest, the population dropped markedly, mainly through the spread
of new infectious diseases from Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-37>
[35] Two main north–south axes of pre-Columbian population were present, who
cultivated maize in the west and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc> manioc
in the east.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-37>
[35] Large parts of the llanos were cultivated through a combination of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_and_burn> slash and burn and permanent
settled agriculture.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-37>
[35]
Colonization[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=4>
edit]
Main articles:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas> Spanish
colonization of the Americas and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Venezuela> Colonial Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Musterung-Welser-Armada.png>
The German <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welser> Welser Armada exploring
Venezuela.
In 1498, during his third voyage to the Americas,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus> Christopher Columbus
sailed near the Orinoco Delta and landed in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Paria> Gulf of Paria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickey1892103-41>
[39] Amazed by the great offshore current of freshwater which deflected his
course eastward, Columbus expressed in a letter to Isabella and Ferdinand that
he must have reached Heaven on Earth (terrestrial paradise):
Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise, for the site conforms to the
opinion of the holy and wise theologians whom I have mentioned. And likewise,
the [other] signs conform very well, for I have never read or heard of such a
large quantity of fresh water being inside and in such close proximity to salt
water; the very mild temperateness also corroborates this; and if the water of
which I speak does not proceed from Paradise then it is an even greater marvel,
because I do not believe such a large and deep river has ever been known to
exist in this world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZamora1993Voyage_to_Paradise-42>
[40]
Spain's colonization of mainland Venezuela started in 1522, establishing its
first permanent South American settlement in the present-day city of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1> Cumaná. In the 16th century,
Venezuela was contracted as a concession by the King of Spain to the German
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welser> Welser banking family (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein-Venedig> Klein-Venedig, 1528–1546). Native
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacique> caciques (leaders) such as
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaicaipuro> Guaicaipuro (c. 1530–1568) and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanaco> Tamanaco (died 1573) attempted to
resist Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them; Tamanaco
was put to death by order of Caracas' founder,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Losada> Diego de Losada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UNE-43> [41]
In the 16th century, during the Spanish colonization, indigenous peoples such
as many of the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariches> Mariches, themselves
descendants of the Kalina, converted to
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism> Roman Catholicism. Some of
the resisting tribes or leaders are commemorated in place names, including
Caracas, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacao_Municipality> Chacao and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Teques> Los Teques. The early colonial
settlements focused on the northern coast,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130-37>
[35] but in the mid-18th century, the Spanish pushed farther inland along the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_River> Orinoco River. Here, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%27kuana> Ye'kuana (then known as the
Makiritare) organized serious resistance in 1775 and 1776.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGott2005203-44> [42]
Spain's eastern Venezuelan settlements were incorporated into
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Andalusia_Province> New Andalusia Province.
Administered by the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo> Royal
Audiencia of Santo Domingo from the early 16th century, most of Venezuela
became part of the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada>
Viceroyalty of New Granada in the early 18th century, and was then reorganized
as an autonomous
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela> Captaincy
General starting in 1777. The town of Caracas, founded in the central coastal
region in 1567, was well-placed to become a key location, being near the
coastal port of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Guaira> La Guaira whilst
itself being located in a valley in a mountain range, providing defensive
strength against <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate> pirates and a more
fertile and healthy climate.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwell19844-45> [43]
Independence and 19th century[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=5>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence>
Venezuelan War of Independence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_2.jpg>
El Libertador, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar> Simón
Bolívar.
After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela, under the leadership of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda> Francisco de Miranda, a
Venezuelan marshal who had fought in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution> American Revolution and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution> French Revolution,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Declaration_of_Independence> declared
independence as the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela> First Republic of
Venezuela on 5 July 1811.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-46> [44] This began the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence> Venezuelan War
of Independence. A devastating
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_Caracas_earthquake> earthquake that struck
Caracas in 1812, together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanero> llaneros, helped bring down the
republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChasteen2001103-47>
[45] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar> Simón Bolívar,
new leader of the independentist forces, launched his
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admirable_Campaign> Admirable Campaign in 1813
from <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada> New
Granada, retaking most of the territory and being proclaimed as El Libertador
("The Liberator"). A
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Venezuela> second Venezuelan
republic was proclaimed on 7 August 1813, but lasted only a few months before
being crushed at the hands of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)>
royalist caudillo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tom%C3%A1s_Boves>
José Tomás Boves and his personal army of llaneros.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-48> [46]
The end of the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War> French invasion
of homeland Spain in 1814 allowed the preparation of a large expeditionary
force to the American provinces under general
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Morillo> Pablo Morillo, with the goal to
regain the lost territory in Venezuela and New Granada. As the war reached a
stalemate on 1817, Bolívar reestablished the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Venezuela> Third Republic of
Venezuela on the territory still controlled by the patriots, mainly in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Province> Guayana and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanos> Llanos regions. This republic was
short-lived as only two years later, during the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Angostura> Congress of Angostura of
1819, the union of Venezuela with New Granada was decreed to form the Republic
of Colombia (historiographically <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Colombia>
Republic of Gran Colombia). The war continued for some years, until full
victory and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty> sovereignty was
attained after Bolívar, aided by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez> José Antonio Páez
and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre> Antonio José de
Sucre, won the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo> Battle of
Carabobo on 24 June 1821.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory199289%E2%80%9390-49>
[47] On 24 July 1823,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Prudencio_Padilla> José Prudencio
Padilla and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Urdaneta> Rafael Urdaneta
helped seal Venezuelan independence with their victory in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Maracaibo> Battle of Lake
Maracaibo. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ciawfb-50> [48]
New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army; leading it,
he liberated several countries and founded the Republic of Colombia (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Colombia> Gran Colombia).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory199289%E2%80%9390-49>
[47]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:19_de_abril.jpg>
Revolution of 19 April 1810, the beginning of Venezuela's independence, by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar> Martín Tovar y Tovar
Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador> Ecuador and later become the second
president of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia> Bolivia. Venezuela
remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a rebellion led by Páez allowed
the proclamation of a newly independent Venezuela; Páez became the first
president of the new <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Venezuela> State
of Venezuela. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-51> [49]
Between one-quarter and one-third of Venezuela's population was lost during
these two decades of warfare (including perhaps one-half of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent> white
population), <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-52> [50] which
by 1830, was estimated at about 800,000.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Caudillismo-53> [51]
The colors of the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Venezuela> Venezuelan
flag are yellow, blue, and red: the yellow stands for land wealth, the blue for
the sea that separates Venezuela from Spain, and the red for the blood shed by
the heroes of independence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-54> [52]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery> Slavery in Venezuela was abolished in
1854. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Caudillismo-53> [51]
Much of Venezuela's 19th-century history was characterized by political turmoil
and dictatorial rule, including the Independence leader José Antonio Páez, who
gained the presidency three times and served a total of 11 years between 1830
and 1863. This culminated in the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_War>
Federal War (1859–1863), a civil war in which hundreds of thousands died in a
country with a population of not much more than a million people. In the latter
half of the century,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco> Antonio Guzmán
Blanco, another caudillo, served a total of 13 years between 1870 and 1887,
with three other presidents interspersed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Tovar_y_Tovar_02.jpg>
The signing of Venezuela's independence, by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar> Martín Tovar y Tovar.
In 1895, a longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the territory of
Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana> British Guiana and Venezuela saw
as Venezuelan territory, erupted into the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_Crisis_of_1895> Venezuela Crisis of
1895. The dispute became a diplomatic crisis when Venezuela's lobbyist,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lindsay_Scruggs> William L. Scruggs,
sought to argue that British behavior over the issue violated the United
States' <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine> Monroe Doctrine of
1823, and used his influence in Washington, D.C., to pursue the matter. Then,
U.S. president <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland> Grover
Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the doctrine that did not just
simply forbid new European colonies, but declared an American interest in any
matter within the hemisphere.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZakaria1999145%E2%80%93146-55>
[53] Britain ultimately accepted arbitration, but in negotiations over its
terms was able to persuade the U.S. on many of the details. A tribunal convened
in Paris in 1898 to decide the issue and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the
disputed territory to British Guiana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Humphreys-56> [54]
In 1899, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro> Cipriano Castro,
assisted by his friend <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez>
Juan Vicente Gómez, seized power in Caracas, marching an army from his base in
the Andean state of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1chira> Táchira.
Castro defaulted on Venezuela's considerable foreign debts and declined to pay
compensation to foreigners caught up in Venezuela's civil wars. This led to the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_Crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903>
Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903, in which Britain, Germany and Italy imposed a
naval blockade of several months before international arbitration at the new
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration> Permanent Court
of Arbitration in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague> The Hague was
agreed. In 1908, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch-Venezuela_War> another
dispute broke out with the Netherlands, which was resolved when Castro left for
medical treatment in Germany and was promptly overthrown by Juan Vicente Gómez
(1908–1935).
20th century[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=6>
edit]
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png>
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view> neutrality
of this section is <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute>
disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Venezuela##> talk page. Please do not
remove this message until
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove> conditions to do so
are met. (December 2018) (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal> Learn how and
when to remove this template message)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg>
This section needs additional citations for
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability> verification. Please
help <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit>
improve this article by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners> adding citations
to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July
2017) ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal> Learn
how and when to remove this template message)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_flag_of_Venezuela_(1954%E2%80%932006).svg>
Flag of Venezuela between 1954 and 2006.
The discovery of massive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field> oil
deposits in Lake Maracaibo during World War I
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-57> [55] proved to be
pivotal for Venezuela and transformed the basis of its economy from a heavy
dependence on agricultural exports. It prompted an economic boom that lasted
into the 1980s; by 1935, Venezuela's per capita gross domestic product was
Latin America's highest.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrow1980616%E2%80%93617-58>
[56] Gómez benefited handsomely from this, as corruption thrived, but at the
same time, the new source of income helped him centralize the Venezuelan state
and develop its authority.
He remained the most powerful man in Venezuela until his death in 1935,
although at times he ceded the presidency to others. The gomecista dictatorship
(1935–1945) system largely continued under
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras> Eleazar López
Contreras, but from 1941, under
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Medina_Angarita> Isaías Medina
Angarita, was relaxed. Angarita granted a range of reforms, including the
legalization of all political parties. After
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II> World War II, immigration from
Southern Europe (mainly from Spain,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-venezuelans> Italy, Portugal, and France)
and poorer Latin American countries markedly diversified Venezuelan society.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt,_1961.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt> Rómulo Betancourt
(president 1945–1948 / 1959–1964), one of the major democracy activists of
Venezuela.
In 1945, a civilian-military coup overthrew Medina Angarita and ushered in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Trienio_Adeco> a three-year period of
democratic rule (1945–1948) under the mass membership party
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)> Democratic
Action, initially under <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt>
Rómulo Betancourt, until <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos>
Rómulo Gallegos won the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Venezuelan_presidential_election> 1947
Venezuelan presidential election (generally believed to be the first free and
fair elections in Venezuela).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-59> [57]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-60> [58] Gallegos governed
until overthrown by a military junta led by the triumvirate Luis Felipe Llovera
Páez, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez> Marcos
Pérez Jiménez, and Gallegos' Defense Minister,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Delgado_Chalbaud> Carlos Delgado
Chalbaud, in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat> 1948
Venezuelan coup d'état.
The most powerful man in the military junta (1948–1958) was Pérez Jiménez
(though Chalbaud was its titular president) and was suspected of being behind
the death in office of Chalbaud, who died in a bungled kidnapping in 1950. When
the junta unexpectedly lost the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Venezuelan_presidential_election> election
it held in 1952, it ignored the results and Pérez Jiménez was installed as
president, where he remained until 1958. The expansion of the Venezuelan
economy in this period was based on the indebtedness of the Venezuelan nation
and that was one of the causes of the economic crisis in Venezuela in the
1960s, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:03-61> [59] in which
important projects such as the Urban Center El Recreo de Marcel Brauer on
Avenida Casanova in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana_Grande,_Caracas>
Sabana Grande district were paralyzed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-62> [60]
During the years of Pérez Jiménez's administration, the State intervened in
areas of the economy that were traditionally carried out by private companies.
The Pérez Jiménez government was characterized by its state capitalism and not
by liberal capitalism. It was an antecedent of the populist and paternalistic
economic regime of the later democratic regimes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-63> [61] The national
private entrepreneurship increasingly had less space to grow and prosper. The
State was the great capitalist in the Venezuela of Pérez Jiménez and was the
largest national shareholder of major hotel chains such as Sheraton.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-64> [62]
In the government of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez> Pérez Jiménez,
Venezuela's debt grew more than 25 times and went from 175 million to more than
4,500 million bolivares in just 5 years (approximately 15 billion dollars in
2018). The malaise over the debts of Venezuela reached the barracks and the
national business. Pérez Jiménez responded that: "there is no debt, but
commitments". The Finance Minister failed to convince Pérez Jiménez to order
the cancellation of debts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-65> [63] As of 14 January
1958, the Venezuelan business community decided to divorce itself completely
from the regime, nine days before the collapse of the government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:03-61> [59] The military
dictator Pérez Jiménez was forced out on 23 January 1958.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ciawfb-50> [48] In an effort
to consolidate a young democracy, the three major political parties (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Democr%C3%A1tica> Acción Democrática
(AD), <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COPEI> COPEI and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Republicana_Democr%C3%A1tica> Unión
Republicana Democrática (URD), with the notable exception of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela> Communist Party of
Venezuela) signed the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntofijo_Pact> Puntofijo
Pact power-sharing agreement. The two first parties would dominate the
political landscape for four decades.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa_donde_se_firm%C3%B3_el_Pacto_de_Punto_Fijo.jpg>
Table where the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntofijo_Pact> Puntofijo Pact
was signed on 31 October 1958
During the presidencies of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt> Rómulo Ernesto
Betancourt Bello (1959–1964, his second time) and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni> Raúl Leoni Otero (1964–1969) in
the 1960s, substantial guerilla movements occurred, including the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_National_Liberation_(Venezuela)>
Armed Forces of National Liberation and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Venezuela)>
Revolutionary Left Movement, which had split from AD in 1960. Most of these
movements laid down their arms under
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Caldera> Rafael Caldera's first
presidency (1969–1974); Caldera had won the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Venezuelan_presidential_election> 1968
election for COPEI, being the first time a party other than Democratic Action
took the presidency through a democratic election. The new democratic order had
its antagonists. Betancourt suffered an attack planned by the Dominican
dictator Rafael Trujillo in 1960, and the leftists excluded from the Pact
initiated an armed insurgency by organizing themselves in the Armed Forces of
National Liberation, sponsored by the Communist Party and Fidel Castro. In 1962
they tried to destabilize the military corps, with failed revolts in Carúpano
and Puerto Cabello. At the same time, Betancourt promoted a foreign policy, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betancourt_Doctrine> Betancourt Doctrine, in
which he only recognized elected governments by popular vote.[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability> need quotation to
verify]
As a result of the debt that Marcos Pérez Jiménez had left, an economic
adjustment program was necessary in Venezuela. The Economic Recovery Plan of
1960 was formulated by Tomás Enrique Carrillo Batalla. The construction
industry was revitalized through the "rediscount" of the Central Bank of
Venezuela. The Economic Recovery Plan fulfilled its objectives and in 1964,
Venezuela was able to return to an anchored exchange rate, with free purchase
and sale of foreign currency. This system lasted until the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viernes_Negro> Venezuelan Black Friday of 1983,
although the model was already running out at the end of the seventies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:132-66> [64] The
consolidation of the democratic system and the dissipation of fears of
political radicalization of the country contributed to normalize the demand for
foreign currency, stabilizing the parallel exchange rate.
For much of the period between 1950 and 1973, the Venezuelan economy was
characterized by its stability and sustained strength, factors that contributed
decisively to being able to maintain a fixed exchange rate without major
inconveniences. In the period of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez> Carlos Andrés
Pérez (1974–1979, his first time as president), as a result of the Arab-Israeli
war (the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War> Yom Kippur War), the
average price of a barrel of oil went from 3.71 to 10.53 dollars and continued
to rise to exceed 29 dollars in 1981.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:132-66> [64] The income of
the public sector went from 18,960 million bolivars in 1973 to 45.564 million
in 1974. The economic bonanza also had the characteristics of an economic
bubble, but Venezuelans remember the "Ta barato, dame dos".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:152-67> [65]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:05-68> [66] The increased
inflow of funds to savings and loan entities and mortgage banks allowed an
increase in the mortgage loan portfolio, which also tripled. In general,
Venezuela was a prosperous country in the governments of Rómulo Betancourt
(1945 – c. 1948; 1959–1964), Rafael Caldera (1969–1974; 1994 – c. 1999) and
Carlos Andrés Pérez (1974–1979; 1989 – c. 1993)[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> citation needed]. In
1975 the iron industry was nationalized and the following year the oil
industry, creating Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA). Both Caldera and Pérez
partially broke with the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betancourt_Doctrine>
Betancourt Doctrine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sabana_Grande._Caracas._A%C3%B1o_1954.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana_Grande,_Caracas> Sabana Grande district,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas (1954)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Venezuelan_presidential_election> The
election in 1973 of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez> Carlos Andrés
Pérez coincided with an <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis> oil
crisis, in which Venezuela's income exploded as
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_prices> oil prices soared; oil industries
were nationalized in 1976. This led to massive increases in public spending,
but also increases in external debts, which continued into the 1980s when the
collapse of oil prices during the 1980s crippled the Venezuelan economy. As the
government started to devalue the currency in February 1983 to face its
financial obligations, Venezuelans' real standards of living fell dramatically.
A number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government
led to rising poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased
political instability.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Schuyler_2001_10-69> [67]
During the presidency of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Herrera_Campins>
Luis Herrera Campins (1979–1984), important infrastructure works were
completed, such as the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Central_Complex>
Parque Central Complex (which became the largest housing complex and the
tallest towers in Latin America), Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex (the largest
cultural center in South America at that time), the Brígido Iriarte Stadium and
the United Nations Park. Most of these works had been previously planned.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:152-67> [65] Until the
mid-eighties, the Venezuelan economy showed a very positive behavior,
characterized by the absence of internal or external imbalances, high economic
growth, largely due to the sustained and very high gross fixed investment of
those years, 10 under unemployment and great price stability. This translated
into sustained increases in the average real wage and an improvement in the
condition of life. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:132-66>
[64]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez.jpg>
President <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez> Carlos
Andrés Pérez was <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment> impeached on
corruption charges in 1993.
The bolivar was devalued in February 1983, unleashing a strong economic crisis,
which hit investments in the most important financial centers of the Venezuelan
capital, such as <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana_Grande,_Caracas> Sabana
Grande. In the government of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Lusinchi>
Jaime Lusinchi (1984–1989), an attempt was made to solve the problem.
Unfortunately, the measures failed. After a long period of accelerated economic
expansion that lasts for six decades (value of the stock of homes by families),
an extreme higher value is reached towards 1982. From this historical value
begins then a systematic fall that mounts to 26 hundred up to 2006, and that
configures a genuine unique experience in contemporary economic life.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-70> [68] However, the
economic deactivation of the country had begun to show its first signs in 1978.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:32-71> [69]
In the 1980s, the Presidential Commission for State Reform (COPRE) emerged as a
mechanism of political innovation. Venezuela was preparing for the
decentralization of its political system and the diversification of its
economy, reducing the large size of the State. The COPRE operated as an
innovation mechanism, also by incorporating issues into the political agenda
that were generally excluded from public deliberation by the main actors of the
Venezuelan democratic system. The most discussed topics were incorporated into
the public agenda: decentralization, political participation, municipalization,
judicial oder reforms and the role of the State in a new economic strategy.
Unfortunately, the social reality of the country made the changes difficult to
apply. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:32-71> [69]
Economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis in which
hundreds died in the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracazo> Caracazo riots
of 1989 during the presidency of Carlos Andres Pérez (1989–1993, his second
time),
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts> two
attempted coups d'état in 1992 (February and November) by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez> Hugo Chávez,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-BBCprofile-72> [70] and the
impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez (re-elected in 1988) for
corruption in 1993 and the interim presidency of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez> Ramón José
Velásquez (1993–1994). Coup leader Hugo Chávez
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Caldera#Amnesty_to_the_1992_coup_participants>
was pardoned in March 1994 by president Rafael Caldera (1994–1999, his second
time), with a clean slate and his political rights reinstated. This let him
later get the presidency continuously from 1999 until his death in 2013,
winning the elections of 1998, 2000, 2006 and 2012 and the presidential
referendum of 2004, with the only exception in 2002 of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Carmona_Estanga> Pedro Carmona Estanga as
a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt>
two-day de facto government and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello_Rond%C3%B3n> Diosdado Cabello
Rondón as a few-hours interim president.
Bolivarian government: 1999–present[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=7>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution> Bolivarian
Revolution
The Bolivarian Revolution refers to a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_populism> left-wing populism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement> social movement and political
process in Venezuela led by Venezuelan president
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez> Hugo Chávez, who founded the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement> Fifth Republic Movement
in 1997 and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela> United
Socialist Party of Venezuela in 2007. The "Bolivarian Revolution" is named
after <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar> Simón Bolívar,
an early 19th-century Venezuelan and Latin American revolutionary leader,
prominent in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence> Spanish
American wars of independence in achieving the independence of most of northern
South America from Spanish rule. According to Chávez and other supporters, the
"Bolivarian Revolution" seeks to build a mass movement to implement
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarianism> Bolivarianism—
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_democracy> popular democracy, economic
independence, equitable distribution of revenues, and an end to political
corruption—in Venezuela. They interpret Bolívar's ideas from a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism> populist perspective, using
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism> socialist rhetoric.
Hugo Chávez: 1999–2013[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=8>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez>
Presidency of Hugo Chávez
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavez_Kirch_Lula141597.jpg>
Chávez with fellow South American presidents
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner> Néstor Kirchner of
Argentina and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva>
Lula da Silva of Brazil
A collapse in confidence in the existing parties led to Chávez being elected
president in 1998 and the subsequent launch of a "Bolivarian Revolution",
beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of
Venezuela. Chávez also initiated
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_missions> Bolivarian missions,
programs aimed at helping the poor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-73> [71]
In April 2002, Chávez was briefly ousted from power in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt> 2002
Venezuelan coup d'état attempt following popular demonstrations by his
opponents, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-74> [72] but he
returned to power after two days as a result of demonstrations by poor Chávez
supporters in Caracas and actions by the military.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon2004295-75>
[73]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez_Maya200516-76>
[74]
Chávez also remained in power after an all-out national strike that lasted
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003>
from December 2002 to February 2003, including a strike/lockout in the state
oil company <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDVSA> PDVSA.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-77> [75] The strike produced
severe economic dislocation, with the country's GDP falling 27% during the
first four months of 2003, and costing the oil industry $13.3 billion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-J386-78> [76] Capital flight
before and during the strike led to the reimposition of currency controls
(which had been abolished in 1989), managed by the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADIVI> CADIVI agency. In the subsequent decade,
the government was forced into several currency devaluations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-79> [77]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-80> [78]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-81> [79]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Economist-82> [80]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Businessweek-83> [81] These
devaluations have done little to improve the situation of the Venezuelan people
who rely on imported products or locally produced products that depend on
imported inputs while dollar-denominated oil sales account for the vast
majority of Venezuela's exports.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-84> [82] According to
Sebastian Boyd writing at <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News>
Bloomberg News, the profits of the oil industry have been lost to "social
engineering" and corruption, instead of investments needed to maintain oil
production. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-85> [83]
Chávez survived several further political tests, including an
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum> August 2004
recall referendum. He was elected for another term
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election> in
December 2006 and re-elected for a third term in October 2012. However, he was
never sworn in for his third period, due to medical complications. Chávez died
on 5 March 2013 after a nearly two-year fight with cancer.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-86> [84] The presidential
election that took place on Sunday, 14 April 2013, was the first since Chávez
took office in 1999 in which his name did not appear on the ballot.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-87> [85]
Nicolás Maduro: 2013–present[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=9>
edit]
Main article:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro> Presidency of
Nicolás Maduro
Further information: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela>
Crisis in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dilma_Rousseff_and_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_at_48th_Mercosur_Summit_(2).jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro> Nicolás Maduro with
Brazilian President <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff> Dilma
Rousseff at the 48th <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur> Mercosur Summit
in Brazil in 2015.
Poverty and inflation began to increase into the 2010s.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UN-88> [86]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro> Nicolás Maduro was elected
in 2013 after the death of Chavez. Chavez picked Maduro as his successor and
appointed him vice president in 2013. Maduro was elected president in a
shortened election in 2013 following Chavez's death.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Economist-82> [80]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-89> [87]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-90> [88]
Nicolás Maduro has been the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Venezuela> president of Venezuela
since 14 April 2013, when he won the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election> second
presidential election after Chávez's death, with 50.61% of the votes against
the opposition's candidate
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Capriles_Radonski> Henrique Capriles
Radonski, who had 49.12% of the votes. The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable> Democratic Unity
Roundtable contested his election as fraud and as a violation of the
constitution. An audit of 56% of the vote showed no discrepancies,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-BBC12June-91> [89] and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Venezuela> Supreme Court of
Venezuela ruled that under Venezuela's Constitution, Nicolás Maduro was the
legitimate president and was invested as such by the Venezuelan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)> National Assembly
(Asamblea Nacional). <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-92>
[90] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-93> [91]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-94> [92] Opposition leaders
and some international media consider the government of Maduro to be a
dictatorship.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-reuters-maduro-95> [93]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-hrw-maduro-96> [94]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-wpo-maduro-97> [95]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-nyt-maduro-98> [96] Since
February 2014, hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans have protested over high
levels of criminal violence, corruption, hyperinflation, and chronic scarcity
of basic goods due to policies of the federal government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-99> [97]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-100> [98]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-101> [99]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-102> [100]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-103> [101] Demonstrations
and riots have resulted in over 40 fatalities in the unrest between Chavistas
and opposition protesters
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-2014protests-104> [102] and
opposition leaders, including
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez> Leopoldo López and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma> Antonio Ledezma were arrested.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-2014protests-104> [102]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-105> [103]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-INDEPENDENT-106> [104]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-107> [105]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-108> [106]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-109> [107] Human rights
groups condemned the arrest of Leopoldo López.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-110> [108] In the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election> 2015
Venezuelan parliamentary election, the opposition gained a majority.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-111> [109]
Venezuela devalued its currency in February 2013 due to rising shortages in the
country, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Businessweek-83>
[81] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-112> [110]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela> which included those of
milk, flour, and other necessities. This led to an increase in malnutrition,
especially among children.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-113> [111]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ECONeatCHAVISMO-114> [112]
Venezuela's economy had become strongly dependent on the exportation of oil,
with crude accounting for 86% of exports,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-115> [113] and a high price
per barrel to support social programs. Beginning in 2014 the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_of_oil> price of oil plummeted from over
$100/bbl to $40/bbl a year and a half later. This placed pressure on the
Venezuelan economy, which was no longer able to afford vast social programs. To
counter the decrease in oil prices, the Venezuelan Government began taking more
money from <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_de_Venezuela,_S.A.>
PDVSA, the state oil company, to meet budgets, resulting in a lack of
reinvestment in fields and employees. Venezuela's oil production decreased from
its height of nearly 3 to 1 million
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit)#Oil_barrel> barrels (480 to 160
thousand <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metre> cubic metres) per day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-116> [114]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-117> [115]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-118> [116]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-119> [117] In 2014,
Venezuela entered an <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_recession>
economic recession. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-120>
[118] In 2015, Venezuela had the world's highest inflation rate with the rate
surpassing 100%, which was the highest in the country's history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FPblackbox-121> [119] In
2017, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump> Donald Trump's
administration imposed more <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sanctions>
economic sanctions against Venezuela's state-owned oil company
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDVSA> PDVSA and Venezuelan officials.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-122> [120]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-123> [121]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-124> [122] Economic
problems, as well as crime and corruption, were some of the main causes of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)>
2014–present Venezuelan protests.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-125> [123]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-126> [124] Since 2015 nearly
2 million people have <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_diaspora> fled
Venezuela. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-127> [125]
In January 2016, President Maduro decreed an "economic emergency", revealing
the extent of the crisis and expanding his powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-128> [126] In July 2016,
Colombian border crossings were temporarily opened to allow Venezuelans to
purchase food and basic household and health items in Colombia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Venezuelans_Cross_Into_Colombia_In_Search_Of_Food-129>
[127] In September 2016, a study published in the Spanish-language
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_Las_Am%C3%A9ricas> Diario Las Américas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Hambre_en_Venezuela:_El_15.7%_de_los_venezolanos_se_ha_alimentado_de_residuos-130>
[128] indicated that 15% of Venezuelans are eating "
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste> food waste discarded by commercial
establishments".
Close to 200 riots had occurred in Venezuelan prisons by October 2016,
according to Una Ventana a la Libertad, an advocacy group for better prison
conditions. The father of an inmate at Táchira Detention Center in Caracas
alleged that his son was cannibalized by other inmates during a month-long
riot, a claim corroborated by an anonymous police source but denied by the
Minister of Correctional Affairs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Man_claims_son_was_eaten_by_fellow_inmates_during_riot_in_Venezuelan_prison-131>
[129]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_TSJ_chamber_at_Maduro_2019_inauguration.jpg>
Maduro was
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro>
inaugurated for a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_presidential_crisis> contested
and controversial second term on 10 January 2019.
In 2017, Venezuela experienced
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis> a
constitutional crisis in the country. In March 2017, opposition leaders branded
President Nicolas Maduro a dictator after the Maduro-aligned Supreme Tribunal,
which had been overturning most National Assembly decisions since the
opposition took control of the body, took over the functions of the assembly,
pushing a lengthy political standoff to new heights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-reuters-maduro-95> [93] The
Supreme Court backed down and reversed its decision on 1 April 2017.[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> citation needed] A
month later, President Maduro announced the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election>
2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election and on 30 August 2017, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly> 2017
Constituent National Assembly was elected into office and quickly stripped the
National Assembly of its powers.[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> citation needed]
In December 2017, President Maduro declared that leading opposition parties
would be barred from taking part in following year's presidential vote after
they boycotted mayoral polls.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-132> [130]
Maduro won the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election> 2018
election with 67.8% of the vote. The result was challenged by countries
including <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina> Argentina,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile> Chile,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia> Colombia,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil> Brazil,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada> Canada,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany> Germany,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France> France and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States> United States who deemed it
fraudulent and moved to recognize
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3> Juan Guaidó as president.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-133> [131]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-134> [132]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-135> [133]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-136> [134] Other countries
including <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba> Cuba,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China> China,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia> Russia,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey> Turkey, and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran> Iran continued to recognize Maduro as
president, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-137> [135]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-138> [136] although China,
facing financial pressure over its position, reportedly began hedging its
position by decreasing loans given, cancelling joint ventures, and signaling
willingness to work with all parties.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-139> [137] A Chinese
Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman denied the reports, describing them as
"false information". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-140>
[138]
In January 2019 the Permanent Council of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States> Organization of
American States (OAS) approved a resolution "to not recognize the legitimacy of
Nicolas Maduro's new term as of the 10th of January of 2019,"
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-141> [139] while the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly> United Nations
General Assembly formally recognized the Maduro government as the only
legitimate representative of Venezuela at the United Nations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-142> [140] and in October
2019, Venezuela was elected to the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council> United
Nations Human Rights Council.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-143> [141]
In August 2019, United States President Donald Trump signed an executive order
to impose a total economic embargo against Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-144> [142] In March 2020,
the Trump administration indicted Maduro and several Venezuelan officials on
charges of drug trafficking.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-145> [143][
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources>
non-primary source needed]
In June 2020, a report by the US organisation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights> Robert F.
Kennedy Human Rights documented enforced disappearances in Venezuela that
occurred in the years 2018 and 2019. During the period, 724 enforced
disappearances of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner> political
detainees were reported. The report stated that Venezuelan security forces
subjected victims, who had been disappeared, to illegal interrogation processes
accompanied by torture and cruel or inhuman treatment. The report stated that
the Venezuelan government strategically used enforced disappearances to silence
political opponents and other critical voices it deemed a threat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-146> [144]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-147> [145]
Geography[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=10>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela> Geography
of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_Topography.png>
Topographic map of Venezuela
Venezuela is located in the north of South America; geologically, its mainland
rests on the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Plate> South
American Plate. It has a total area of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi) and a land
area of 882,050 km2 (340,560 sq mi), making Venezuela the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area>
33rd largest country in the world. The territory it controls lies between
latitudes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator> 0° and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_parallel_north> 13°N and longitudes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_meridian_west> 59° and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74th_meridian_west> 74°W.
Shaped roughly like a triangle, the country has a 2,800 km (1,700 mi) coastline
in the north, which includes numerous islands in the Caribbean and the
northeast borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Most observers describe
Venezuela in terms of four fairly well defined
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography> topographical regions: the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo_Basin> Maracaibo lowlands in the
northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east–west arc from the
Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central
Venezuela, and the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Highlands> Guiana
Highlands in the southeast.
The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South
America's Andes mountain range.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Bol%C3%ADvar> Pico Bolívar, the nation's
highest point at 4,979 m (16,335 ft), lies in this region. To the south, the
dissected <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Region> Guiana Highlands
contain the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Falls> Angel Falls, the world's highest
waterfall, as well as <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui> tepuis, large
table-like mountains. The country's center is characterized by the llanos,
which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far
west to the Orinoco River <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta> delta in
the east. The Orinoco, with its rich <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvium>
alluvial soils, binds the largest and most important
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)> river system of
the country; it originates in one of the largest
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin> watersheds in Latin America. The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron%C3%AD_River_(Venezuela)> Caroní and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure_River> Apure are other major rivers.
Venezuela borders <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia> Colombia to the
west, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana> Guyana to the east, and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil> Brazil to the south. Caribbean islands
such as <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago> Trinidad and
Tobago, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada> Grenada,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao> Curaçao,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aruba> Aruba, and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Antilles> Leeward Antilles lie near the
Venezuelan coast. Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana, formerly
United Kingdom, largely concerning the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Esequiba> Essequibo area and with
Colombia concerning the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela> Gulf
of Venezuela. In 1895, after years of diplomatic attempts to solve the border
dispute, the dispute over the Essequibo River border flared up. It was
submitted to a "neutral" commission (composed of British, American, and Russian
representatives and without a direct Venezuelan representative), which in 1899
decided mostly against Venezuela's claim.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-148> [146]
Venezuela's most significant natural resources are petroleum and natural gas,
iron ore, gold, and other minerals. It also has large areas of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land> arable land and water.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kukenan_Roraima_GS.jpg>
View of the tepuis, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuken%C3%A1n-tepui> Kukenan
and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Roraima> Roraima, in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sabana> Gran Sabana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park> Canaima National Park.
Tepuis are among the attractions of the park, these mountains are among the
oldest exposed formations on the planet.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-149> [147]
Climate[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=11>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Venezuela> Climate of
Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_K%C3%B6ppen.png>
Venezuela map of Köppen climate classification
Venezuela is entirely located in the tropics over the Equator to around 12° N.
Its climate varies from humid low-elevation plains, where average annual
temperatures range as high as 35 °C (95.0 °F), to glaciers and highlands (the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo> páramos) with an average yearly
temperature of 8 °C (46.4 °F). Annual rainfall varies from 430 mm (16.9 in) in
the semiarid portions of the northwest to over 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in the
Orinoco Delta of the far east and the Amazonian Jungle in the south. The
precipitation level is lower in the period from August through April. These
periods are referred to as hot-humid and cold-dry seasons. Another
characteristic of the climate is this variation throughout the country by the
existence of a mountain range called "Cordillera de la Costa" which crosses the
country from east to west. The majority of the population lives in these
mountains. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-LOC_2005-150>
[148]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ClimateZones_Venezuela.png>
Venezuelan climatic types, according to their thermal floors
The country falls into four horizontal temperature zones based primarily on
elevation, having tropical, dry, temperate with dry winters, and polar (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_tundra> alpine tundra) climates, amongst
others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarhol200665-151>
[149]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Geograf%C3%ADa_%E2%80%93_Clima-152>
[150] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-153> [151] In the
tropical zone—below 800 m (2,625 ft)—temperatures are hot, with yearly averages
ranging between 26 and 28 °C (78.8 and 82.4 °F). The temperate zone ranges
between 800 and 2,000 m (2,625 and 6,562 ft) with averages from 12 to 25 °C
(53.6 to 77.0 °F); many of Venezuela's cities, including the capital, lie in
this region. Colder conditions with temperatures from 9 to 11 °C (48.2 to 51.8
°F) are found in the cool zone between 2,000 and 3,000 m (6,562 and 9,843 ft),
especially in the Venezuelan Andes, where pastureland and permanent snowfield
with yearly averages below 8 °C (46 °F) cover land above 3,000 meters (9,843
ft) in the páramos.
The highest temperature recorded was 42 °C (108 °F) in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiques> Machiques,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-154> [152] and the lowest
temperature recorded was −11 °C (12 °F), it has been reported from an
uninhabited high altitude at
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Piedras_Blancas> Páramo de Piedras Blancas
( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_state> Mérida state),
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-155> [153] even though no
official reports exist, lower temperatures in the mountains of the Sierra
Nevada de Mérida are known.
Biodiversity[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=12>
edit]
Main articles: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Venezuela>
Natural regions of Venezuela,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Venezuela> Fauna of Venezuela,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Venezuela> Flora of Venezuela,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Venezuela> National symbols
of Venezuela, and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Venezuela>
List of birds of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapa_de_regiones_naturales_(Venezuela).png>
Map of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Venezuela> Natural
regions of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Magn%C3%ADfico_Salto_%C3%81ngel.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Falls> Ángel Falls, the world's highest
uninterrupted waterfall, in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park> Canaima National Park,
Bolívar state
Venezuela lies within the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_realm>
Neotropical realm; large portions of the country were originally covered by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests>
moist broadleaf forests. One of 17
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries> megadiverse countries,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-156> [154] Venezuela's
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat> habitats range from the Andes Mountains
in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos
plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the
east. They include
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands> xeric scrublands
in the extreme northwest and coastal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove>
mangrove forests in the northeast.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-LOC_2005-150> [148] Its
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_forest> cloud forests and lowland
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest> rainforests are particularly rich.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442-157>
[155]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Venezuela> Animals of Venezuela are
diverse and include <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatee> manatees,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-toed_sloth> three-toed sloth,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-toed_sloth> two-toed sloth,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_river_dolphin> Amazon river dolphins, and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_Crocodile> Orinoco Crocodiles, which
have been reported to reach up to 6.6 m (22 ft) in length. Venezuela hosts a
total of 1,417 bird species, 48 of which are endemic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-158> [156] Important birds
include <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis> ibises,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey> ospreys,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher> kingfishers,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442-157>
[155] and the yellow-orange
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_troupial> Venezuelan troupial, the
national bird. Notable <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal> mammals include
the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_anteater> giant anteater,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar> jaguar, and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capybara> capybara, the world's largest
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent> rodent. More than half of Venezuelan
avian and mammalian species are found in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest> Amazonian forests south of
the Orinoco.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Bevilacqua_2002-159> [157]
For the fungi, an account was provided by R.W.G. Dennis
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-160> [158] which has been
digitized and the records made available on-line as part of the Cybertruffle
Robigalia database. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-161>
[159] That database includes nearly 3,900 species of fungi recorded from
Venezuela, but is far from complete, and the true total number of fungal
species already known from Venezuela is likely higher, given the generally
accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been
discovered.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Georgia_Country_Study_Guide_Volume_1_Strategic_Information_and_Developments''201336-162>
[160]
Among plants of Venezuela, over 25,000 species of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae> orchids are found in the country's
cloud forest and lowland rainforest ecosystems.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442-157>
[155] These include the flor de mayo orchid (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattleya_mossiae> Cattleya mossiae), the
national flower. Venezuela's national tree is the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabebuia_chrysantha> araguaney, whose
characteristic lushness after the rainy season led novelist
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos> Rómulo Gallegos to name it
"[l]a primavera de oro de los araguaneyes" (the golden spring of the
araguaneyes). The tops of the tepuis are also home to several carnivorous
plants including the marsh pitcher plant,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliamphora> Heliamphora, and the insectivorous
bromeliad, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocchinia_reducta> Brocchinia
reducta.
Venezuela is among the top 20 countries in terms of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism> endemism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-GFW-163> [161] Among its
animals, 23% of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile> reptilian and 50% of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian> amphibian species are endemic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-GFW-163> [161] Although the
available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to
estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Venezuela: 1334 species of
fungi have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-164> [162] Some 38% of the
over 21,000 plant species known from Venezuela are unique to the country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-GFW-163> [161]
Environment[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=13>
edit]
See also: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela>
Environmental issues in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_-_Vista_desde_Acop%C3%A1n_tepui.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curiara_al_Meru.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tepuy_Yuruan%C3%AD_(20561438491).jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_jacuzzis_m%C3%A1gicos.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui> Tepui shrublands is an ecosystem that is
considered almost endemic to Venezuela and currently classified
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern_(IUCN_Red_List_of_Ecosystems)>
Least Concern (LC) according to the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Ecosystems> IUCN Red List of
Ecosystems. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Foundations-165>
[163] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-166> [164]
Venezuela is one of the 10 most biodiverse countries on the planet, yet it is
one of the leaders of deforestation due to economic and political factors. Each
year, roughly 287,600 hectares of forest are permanently destroyed and other
areas are degraded by mining, oil extraction, and logging. Between 1990 and
2005, Venezuela officially lost 8.3% of its forest cover, which is about 4.3
million ha. In response, federal protections for critical habitat were
implemented; for example, 20% to 33% of forested land is protected.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Bevilacqua_2002-159> [157]
Venezuela had a 2019
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index> Forest
Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.78/10, ranking it 19th globally out
of 172 countries. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-167> [165]
The country's <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserve> biosphere
reserve is part of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves> World
Network of Biosphere Reserves; five <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands>
wetlands are registered under the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention> Ramsar Convention.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-168> [166] In 2003, 70% of
the nation's land was under conservation management in over 200 protected
areas, including 43 national parks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-169> [167]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela> Venezuela's
43 national parks include Canaima National Park,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrocoy_National_Park> Morrocoy National Park,
and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochima_National_Park> Mochima National
Park. In the far south is a reserve for the country's Yanomami tribes. Covering
32,000 square miles (82,880 square kilometres), the area is off-limits to
farmers, miners, and all non-Yanomami settlers.
Venezuela was one of the few countries that did not enter an
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intended_Nationally_Determined_Contributions>
INDC at <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COP21> COP21.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-170> [168]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-171> [169] Many terrestrial
ecosystems are considered
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Ecosystems#Risk_Categories>
endangered, specially the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_forest> dry
forest in the northern regions of the country and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef> coral reefs in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean> Caribbean coast.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Foundations-165> [163]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-172> [170]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-173> [171]
Hydrography[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=14>
edit]
The country is made up of three river basins: the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea> Caribbean Sea, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean> Atlantic Ocean and Lake
Valencia, which forms an endorheic basin.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-174> [172]
On the Atlantic side it drains most of Venezuela's river waters. The largest
basin in this area is the extensive Orinoco basin
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-175> [173] whose surface
area, close to one million km2, is greater than that of the whole of Venezuela,
although it has a presence of 65% in the country. The size of this basin -
similar to that of the Danube - makes it the third largest in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America> South America, and it gives rise
to a flow of some 33,000 m³/s, making the Orinoco the third largest in the
world, and also one of the most valuable from the point of view of renewable
natural resources. The Rio or Brazo Casiquiare is unique in the world, as it is
a natural derivation of the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_river>
Orinoco that, after some 500 km in length, connects it to the Negro River,
which in turn is a tributary of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River> Amazon. The Orinoco receives
directly or indirectly rivers such as the Ventuari, the Caura, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron%C3%AD_River> Caroní, the Meta, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauca_River> Arauca, the Apure and many others.
Other Venezuelan rivers that empty into the Atlantic are the waters of the San
Juan and Cuyuní basins. Finally, there is the Amazon River, which receives the
Guainía, the Negro and others. Other basins are the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Paria> Gulf of Paria and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essequibo_River> Esequibo River.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cerro_Wahari-Amazonas.jpg>
Autana River, Amazonas State
The second most important watershed is the Caribbean Sea. The rivers of this
region are usually short and of scarce and irregular flow, with some exceptions
such as the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatumbo_River> Catatumbo, which
originates in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia> Colombia and drains
into the Maracaibo Lake basin. Among the rivers that reach the Maracaibo lake
basin are the Chama, the Escalante, the Catatumbo, and the contributions of the
smaller basins of the Tocuyo, Yaracuy, Neverí and Manzanares rivers.
A minimum drains to the Lake Valencia basin.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-176> [174] Of the total
extension of the rivers, a total of 5400 km are navigable. Other rivers worth
mentioning are the Apure, Arauca, Caura, Meta, Barima,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguesa_River> Portuguesa, Ventuari and
Zulia, among others.
The country's main lakes are Lake Maracaibo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-177> [175] -the largest in
South America- open to the sea through the natural channel, but with fresh
water, and Lake Valencia with its endorheic system. Other noteworthy bodies of
water are the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Reservoir> Guri reservoir,
the Altagracia lagoon, the Camatagua reservoir and the Mucubají lagoon in the
Andes. Navigation in Lake Maracaibo through the natural channel is useful for
the mobilization of oil resources.
Relief[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=15>
edit]
The Venezuelan natural <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape> landscape
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:3-178> [176] is the product
of the interaction of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plates> tectonic
plates <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:3-178> [176] that
since the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic> Paleozoic have contributed
to its current appearance. On the formed structures, seven physical-natural
units have been modeled, differentiated in their relief and in their
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources> natural resources.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flores_para_la_Nieve.JPG>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Peak> Bolívar Peak, the highest
mountain in Venezuela
The relief of Venezuela has the following characteristics:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastline> coastline with several peninsulas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-179> [177] and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands> islands, adenas of the Andes mountain
range (north and northwest), Lake Maracaibo (between the chains, on the coast);
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:4-180> [178]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_river> Orinoco river delta,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:5-181> [179] region of
peneplains and plateaus (tepui, east of the Orinoco) that together form the
Guyanas massif (plateaus, southeast of the country).
The oldest rock formations in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America>
South America are found in the complex basement of the Guyanas highlands
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:6-182> [180] and in the
crystalline line of the Maritime and Cordillera massifs in Venezuela. The
Venezuelan part of the Guyanas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano>
Altiplano consists of a large granite block of gneiss and other crystalline
Archean rocks, with underlying layers of sandstone and shale clay.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-183> [181]
The core of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite> granite and Cordillera is,
to a large extent, flanked by sedimentary layers from the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous> Cretaceous,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-184> [182] folded in an
anticline structure. Between these orographic systems there are plains covered
with tertiary and quaternary layers of gravels, sands and clayey marls. The
depression in which are lagoons and lakes, among which is that of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo> Maracaibo, presents, on the surface,
alluvial deposits from the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary>
Quaternary, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-185> [183] on
layers of the Cretaceous and Tertiary particularly important, because of them
oil infiltrations emerge.
* The coasts
They present a landscape with intermountain depressions (separated by
mountains), mountainous areas, a massif and an island group.
* Lara-Falcón-Yaracuy System
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puesta_de_sol_dorada,_Los_Llanos,_Gu%C3%A1rico.JPG>
Sunset in Los Llanos, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico_state>
Guárico state
The reliefs of mountain ranges contrast with those of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula> peninsula, coastal plains and
intermountain depressions.
* Lake Maracaibo Basin
The basin of the lake and the plains of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela> Gulf of Venezuela make up two
plains: the northern one, drier, and the southern one, humid and with swamps.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:4-180> [178]
* The Andes
The corpulent volumes of mountain ranges and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_ranges> mountain ranges predominate, as
well as intramontane valleys (located within the mountains).
* The plains
They form extensive sedimentary basins, with a predominantly flat relief,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-186> [184] except the
eastern <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanos> Llanos, which show plateaus,
and the Unare depression, formed by the erosion of the mesa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuelan_Coasts_(261805027).jpeg>
Mountain ranges on the Caribbean Sea coast of Venezuela,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabobo_State> Carabobo State
* Guiana Shield
It exhibits a varied relief, shaped by different rocks, orogenic events and
erosion over millions of years. That is why here there are peneplains, mountain
ranges, foothills and the characteristic
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepuis> tepuis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:6-182> [180]
* Orinoco Delta
With few contrasts, it builds a complex system of lands and waters, with varied
sedimentary contributions and innumerable channels and islands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:5-181> [179]
Valleys[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=16>
edit]
The valleys are undoubtedly the most important type of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape> landscape in the Venezuelan
territory, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-187> [185] not
because of their spatial extension, but because they are the environment where
most of the country's population and economic activities are concentrated. On
the other hand, there are valleys throughout almost all the national space,
except in the great sedimentary basins of the Llanos and the depression of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo_Lake> Maracaibo Lake, except also in
the Amazonian peneplains.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:1-188> [186]
By their modeling, the valleys of the Venezuelan territory belong mainly to two
types: valleys of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial> fluvial type and
valleys of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial> glacial type.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-189> [187] Much more
frequent, the former largely dominate the latter, which are restricted to the
highest parts of the Andes. Moreover, most glacial valleys are relics of a past
geologic epoch, which culminated some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. They are
frequently retouched today by fluvial events. Consequently, any attempt to
typologize the Venezuelan valleys, based exclusively on the characteristics of
their modeling, would be quite elementary.
The deep and narrow Andean valleys are very different from the wide depressions
of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragua> Aragua and Carabobo, in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Coastal_Range> Cordillera de la
Costa, or from the valleys nestled in the Mesas de
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monagas> Monagas. These examples indicate that
the configuration of the local relief is decisive in identifying regional types
of valleys. Likewise, due to their warm climate, the Guayana valleys are
distinguished from the temperate or cold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes>
Andean valleys by their humid environment. Both are, in turn, different from
the semi-arid depressions of the states of Lara and Falcón.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valle_de_las_Cascadas_2.jpg>
Valle de las Cascadas, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_State>
Mérida State
The Andean valleys, essentially agricultural, precociously populated but
nowadays in loss of speed, do not confront the same problems of space
occupation as the strongly urbanized and industrialized valleys of the central
section of the Cordillera de la Costa. On the other hand, the unpopulated and
practically untouched <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianas> Guiana
valleys are another category this area is called the Lost World (Mundo
Perdido). <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:1-188> [186]
The Andean valleys are undoubtedly the most impressive of the Venezuelan
territory because of the energy of the encasing reliefs, whose summits often
dominate the valley bottoms by 3,000 to 3,500
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meters> meters of relative
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude> altitude. They are also the most
picturesque in terms of their style of habitat, forms of land use,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft> handicraft production and all the
traditions linked to these activities. these activities
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:1-188> [186]
Deserts[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=17>
edit]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medanos_de_C..jpg>
Medanos de Coro National Park, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n>
Falcón State
Venezuela has a great diversity of landscapes and climates,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-190> [188] including arid
and dry areas. The main <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert> desert in the
country is in the state of Falcon near the city of Coro. It is now a protected
park, the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park>
Medanos de Coro National Park.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-191> [189] The park is the
largest of its kind in Venezuela, covering 91 square kilometres. The landscape
is dotted with cacti and other xerophytic plants that can survive in
humidity-free conditions near the desert.
Desert wildlife includes mostly lizards,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanas> iguanas and other reptiles. Although
less frequent, the desert is home to some foxes, giant anteaters and rabbits.
There are also some native bird populations, such as the sparrowhawk, tropical
mockingbird, scaly dove and crested quail.
Other desert areas in the country include part of the Guajira Desert in the
Guajira Municipality in the north of Zulia State
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-192> [190] and facing the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela> Gulf of Venezuela, the
Médanos de Capanaparo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-193>
[191] in the Santos Luzardo National Park in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure_State> Apure State, the Medanos de la Isla
de Zapara <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-194> [192] in
Zulia State, the so-called Hundición de Yay
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-195> [193] in the Andrés
Eloy Blanco Municipality of Lara State, and the Urumaco Formation also in
Falcón State.
Government and politics[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=18>
edit]
Main articles: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Venezuela>
Government of Venezuela, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela>
Cabinet of Venezuela, and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela> Politics of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalacioLegislativo2_fixed.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Venezuela> National
Assembly of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_Federal_Legislativo> building
Following the fall of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958, Venezuelan politics were
dominated by the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Way> Third Way
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_democracy> Christian democratic COPEI
and the center-left <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy> social
democratic Democratic Action (AD) parties; this
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-party_system> two-party system was
formalized by the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntofijismo> puntofijismo
arrangement. Economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis
which resulted in hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted
coups in 1992, and impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for corruption
in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election
of Hugo Chávez, who had led the first of the 1992 coup attempts, and the launch
of a "Bolivarian Revolution", beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to
write a new Constitution of Venezuela.
The opposition's attempts to unseat Chávez included the 2002 Venezuelan coup
d'état attempt, the Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003, and the Venezuelan
recall referendum, 2004, all of which failed. Chávez was re-elected in December
2006 but suffered a significant defeat in 2007 with the narrow rejection of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum> 2007
Venezuelan constitutional referendum, which had offered two packages of
constitutional reforms aimed at deepening the Bolivarian Revolution.
Two major blocs of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela>
political parties are in Venezuela: the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist
Party of Venezuela (PSUV), its major allies
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatherland_for_All> Fatherland for All (PPT) and
the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), and the opposition bloc grouped into
the electoral coalition
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_de_la_Unidad_Democr%C3%A1tica> Mesa de la
Unidad Democrática. This includes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Era> A
New Era (UNT) together with allied parties
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Venezuela> Project Venezuela,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_First> Justice First,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)> Movement for
Socialism (MAS) and others. Hugo Chávez, the central figure of the Venezuelan
political landscape since his election to the presidency in 1998 as a political
outsider, died in office in early 2013, and was succeeded by Nicolás Maduro
(initially as interim president, before narrowly winning the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election> 2013
Venezuelan presidential election).
The Venezuelan president is elected by a vote, with direct and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage> universal suffrage, and is
both <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state> head of state and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government> head of government. The term
of office is six years, and (as of 15 February 2009) a president may be
re-elected an unlimited number of times. The president appoints the vice
president and decides the size and composition of the cabinet and makes
appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. The president can
ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but
a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections.
The president may ask the National Assembly to pass an
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_act#In_Venezuela> enabling act granting
the ability to <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_by_decree> rule by decree
in specified policy areas; this requires a two-thirds majority in the Assembly.
Since 1959, six Venezuelan presidents have been granted such powers.
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral> unicameral Venezuelan
parliament is the Asamblea Nacional ("National Assembly"). The number of
members is variable – each state and the Capital district elect three
representatives plus the result of dividing the state population by 1.1% of the
total population of the country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-196> [194] Three seats are
reserved for representatives of Venezuela's indigenous peoples. For the
2011–2016 period the number of seats is 165.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-197> [195] All deputies
serve five-year terms.
The voting age in Venezuela is 18 and older. Voting is not
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_voting> compulsory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-TG-198> [196]
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Venezuela> legal system of Venezuela
belongs to the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)>
Continental Law tradition. The highest
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary> judicial body is the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)> Supreme
Tribunal of Justice or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, whose magistrates are
elected by parliament for a single two-year term. The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)> National
Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral, or CNE) is in charge of
electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the
National Assembly. Supreme Court president Luisa Estela Morales said in
December 2009 that Venezuela had moved away from "a rigid division of powers"
toward a system characterized by "intense coordination" between the branches of
government. Morales clarified that each power must be independent adding that
"one thing is separation of powers and another one is division".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-199> [197]
Suspension of constitutional rights[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=19>
edit]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_protests_against_the_Nicolas_Maduro_government,_Altamira_Square_6.JPG>
Protests in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamira_(Caracas)> Altamira,
Caracas (2014)
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election>
2015 parliamentary elections were held on 6 December 2015 to elect the 164
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputies> deputies and three indigenous
representatives of the National Assembly. In 2014, a series of protest and
demonstrations began in Venezuela, attributed[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions>
by whom?] to inflation, violence and shortages in Venezuela. The government
has accused the protest of being motivated by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascists> fascists, opposition leaders,
capitalism and foreign influence,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Milne-200> [198] despite
being largely peaceful.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-SVCOprotestINFO-201> [199]
President Maduro acknowledged <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSUV> PSUV
defeat, but attributed the opposition's victory to an intensification of an
economic war. Despite this, Maduro said "I will stop by hook or by crook the
opposition coming to power, whatever the costs, in any way".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-202> [200] In the following
months, Maduro fulfilled his promise of preventing the democratically and
constitutionally elected National Assembly from legislating. The first steps
taken by PSUV and government were the substitution of the entire
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_court> Supreme court a day after the
Parliamentary Elections
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-prodavinci.com-203> [201]
contrary to the Constitution of Venezuela, acclaimed as a fraud by the majority
of the Venezuelan and international press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-larazon.net-204> [202]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-el-nacional.com-205> [203]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-bbc.com-206> [204]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ntn24web.com-207> [205] The
Financial Times described the function of the Supreme Court in Venezuela as
"rubber stamping executive whims and vetoing legislation".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:0-208> [206] The PSUV
government used this violation to suspend several elected opponents,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-209> [207] ignoring again
the Constitution of Venezuela. Maduro said that "the Amnesty law (approved by
the Parliament) will not be executed" and asked the Supreme Court to declare it
unconstitutional before the law was known.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-210> [208]
On 16 January 2016, Maduro approved an unconstitutional economic emergency
decree, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-211> [209]
relegating to his own figure the legislative and executive powers, while also
holding judiciary power through the fraudulent designation of judges the day
after the election on 6 December 2015.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-prodavinci.com-203> [201]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-larazon.net-204> [202]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-el-nacional.com-205> [203]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-bbc.com-206> [204]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ntn24web.com-207> [205] From
these events, Maduro effectively controls all three branches of government. On
14 May 2016, constitutional guarantees were in fact suspended when Maduro
decreed the extension of the economic emergency decree for another 60 days and
declared a State of Emergency,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-212> [210] which is a clear
violation of the Constitution of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-213> [211] in the Article
338th: "The approval of the extension of States of emergency corresponds to the
National Assembly." Thus, constitutional rights in Venezuela are considered
suspended in fact by many publications
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-214> [212]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-215> [213]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-216> [214] and public
figures. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-217> [215]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-218> [216]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-219> [217]
On 14 May 2016, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States> Organization of
American States was considering the application of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Democratic_Charter>
Inter-American Democratic Charter
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-220> [218] sanctions for
non-compliance to its own constitution.
In March 2017, the Venezuelan Supreme Court took over law making powers from
the National Assembly <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-221>
[219] but reversed its decision the following day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-222> [220]
Foreign relations[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=20>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela>
Foreign relations of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guayana_Esequiba_(zona_completa).png>
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Esequiba> Guayana Esequiba claim
area is a territory administered by <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana>
Guyana and claimed by Venezuela.
Throughout most of the 20th century, Venezuela maintained friendly relations
with most Latin American and Western nations. Relations between Venezuela and
the United States government worsened in 2002, after the 2002 Venezuelan coup
d'état attempt during which the U.S. government recognized the short-lived
interim presidency of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Carmona> Pedro
Carmona. In 2015, Venezuela was declared a national security threat by U.S.
president <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama> Barack Obama.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-223> [221]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-224> [222]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-225> [223] Correspondingly,
ties to various Latin American and Middle Eastern countries not allied to the
U.S. have strengthened. For example, Palestinian foreign minister Riyad
al-Maliki declared in 2015 that Venezuela was his country's "most important
ally". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-226> [224]
Venezuela seeks alternative <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hemisphere>
hemispheric integration via such proposals as the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Alternative_for_the_Americas>
Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas trade proposal and the newly launched
Latin American television network <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleSUR>
teleSUR. Venezuela is one of five nations in the world—along with Russia,
Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria—to have recognized the independence of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia>
Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Venezuela was a proponent of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_of_American_States> OAS's decision
to adopt its Anti-Corruption Convention
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-227> [225] and is actively
working in the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur> Mercosur trade bloc to
push increased trade and energy integration. Globally, it seeks a "
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations>
multi-polar" world based on strengthened ties among undeveloped countries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XIV_cumbre_del_ALBA-TCP.jpg>
President Maduro among other Latin American leaders participating in a 2017
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALBA> ALBA gathering
On 26 April 2017, Venezuela announced its intention to withdraw from the OAS.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-228> [226] Venezuelan
Foreign Minister <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez> Delcy
Rodríguez said that President
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro> Nicolás Maduro plans to
publicly renounce Venezuela's membership on 27 April 2017. It will take two
years for the country to formally leave. During this period, the country does
not plan on participating in the OAS.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-229> [227]
Venezuela is involved in a long-standing disagreement about the control of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayana_Esequiba> Guayana Esequiba area.
Venezuela may suffer a deterioration of its power in international affairs if
the global <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_transition>
transition to renewable energy is completed. It is ranked 151 out of 156
countries in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after energy transition
(GeGaLo). <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-230> [228]
Military[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=21>
edit]
See also:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela>
National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuelan_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30MK2_AADPR-2.jpg>
A <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-30> Sukhoi Su-30MKV of the
Venezuelan Air Force
The Bolivarian National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
(Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB) are the overall unified military
forces of Venezuela. It includes over 320,150 men and women, under Article 328
of the Constitution, in 5 components of Ground, Sea and Air. The components of
the Bolivarian National Armed Forces are: the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Army> Venezuelan Army, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Navy> Venezuelan Navy, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Air_Force> Venezuelan Air Force, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Guard> Venezuelan National
Guard, and the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Militia>
Venezuelan National Militia.
As of 2008, a further 600,000 soldiers were incorporated into a new branch,
known as the Armed Reserve. The president of Venezuela is the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief> commander-in-chief of the
national armed forces. The main roles of the armed forces are to defend the
sovereign national territory of Venezuela, airspace, and islands, fight against
drug trafficking, to search and rescue and, in the case of a natural disaster,
civil protection. All male citizens of Venezuela have a constitutional duty to
register for the military service at the age of 18, which is the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_majority> age of majority in Venezuela.
Law and crime[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=22>
edit]
Main articles: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Venezuela> Law of
Venezuela and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Venezuela> Crime in
Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png>
Murder rate (murder per 100,000 citizens) from 1998 to 2018.
Sources: OVV, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-231> [229]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FUSIONmr-232> [230] PROVEA,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UNODC2011-233> [231]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UNODC2014-234> [232] UN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UNODC2011-233> [231]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UNODC2014-234> [232]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-AFP2012-235> [233]
* UN line between 2007 and 2012 is simulated missing data.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Number_of_kidnappings_in_Venezuela_1989_to_present_(Presidents).png>
Number of kidnappings in Venezuela 1989–2011
Source:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas,_Penales_y_Criminal%C3%ADsticas>
CICPC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-236> [234]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-CICPC2009-237> [235]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-238> [236]
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_kidnapping> Express kidnappings may
not be included in data
In Venezuela, a person is murdered every 21 minutes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-239> [237] Violent crimes
have been so prevalent in Venezuela that the government no longer produces the
crime data. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-240> [238] In
2013, the homicide rate was approximately 79 per 100,000, one of the world's
highest, having quadrupled in the past 15 years with over 200,000 people
murdered. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-241> [239] By
2015, it had risen to 90 per 100,000.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-BBCVenezuela-242> [240] The
country's body count of the previous decade mimics that of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War> Iraq War and in some instances had
more civilian deaths even though the country is at
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacetime> peacetime.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-243> [241] The capital
Caracas has one of the greatest homicide rates of any large city in the world,
with 122 homicides per 100,000 residents.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-244> [242] In 2008, polls
indicated that crime was the number one concern of voters.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-245> [243] Attempts at
fighting crime such as Operation Liberation of the People were implemented to
crack down on gang-controlled areas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-246> [244] but, of reported
criminal acts, less than 2% are prosecuted.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Finnegan-247> [245] In 2017,
the Financial Times noted that some of the arms procured by the government over
the previous two decades had been diverted to paramilitary civilian groups and
criminal syndicates. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:0-208>
[206]
Venezuela is especially dangerous for foreign travelers and investors who are
visiting. The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State> United States
Department of State and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada> Government of Canada have
warned foreign visitors that they may be subjected to robbery, kidnapping for a
ransom or sale to terrorist organizations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-248> [246] and murder, and
that their own diplomatic travelers are required to travel in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_vehicles> armored vehicles.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-249> [247]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-250> [248] The United
Kingdom's <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office>
Foreign and Commonwealth Office has advised against all travel to Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-251> [249] Visitors have
been murdered during robberies and criminals do not discriminate among their
victims. Former Miss Venezuela 2004 winner
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Spear> Mónica Spear and her
ex-husband were murdered and their 5-year-old daughter was shot while
vacationing in Venezuela, and an elderly German tourist was murdered only a few
weeks later. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-252> [250]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-253> [251]
There are approximately 33 prisons holding about 50,000 inmates.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-254> [252] They include; El
Rodeo outside of Caracas, Yare Prison in the northern state of Miranda, and
several others. Venezuela's prison system is heavily overcrowded; its
facilities have capacity for only 14,000 prisoners.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-255> [253]
Human rights[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=23>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela> Human
rights in Venezuela
Human rights organizations such as
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch> Human Rights Watch and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International> Amnesty International
have increasingly criticized Venezuela's human rights record, with the former
organization noting in 2017 that the Chavez and subsequently the Maduro
government have increasingly concentrated power in the executive branch, eroded
constitutional human rights protections and allowed the government to persecute
and repress its critics and opposition.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-256> [254] Other persistent
concerns as noted by the report included poor prison conditions, the continuous
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Venezuela> harassment of
independent media and human rights defenders by the government. In 2006, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit> Economist
Intelligence Unit rated Venezuela a "hybrid regime" and the third least
democratic regime in Latin America on the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index> Democracy Index.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-257> [255] The Democracy
index downgraded Venezuela to an authoritarian regime in 2017, citing continued
increasingly dictatorial behaviors by the Maduro government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-258> [256]
Corruption[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=24>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela>
Corruption in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf>
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela> Corrupt Venezuelan
Regime, according to the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice> United
States Department of Justice
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela> Corruption in
Venezuela is high by world standards and was so for much of the 20th century.
The discovery of oil had worsened political corruption,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-259> [257] and by the late
1970s, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_P%C3%A9rez_Alfonso> Juan
Pablo Pérez Alfonso's description of oil as "the Devil's excrement" had become
a common expression in Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-260> [258] Venezuela has
been ranked one of the most corrupt countries on the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index> Corruption
Perceptions Index since the survey started in 1995. The 2010 ranking placed
Venezuela at number 164, out of 178 ranked countries in government
transparency. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-261> [259] By
2016, the rank had increased to 166 out of 178.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-262> [260] Similarly, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Justice_Project> World Justice Project
ranked Venezuela 99th out of 99 countries surveyed in its 2014 Rule of Law
Index. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-263> [261]
This corruption is shown with Venezuela's significant involvement in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela> drug
trafficking, with <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_cocaine> Colombian
cocaine and other drugs transiting Venezuela towards the United States and
Europe. In the period 2003 - 2008 Venezuelan authorities seized the fifth
largest total quantity of cocaine in the world, behind Colombia, the United
States, Spain and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama> Panama.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-264> [262] In 2006, the
government's agency for combating illegal drug trade in Venezuela,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anti-Drug_Office> ONA, was incorporated
into the office of the vice-president of the country. However, many major
government and military officials have been known for their involvement with
drug trafficking; especially with the October 2013 incident of men from the
Venezuelan National Guard placing 1.3 tons of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine> cocaine on a Paris flight knowing they
will not face charges. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-265>
[263]
Administrative Divisions[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=25>
edit]
Main articles: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Venezuela> States of
Venezuela and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela> Regions of
Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Localizador_Politico_de_Venezuela.svg>
Map of the Venezuelan federation
Venezuela is divided into 23 states (estados), a capital district (distrito
capital) corresponding to the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies
(Dependencias Federales, a special territory). Venezuela is further subdivided
into 335 municipalities (municipios); these are subdivided into over one
thousand parishes (parroquias). The states are grouped into nine administrative
regions (regiones administrativas), which were established in 1969 by
presidential decree.[ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed>
citation needed]
The country can be further divided into ten geographical areas, some
corresponding to climatic and biogeographical regions. In the north are the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Andes> Venezuelan Andes and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coro_region> Coro region, a mountainous tract in
the northwest, holds several <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range>
sierras and valleys. East of it are lowlands abutting
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo> Lake Maracaibo and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela> Gulf of Venezuela.[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> citation needed]
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_de_la_Costa_Central> Central
Range runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding Caracas;
the Eastern Range, separated from the Central Range by the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Cariaco> Gulf of Cariaco, covers all of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre_(state)> Sucre and northern
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monagas> Monagas. The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Region_(Venezuela)> Insular Region
includes all of Venezuela's island possessions:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Esparta> Nueva Esparta and the various
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Dependencies> Federal Dependencies. The
Orinoco Delta, which forms a triangle covering
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Amacuro> Delta Amacuro, projects northeast
into the Atlantic Ocean.[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> citation needed]
Additionally, the country maintains a historical claim on the territory it
calls Guyana Esequiba, which is equivalent to about 160,000 square kilometers
and corresponds to all the territory administered by Guyana west of the
Esequibo River. In 1966 the British and Venezuelan governments signed the
Geneva Agreement to resolve the conflict peacefully. In addition to this
agreement, the Port of Spain Protocol of 1970 set a deadline to try to resolve
the issue, without success to date.[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> citation needed]
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Venezuela_location_map.svg/500px-Venezuela_location_map.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivar_State> Bolívar
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)> Amazonas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure> Apure
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia> Zulia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1chira> Táchira
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barinas_State> Barinas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)> Mérida
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo_(state)> Trujillo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_(state)> Lara
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguesa_(Venezuela)> Portuguesa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico> Guárico
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cojedes_(state)> Cojedes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaracuy> Yaracuy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n> Falcón
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabobo> Carabobo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragua> Aragua
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(state)> Miranda
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Capital_District> D. C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_(state)> Vargas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui> Anzoátegui
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre_(state)> Sucre
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Esparta> Nueva Esparta
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monagas> Monagas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Amacuro> Delta Amacuro
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Federal_Dependencies> Federal
Dependencies
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago> Trinidad and Tobago
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana> Guyana
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia> Colombia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil> Brazil
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea> Caribbean Sea
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean> Atlantic Ocean
State
Capital
State
Capital
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Amazonas_Indigenous_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Amazonas_Indigenous_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas,_Venezuela> Amazonas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ayacucho> Puerto Ayacucho
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_M%C3%A9rida_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_M%C3%A9rida_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)> Mérida
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida> Mérida
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Anzo%C3%A1tegui_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anzo%C3%A1tegui_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui> Anzoátegui
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona,_Anzo%C3%A1tegui> Barcelona
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Miranda_state.svg/23px-Flag_of_Miranda_state.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(state)> Miranda
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Teques> Los Teques
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Apure_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Apure_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure> Apure
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Apure> San Fernando de Apure
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Monagas_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Monagas_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monagas> Monagas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matur%C3%ADn> Maturín
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Aragua_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aragua_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragua> Aragua
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracay> Maracay
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Nueva_Esparta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nueva_Esparta.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Esparta> Nueva Esparta
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Asunci%C3%B3n> La Asunción
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Barinas_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barinas_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barinas,_Venezuela> Barinas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barinas,_Barinas> Barinas
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Portuguesa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portuguesa.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguesa_(Venezuela)> Portuguesa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanare> Guanare
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bol%C3%ADvar_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_(state)> Bolívar
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar> Ciudad Bolívar
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Sucre_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sucre_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre,_Venezuela> Sucre
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1> Cumaná
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Carabobo_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Carabobo_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabobo> Carabobo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Carabobo> Valencia
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_T%C3%A1chira.svg/23px-Flag_of_T%C3%A1chira.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1chira> Táchira
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_T%C3%A1chira> San Cristóbal
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Cojedes_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cojedes_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cojedes,_Venezuela> Cojedes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos,_Cojedes> San Carlos
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_Trujillo_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trujillo_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo_(state)> Trujillo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Trujillo> Trujillo
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Delta_Amacuro_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delta_Amacuro_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Amacuro> Delta Amacuro
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucupita> Tucupita
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_Yaracuy_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yaracuy_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaracuy> Yaracuy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Felipe,_Yaracuy> San Felipe
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Caracas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Caracas.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zulia_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia> Zulia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo> Maracaibo
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Falc%C3%B3n.svg/23px-Flag_of_Falc%C3%B3n.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n> Falcón
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_de_Coro> Coro
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Vargas_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vargas_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas,_Venezuela> Vargas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Guaira> La Guaira
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gu%C3%A1rico_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A1rico> Guárico
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_los_Morros> San Juan de los Morros
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuela%27s_Flag.svg/23px-Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuela%27s_Flag.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela> Federal
Dependencies1
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gran_Roque> El Gran Roque
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Lara_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lara_State.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara,_Venezuela> Lara
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquisimeto> Barquisimeto
1 The Federal Dependencies are not states. They are just special divisions of
the territory.
Largest cities[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=26>
edit]
Main article:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Venezuela> List of
metropolitan areas in Venezuela
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Venezuela> v
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Venezuela> t
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Venezuela&action=edit>
e
Largest cities or towns in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-266> [264]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population> Rank
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela> Name
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Venezuela> State
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population> Pop.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population> Rank
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela> Name
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Venezuela> State
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Venezuela_by_population> Pop.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_-_Caracas_-_Mirador_de_Valle_Arriba.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maracaibo_panoramica_avenida_Cecilio_Acosta_cuted.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo> Maracaibo
1
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_District_(Venezuela)> Capital District
2,904,376
11
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar> Ciudad Bolívar
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar,_Venezuela> Bolívar
342,280
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valencia_(Venezuela)_Skyline.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela> Valencia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuadras_del_Oeste._Barquisimeto.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquisimeto> Barquisimeto
2
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo> Maracaibo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia> Zulia
1,906,205
12
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_Venezuela> San Cristóbal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1chira> Táchira
263,765
3
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela> Valencia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabobo> Carabobo
1,396,322
13
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabimas> Cabimas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia> Zulia
263,056
4
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquisimeto> Barquisimeto
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lara_(state)> Lara
996,230
14
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Teques> Los Teques
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(state)> Miranda
252,242
5
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Guayana> Ciudad Guayana
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar,_Venezuela> Bolívar
706,736
15
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_la_Cruz> Puerto la Cruz
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui> Anzoátegui
244,728
6
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matur%C3%ADn> Maturín
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monagas> Monagas
542,259
16
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_Fijo> Punto Fijo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falc%C3%B3n> Falcón
239,444
7
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona,_Venezuela> Barcelona
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui> Anzoátegui
421,424
17
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida> Mérida
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)> Mérida
217,547
8
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracay> Maracay
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragua> Aragua
407,109
18
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarenas> Guarenas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(state)> Miranda
209,987
9
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuman%C3%A1> Cumaná
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre,_Venezuela> Sucre
358,919
19
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Ojeda> Ciudad Ojeda
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia> Zulia
203,435
10
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barinas,_Barinas> Barinas
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barinas_(state)> Barinas
353.851
20
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanare> Guanare
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguesa,_Venezuela> Portuguesa
192,644
Economy[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=27>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela> Economy of
Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_Export_Treemap.png>
Graphical depiction of Venezuela's product exports in 28 color-coded categories
Venezuela has a market-based <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy>
mixed economy dominated by the petroleum sector,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-267> [265]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-268> [266] which accounts
for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of exports, and more than half of
government revenues. Per capita GDP for 2016 was estimated to be US$15,100,
ranking 109th in the world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ciawfb-50> [48] Venezuela
has the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_usage_and_pricing> least
expensive petrol in the world because the consumer price of petrol is heavily
subsidized. The private sector controls two-thirds of Venezuela's economy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-269> [267]
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Venezuela> Central Bank of
Venezuela is responsible for developing
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy> monetary policy for the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar> Venezuelan bolívar
which is used as currency. The president of the Central Bank of Venezuela
serves as the country's representative in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund> International
Monetary Fund. The U.S.-based conservative think tank
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation> The Heritage
Foundation, cited in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal>
The Wall Street Journal, claims Venezuela has the weakest property rights in
the world, scoring only 5.0 on a scale of 100; expropriation without
compensation is not uncommon.
As of 2011, more than 60% of Venezuela's international reserves was in gold,
eight times more than the average for the region. Most of Venezuela's gold held
abroad was located in London. On 25 November 2011, the first of US$11 billion
of repatriated gold bullion arrived in Caracas; Chávez called the repatriation
of gold a "sovereign" step that will help protect the country's foreign
reserves from the turmoil in the U.S. and Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-270> [268] However
government policies quickly spent down this returned gold and in 2013 the
government was forced to add the dollar reserves of state owned companies to
those of the national bank to reassure the international bond market.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-271> [269]
Annual variation of real GDP according to the Central Bank of Venezuela (2016
preliminary) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-BCV2016-272>
[270] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-273> [271]
Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in 2006. Venezuela manufactures and
exports heavy industry products such as steel, aluminium and cement, with
production concentrated around <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Guayana>
Ciudad Guayana, near the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Dam> Guri Dam,
one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three-quarters of
Venezuela's electricity. Other notable manufacturing includes
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics> electronics and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobiles> automobiles, as well as beverages,
and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodstuff> foodstuffs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Venezuela> Agriculture in
Venezuela accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at
least a quarter of Venezuela's land area. The country is not self-sufficient in
most areas of agriculture. In 2012, total food consumption was over 26 million
metric tonnes, a 94.8% increase from 2003.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-274> [272]
Since the discovery of oil in the early 20th century, Venezuela has been one of
the world's leading exporters of oil, and it is a founding member of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC> OPEC. Previously an underdeveloped
exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came
to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an
external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation
peak at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rise to 66% in 1995
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaughan200532-275>
[273] as (by 1998) per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third
from its 1978 peak.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellyPalma2006207-276>
[274] The 1990s also saw Venezuela experience a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_banking_crisis_of_1994> major banking
crisis in 1994.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Dos_Caminos.jpg>
Líder Mall, one of the main <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centers>
shopping centers in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas
The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and
facilitated social spending. With social programs such as the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Missions> Bolivarian Missions,
Venezuela initially made progress in social development in the 2000s,
particularly in areas such as health, education, and poverty. Many of the
social policies pursued by Chávez and his administration were jump-started by
the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals> Millennium
Development Goals, eight goals that Venezuela and 188 other nations agreed to
in September 2000. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-277>
[275] The sustainability of the Bolivarian Missions has been questioned due to
the Bolivarian state's overspending on public works and because the Chávez
government did not save funds for future economic hardships like other OPEC
nations; with economic issues and poverty rising as a result of their policies
in the 2010s.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-23> [21]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-CSM25march-278> [276]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FPdontblame-279> [277] In
2003 the government of Hugo Chávez implemented currency controls after capital
flight led to a devaluation of the currency. This led to the development of a
parallel market of dollars in the subsequent years. The fallout of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010> 2008
global financial crisis saw a renewed economic downturn. Despite controversial
data shared by the Venezuelan government showing that the country had halved
malnutrition following one of the UN's Millennium Development Goals,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ECONeatCHAVISMO-114> [112]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-280> [278] shortages of
staple goods began to occur in Venezuela and malnutrition began to increase.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ECONeatCHAVISMO-114> [112]
In early 2013, Venezuela devalued its currency due to growing shortages in the
country. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-281> [279]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:8-282> [280]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-283> [281] The shortages
included, and still include, necessities such as toilet paper, milk, and flour.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-284> [282] Fears rose so
high due to the toilet paper shortage that the government occupied a toilet
paper factory, and continued further plans to nationalize other industrial
aspects like food distribution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-285> [283]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-286> [284] Venezuela's bond
ratings have also decreased multiple times in 2013 due to decisions by the
president Nicolás Maduro. One of his decisions was to force stores and their
warehouses to sell all of their products, which led to even more shortages in
the future. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-287> [285] In
2016, consumer prices in Venezuela increased 800% and the economy declined by
18.6%, entering an <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_depression>
economic depression. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-288>
[286] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-289> [287] Venezuela's
outlook was deemed negative by most bond-rating services in 2017.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-290> [288]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-291> [289] For 2018 an
inflation rate of 1,000,000 percent was projected, putting Venezuela in a
similar situation to that in Germany in 1923 or Zimbabwe in the late 2000s.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-292> [290]
Tourism[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=28>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Venezuela> Tourism in
Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guanaguanare.JPG>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parque_Nacional_mochima.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LA_LAGUNA_VICTORIA.JPG>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salto_El_Paraiso_-_Urip%C3%A1_Mer%C3%BA_(20136891263).jpg>
The national parks Los Roques, Mochima, Sierra Nevada and Canaima are among the
main attractions of the country.
Tourism has been developed considerably in recent decades, particularly because
of its favorable geographical position, the variety of landscapes, the richness
of plant and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife> wildlife, the artistic
expressions and the privileged tropical climate of the country, which affords
each region (especially the beaches) throughout the year.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Island> Margarita Island is one of
the top tourist destinations for enjoyment and relaxation. It is an island with
a modern infrastructure, bordered by beautiful beaches suitable for extreme
sports, and features castles, fortresses and churches of great cultural value.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Roques_Archipelago> Los Roques Archipelago
is made up of a set of islands and keys that constitute one of the main tourist
attractions in the country. With exotic crystalline beaches, Morrocoy is a
national park, formed by small keys very close to the mainland, which have
grown rapidly as one of the greatest tourist attractions in the Venezuelan
Caribbean. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-293> [291]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaima_National_Park> Canaima National Park
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-294> [292] extends over
30,000 km2 to the border with Guyana and Brazil, due to its size it is
considered the sixth largest national park in the world. About 65% of the park
is occupied by rock plateaus called tepuis. These constitute a unique
biological environment, also presenting great geological interest. Its steep
cliffs and waterfalls (including Angel Falls, which is the highest waterfall in
the world, at 1,002 m) form spectacular landscapes.
The state of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)> Mérida,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-295> [293] for the beauty of
its Andean landscapes and its pleasant climate, is one of the main tourist
centers of Venezuela. It has an extensive network of hotels not only in its
capital city, but also throughout the state. Starting from the same city of
Mérida, is the longest and highest cable car in the world, which reaches the
Pico Espejo of 4,765 m. It is also necessary to recommend to travel through
magnificent roads, the southern moors, where you can find good hotels and
restaurants.
Shortages[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=29>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela> Shortages
in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escasez_en_Venezuela,_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG>
Empty shelves in a store in Venezuela due to shortages in 2014
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages> Shortages in Venezuela have been
prevalent following the enactment of price controls and other policies during
the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government>
economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-economist.com-296> [294]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-qz.com-297> [295] Under the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_government>
economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government, greater shortages occurred
due to the Venezuelan government's policy of withholding United States dollars
from importers with price controls.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-WSJseptDOWNGRADE-298> [296]
Shortages occur in regulated products, such as milk, various types of meat,
coffee, rice, oil, flour, butter, and other goods including basic necessities
like toilet paper, personal hygiene products, and even medicine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-economist.com-296> [294]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ACN-299> [297]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-El_Nuevo_Herald-300> [298]
As a result of the shortages, Venezuelans must search for food, wait in lines
for hours and sometimes settle without having certain products.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:7-301> [299]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-REUTjan2015-302> [300]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Venezuela> Maduro's government has
blamed the shortages on "bourgeois criminals" hoarding goods.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:8-282> [280]
A drought, combined with a lack of planning and maintenance, has caused a
hydroelectricity shortage. To deal with lack of power supply, in April 2016 the
Maduro government announced rolling blackouts
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-303> [301] and reduced the
government <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workweek> workweek to only Monday
and Tuesday. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-304> [302] A
multi-university study found that, in 2016 alone, about 75% of Venezuelans lost
weight due to hunger, with the average losing about 8.6 kg (19 lbs) due to the
lack of food. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UPIfeb17-305>
[303]
By late-2016 and into 2017, Venezuelans had to search for food on a daily
basis, occasionally resorting to eating wild fruit or
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage> garbage, wait in lines for hours and
sometimes settle without having certain products.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:7-301> [299]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-REUTjan2015-302> [300]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-306> [304]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-307> [305]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-308> [306] By early 2017,
priests began telling Venezuelans to label their garbage so needy individuals
could feed on their refuse.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-309> [307] In March 2017,
Venezuela, with the largest oil reserves in the world, began having shortages
of gasoline in some regions with reports that fuel imports had begun.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-EImar17-310> [308]
Petroleum and other resources[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=30>
edit]
See also:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry> History
of the Venezuelan oil industry and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Venezuela> Energy policy of
Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EEPPHOTO1.png>
Figure depicting Venezuelan oil exports and the interdependence between the
U.S. and Venezuela <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-311> [309]
Venezuela has the largest oil reserves, and the eighth largest natural gas
reserves in the world. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-312>
[310] Compared to the preceding year another 40.4% in crude oil reserves were
proven in 2010, allowing Venezuela to surpass Saudi Arabia as the country with
the largest reserves of this type.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-313> [311] The country's
main petroleum deposits are located around and beneath Lake Maracaibo, the Gulf
of Venezuela (both in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulia_State> Zulia), and
in the Orinoco River basin (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco#Eastern_Venezuelan_basin> eastern
Venezuela), where the country's largest reserve is located. Besides the largest
conventional oil reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves in the
Western Hemisphere, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-bbc-314>
[312] Venezuela has non-conventional oil deposits (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil> extra-heavy crude oil,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen> bitumen and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_sands> tar sands) approximately equal to the
world's reserves of conventional oil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-wec-315> [313] The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Venezuela> electricity
sector in Venezuela is one of the few to rely primarily on
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower> hydropower, and includes the Guri
Dam, one of the largest in the world.
In the first half of the 20th century, U.S. oil companies were heavily involved
in Venezuela, initially interested only in purchasing concessions.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991233%E2%80%93236,_432-316>
[314] In 1943 a new government introduced a 50/50 split in profits between the
government and the oil industry. In 1960, with a newly installed democratic
government, Hydrocarbons Minister Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso led the creation of
OPEC, the consortium of oil-producing countries aiming to support the price of
oil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991510%E2%80%93513-317>
[315]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_Reserves_Updated.png>
A map of world <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves> oil reserves
according to OPEC, 2013. Venezuela has the world's largest oil reserves.
In 1973, Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry outright, effective 1
January 1976, with <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_de_Venezuela>
Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) taking over and presiding over a number of
holding companies; in subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and
marketing system in the U.S. and Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991767-318>
[316] In the 1990s PDVSA became more independent from the government and
presided over an apertura (opening) in which it invited in foreign investment.
Under Hugo Chávez a 2001 law placed limits on foreign investment.
The state oil company PDVSA played a key role in the December 2002 – February
2003 national strike which sought President Chávez' resignation. Managers and
skilled highly paid technicians of PDVSA shut down the plants and left their
posts, and by some reports sabotaged equipment, and petroleum production and
refining by PDVSA almost ceased. Activities eventually were slowly restarted by
returning and substitute oil workers. As a result of the strike, around 40% of
the company's workforce (around 18,000 workers) were dismissed for "dereliction
of duty" during the strike.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaughan2005128-319>
[317] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-320> [318]
Transport[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=31>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Venezuela> Transport
in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Jardines_(Caracas_metro).jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas_Metro> Caracas Metro in Los Jardines
Station
Venezuela is connected to the world primarily via air (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Venezuela> Venezuela's
airports include the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_International_Airport_(Venezuela)>
Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetía, near Caracas and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chinita_International_Airport> La Chinita
International Airport near <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo>
Maracaibo) and sea (with major sea ports at La Guaira, Maracaibo and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Cabello> Puerto Cabello). In the south
and east the Amazon rainforest region has limited cross-border transport; in
the west, there is a mountainous border of over 2,213 kilometres (1,375 mi)
shared with Colombia. The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco> Orinoco
River is navigable by oceangoing vessels up to 400 kilometres (250 mi) inland,
and connects the major industrial city of Ciudad Guayana to the Atlantic Ocean.
Venezuela has a limited
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_de_Ferrocarriles_del_Estado> national
railway system, which has no active rail connections to other countries. The
government of Hugo Chávez tried to invest in expanding it, but Venezuela's rail
project is on hold due to Venezuela not being able to pay the $7.5 billion[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify> clarification needed]
and owing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway> China Railway nearly
$500 million. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-321> [319]
Several major cities have metro systems; the Caracas Metro has been operating
since 1983. The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo_Metro> Maracaibo
Metro and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Metro_(Venezuela)> Valencia
Metro were opened more recently. Venezuela has a road network of nearly 100,000
kilometres (62,000 mi) in length, placing the country
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size> around
45th in the world; <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-322>
[320] around a third of roads are paved.
Demographics[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=32>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Venezuela>
Demographics of Venezuela
Further information:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Venezuela> List of
metropolitan areas in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuelan_diaspora_map.svg>
Venezuelans in the world
Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America;
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-encartaSA-16> [14]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-UNpopstats-17> [15] the vast
majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the
capital Caracas, which is also the largest city. About 93% of the population
lives in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than 100 kilometres
(62 mi) from the coastline.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-323> [321] Though almost
half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans
live there. The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Guayana> Ciudad Guayana, which is the
sixth most populous <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation> conurbation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-324> [322] Other major
cities include <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquisimeto> Barquisimeto,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Carabobo> Valencia,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracay> Maracay, Maracaibo,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona-Puerto_La_Cruz> Barcelona-Puerto La
Cruz, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida> Mérida and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_T%C3%A1chira> San Cristóbal.
According to a 2014 study by sociologists of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela> Central
University of Venezuela, over 1.5 million Venezuelans, or about 4% to 6% of the
country's population, have left Venezuela since 1999 following the Bolivarian
Revolution. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ENHaug28-325>
[323] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Elimpulso23AUG-326>
[324]
Ethnic groups[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=33>
edit]
Main articles: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_people> Venezuelan
people, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo_Venezuelan> Mestizo Venezuelan,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Venezuelan> White Venezuelan,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Venezuelan> Afro-Venezuelan,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Venezuelan> Italo-Venezuelan,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Venezuelan> Portuguese Venezuelan,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Venezuelan> German Venezuelan,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Venezuelan> Arab Venezuelan, and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Venezuelan> Chinese Venezuelan
Racial and Ethnic Composition (2011 Census)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Census-ethnics-1> [1]
Race/Ethnicity
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizos_in_Venezuela> Mestizo
51.6%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_of_European_descent> White
43.6%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Venezuelan> Black
2.9%
Afro-descendant
0.7%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_people> Other races
1.2%
The people of Venezuela come from a variety of ancestries. It is estimated that
the majority of the population is of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizos_in_Venezuela> mestizo, or mixed, ethnic
ancestry. Nevertheless, in the 2011 census, which Venezuelans were asked to
identify themselves according to their customs and ancestry, the term mestizo
was excluded from the answers. The majority claimed to be mestizo or
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Venezuelan> white—51.6% and 43.6%,
respectively.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Census-ethnics-1> [1]
Practically half of the population claimed to be
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moreno> moreno, a term used throughout
Ibero-America that in this case means "dark-skinned" or "brown-skinned", as
opposed to having a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_skin> lighter skin
(this term connotes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin_colour> skin
color or tone, rather than <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_feature>
facial features or descent).
Ethnic minorities in Venezuela consist of groups that descend mainly from
African or indigenous peoples; 2.8% identified themselves as "black" and 0.7%
as afrodescendiente (Afro-descendant), 2.6% claimed to belong to indigenous
peoples, and 1.2% answered "other races".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Census-ethnics-1> [1]
Among indigenous people, 58% were <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way%C3%BAu>
Wayúu, 7% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_people> Warao, 5%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kari%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1>
Kariña, 4% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemon> Pemón, 3%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaroa> Piaroa, 3%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivi> Jivi, 3%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1u> Añu, 3%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuman%C3%A1goto&action=edit&redlink=1>
Cumanágoto, 2% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukpa> Yukpa, 2%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaima> Chaima and 1%
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanomami> Yanomami; the remaining 9% consisted
of other indigenous nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-327> [325]
According to an autosomal DNA genetic study conducted in 2008 by the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia> University of
Brasília (UNB), the composition of Venezuela's population is 60.60% of European
contribution, 23% of indigenous contribution, and 16.30% of African
contribution. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-328> [326]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_2011_Moreno_(Brown)_population_proportion_map.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizos_in_Venezuela> Moreno (Mestizo)
population of Venezuela in 2011
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_2011_White_population_proportion_map.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Venezuelan> White population of Venezuela
in 2011
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_2011_Ameridian_population_proportion_map.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela> Amerindian
population of Venezuela in 2011
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_2011_Black_and_Afrodescendant_population_proportion_map.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Venezuelan> Black and Afrodescendant
population of Venezuela in 2011
During the colonial period and until after the Second World War, many of the
European immigrants to Venezuela came from the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands> Canary Islands,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-329> [327] which had a
significant cultural impact on the cuisine and customs of Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-330> [328]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-331> [329]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-332> [330] These influences
on Venezuela have led to the nation being called the 8th island of the
Canaries. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-333> [331]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-334> [332] With the start of
oil exploitation in the early 20th century, companies from the United States
began establishing operations in Venezuela, bringing with them U.S. citizens.
Later, during and after the war, new waves of immigrants from other parts of
Europe, the Middle East, and China began; many were encouraged by
government-established
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Venezuela> immigration programs
and lenient immigration policies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Romero2010-335> [333] During
the 20th century, Venezuela, along with the rest of Latin America, received
millions of immigrants from Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Levinson1994-336> [334]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-PadillaPeixoto2007-337>
[335] This was especially true post-World War II, as a consequence of
war-ridden Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Levinson1994-336> [334]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-PadillaPeixoto2007-337>
[335] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Brooke1992-338> [336]
During the 1970s, while experiencing an oil-export boom, Venezuela received
millions of immigrants from Ecuador, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Brooke1992-338> [336] Due to
the belief that this immigration influx depressed wages, some Venezuelans
opposed European immigration.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Brooke1992-338> [336] The
Venezuelan government, however, were actively recruiting immigrants from
Eastern Europe to fill a need for engineers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Levinson1994-336> [334]
Millions of Colombians, as well as Middle Eastern and Haitian populations would
continue immigrating to Venezuela into the early 21st century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Romero2010-335> [333]
According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for
Refugees and Immigrants, Venezuela hosted a population of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee> refugee and asylum seekers from
Colombia numbering 252,200 in 2007, and 10,600 new asylum seekers entered
Venezuela in 2007.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-339>
[337] Between 500,000 and one million
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigrant> illegal immigrants are
estimated to be living in the country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-340> [338]
The total indigenous population of the country is estimated at about 500
thousand people (2.8% of the total), distributed among 40 indigenous peoples.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-341> [339] There are three
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples> uncontacted tribes living
in Venezuela. The Constitution recognizes the multi-ethnic, pluri-cultural, and
multilingual character of the country and includes a chapter devoted to
indigenous peoples' rights, which opened up spaces for their political
inclusion at national and local level in 1999. Most indigenous peoples are
concentrated in eight states along Venezuela's borders with Brazil, Guyana, and
Colombia, and the majority groups are the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_people> Wayuu (west), the Warao (east),
the Yanomami (south), and the Pemon (southeast).
Languages[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=34>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela> Languages
of Venezuela
Although most residents are monolingual Spanish speakers, many languages are
spoken in Venezuela. In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes more
than thirty indigenous languages, including Wayuu, Warao, Pemón, and many
others for the official use of the indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers
– less than 1% of the total population.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayuu_language> Wayuu is the most spoken
indigenous language with 170,000 speakers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Ethnologue-342> [340]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palaciodelasacademiascaracas.jpg>
The Venezuelan Academy of Language studies the development of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language> Spanish language in the
country.
Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages. Chinese
(400,000), <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language> Portuguese
(254,000), <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Ethnologue-342>
[340] and Italian (200,000)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-343> [341] are the most
spoken languages in Venezuela after the official language of Spanish. Arabic is
spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto
Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas. Portuguese is spoken not
only by the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén but also by much of
the population due to its proximity to Brazil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-344> [342] The German
community speaks their native language, while the people of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Tovar> Colonia Tovar speak mostly an
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German> Alemannic dialect of German
called <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect> alemán coloniero.
English is the most widely used foreign language in demand and is spoken by
many professionals, academics, and members of the upper and middle classes as a
result of the oil exploration done by foreign companies, in addition to its
acceptance as a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca> lingua franca.
Culturally, English is common in southern towns like
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Callao_Municipality> El Callao, and the
native English-speaking influence is evident in folk and calypso songs from the
region. English was brought to Venezuela by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadian> Trinidadian and other
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies> British West Indies
immigrants. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-345> [343] A
variety of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antillean_Creole> Antillean Creole
is spoken by a small community in El Callao and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paria_Peninsula> Paria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-346> [344] Italian language
teaching is guaranteed by the presence of a consistent number of private
Venezuelan schools and institutions, where Italian language courses and Italian
literature are active. Other languages spoken by large communities in the
country are <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language> Basque and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language> Galician, among others.
Religion[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=35>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela> Religion
in Venezuela
Religion in Venezuela (2011)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-grumilla-2> [2]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism> Catholic (71%)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant> Protestant (17%)
Agnostic/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist> Atheist (7%)
Other religion (3%)
No answer (1%)
According to a 2011 poll (GIS XXI), 88% of the population is Christian,
primarily <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic> Roman Catholic (71%),
and the remaining 17% <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant> Protestant,
primarily <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicals> Evangelicals (in Latin
America Protestants are usually called "evangelicos"). 8% of Venezuelans are
irreligious ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist> atheist 2% and agnostic
and 6% indifferent). Almost 3% of the population follow another religion (1% of
these people practice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa> Santería).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-grumilla-2> [2]
There are small but influential <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim> Muslim,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze> Druze,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7-347>
[345] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-348> [346]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist> Buddhist, and Jewish communities. The
Muslim community of more than 100,000 is concentrated among persons of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people> Lebanese and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_people> Syrian descent living in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Esparta> Nueva Esparta State,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_Fijo> Punto Fijo and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas area. The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze> Druze community are estimated around
60,000 and concentrated among persons of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people> Lebanese and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_people> Syrian descent (a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami> former
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela> vice president is
Druze, showing the small group's influence).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-349> [347]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7-347>
[345] Buddhism in Venezuela is practiced by over 52,000 people. The Buddhist
community is made up mainly of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean people. There are
Buddhist centers in Caracas, Maracay, Mérida, Puerto Ordáz, San Felipe, and
Valencia.
The Jewish community has shrunk in recent years due to rising economic
pressures and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela>
antisemitism in Venezuela,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Hurricane-350> [348]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-SRI-351> [349]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-352> [350]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-353> [351]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-354> [352] with the
population declining from 22,000 in 1999
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-TOERaid-355> [353] to less
than 7,000 in 2015.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-AJjan2015-356> [354]
Health[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=36>
edit]
Main articles: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Venezuela> Health
care in Venezuela and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro>
Mission Barrio Adentro
Cases of malaria in Venezuela according to the Ministry of Popular Power for
Health <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-boletinepid07-16-357>
[355]
Deaths of children under one year in Venezuela according to the Ministry of
Popular Power for Health
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-boletinepid07-16-357> [355]
Venezuela has a national <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care>
universal health care system. The current government has created a program to
expand access to health care known as
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro> Misión Barrio Adentro,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Venezuela_Information_Office-358>
[356] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-359> [357] although
its efficiency and work conditions have been criticized.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-MBAeu-360> [358]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-361> [359]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ABCnov2014-362> [360] It has
been reported that many Misión Barrio Adentro clinics have been closed, and (as
of December 2014) it is estimated that 80% of Barrio Adentro establishments in
Venezuela are abandoned.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-363> [361]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-LPdec2014-364> [362]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality> Infant mortality in Venezuela
was 19 deaths per 1,000 births for 2014 which was lower than the South American
average (To compare: The U.S. figure was 6 deaths per 1,000 births in 2013 and
the Canadian figure was 4.5 deaths per 1,000 live births).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ciawfb-50> [48] Child
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition> malnutrition (defined as stunting
or wasting in children under the age of five) was 17%.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Amacuro> Delta Amacuro and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)> Amazonas had the
nation's highest rates. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-365>
[363] According to the United Nations, 32% of Venezuelans lacked adequate
sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-366> [364] Diseases ranging
from <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphtheria> diphtheria,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)> plague,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria> malaria,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Finnegan-247> [245]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid> typhoid fever,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever> yellow fever,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera> cholera,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A> hepatitis A,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B> hepatitis B, and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_D> hepatitis D were present in the
country. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-guardian1-367>
[365] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity> Obesity was prevalent in
approximately 30% of the adult population in Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ciawfb-50> [48]
Venezuela had a total of 150
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Venezuela> sewage
treatment plants; however, 13% of the population lacked access to drinking
water, but this number had been dropping.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTECh%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas2004-368>
[366]
During the economic crisis observed under President Maduro's presidency,
medical professionals were forced to perform outdated treatments on patients.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-369> [367]
Education[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=37>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela> Education
in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illiteracy_in_Venezuela.svg>
Illiteracy rate in Venezuela based on data from UNESCO
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-unesco1988-370> [368]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-unesco-uis-371> [369] and
the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) of Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ortega-372> [370]
The literacy rate of the adult population was already at 91.1% by 1998.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-373> [371] In 2008, 95.2% of
the adult population was literate.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-374> [372]
The net primary school enrollment rate was at 91% and the net secondary school
enrollment rate was at 63% in 2005.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-374> [372]
Venezuela has a number of universities, of which the most prestigious are the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela> Central
University of Venezuela (UCV) founded in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas> Caracas in 1721, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zulia> University of Zulia (LUZ)
founded in 1891, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Andes_(Venezuela)> University
of the Andes (ULA) founded in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_(state)> Mérida State in 1810, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_University_(Venezuela)>
Simón Bolívar University (USB) founded in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(state)> Miranda State in 1967, and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Oriente> University of the East
(UDO) founded in <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre_(state)> Sucre State in
1958.
Currently, many Venezuelan graduates seek a future abroad because of the
country's troubled economy and heavy crime rate. In a study titled "Venezolana
Community Abroad: A New Method of Exile" by Thomas Páez, Mercedes Vivas, and
Juan Rafael Pulido of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela> Central
University of Venezuela, over 1.35 million Venezuelan college graduates have
left the country since the beginning of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution> Bolivarian Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-ENHaug28-325> [323]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Elimpulso23AUG-326> [324] It
is believed that nearly 12% of Venezuelans live abroad, with Ireland becoming a
popular destination for students.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-375> [373] According to
Claudio Bifano, president of the Venezuelan Academy of Physical, Mathematical,
and Natural Sciences, more than half of all medical graduates had left
Venezuela in 2013. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-376> [374]
By 2018, over half of all Venezuelan children had
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropped_out> dropped out of school, with 58% of
students quitting nationwide while areas near bordering countries saw more than
80% of their students leave.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-377> [375]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:2-378> [376] Nationwide,
about 93% of schools do not meet the minimum requirements to operate and 77% do
not have utilities such as food, water or electricity.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-:2-378> [376]
Culture[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=38>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Venezuela> Culture of
Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joropo_foto.jpg>
The joropo, as depicted in a 1912 drawing by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloy_Palacios> Eloy Palacios
The culture of Venezuela is a melting pot made up of three main groups: The
Indigenous Venezuelans, the Africans, and the Spanish. The first two cultures
were in turn differentiated according to their tribes. Acculturation and
assimilation, typical of a cultural syncretism, led to the Venezuelan culture
of the present day, which is similar in many ways to the culture of the rest of
Latin America, but still has its own unique characteristics.
The indigenous and African influence is limited to a few words, food names, and
place names. However, the Africans also brought in many musical influences,
especially introduction of the drum. The Spanish influence predominantes due to
the colonization process and the socioeconomic structure it created, and in
particular came from the regions of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia>
Andalusia and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura> Extremadura (the
places of origin of most of the settlers in the Caribbean during the colonial
era). Spanish influences can be seen in the country's architecture, music,
religion, and language.
Spanish influences can also be seen in the bullfights that take place in
Venezuela, and in certain gastronomical features. Venezuela was also enriched
by immigration streams of Indian and European origin in the 19th century,
especially from France. Most recently, immigration from the United States,
Spain, Italy, and Portugal has further enriched the already complex cultural
mosaic (especially in large oil-producing cities)[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed> citation needed].
Architecture[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=39>
edit]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ra%C3%BAl_Villanueva> Carlos Raúl
Villanueva was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he
designed the Central University of Venezuela, (a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site> World Heritage Site) and
its Aula Magna. Other notable architectural works include the Capitolio, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baralt_Theatre> Baralt Theatre, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o_Cultural_Complex> Teresa
Carreño Cultural Complex, and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge> General Rafael
Urdaneta Bridge.
Art[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=40>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_art> Venezuelan art
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Herrera_Toro_Autoretrato_1880.JPG>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Herrera_Toro> Antonio Herrera Toro,
self portrait 1880
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_art> Venezuelan art was initially
dominated by religious motifs. However, in the late 19th century, artists began
emphasizing historical and heroic representations of the country's struggle for
independence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTENg200431-379> [377]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAponte200845-380>
[378] This move was led by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar> Martín Tovar y Tovar.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAponte200845-380>
[378]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610-381>
[379] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism> Modernism took over in the
20th century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610-381>
[379] Notable <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_artists>
Venezuelan artists include <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Michelena>
Arturo Michelena,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Rojas_(artist)> Cristóbal Rojas,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Rever%C3%B3n> Armando Reverón,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Cabr%C3%A9> Manuel Cabré; the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_art> kinetic artists
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs-Rafael_Soto> Jesús Soto,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gego> Gego and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Cruz-Diez> Carlos Cruz-Diez;
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610-381>
[379] and contemporary artists such as
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisol_Escobar> Marisol and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucef_Merhi> Yucef Merhi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFichner-Ratus2012519-382>
[380] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-383> [381]
Literature[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=41>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_literature> Venezuelan
literature
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_literature> Venezuelan literature
originated soon after the Spanish conquest of the mostly pre-literate
indigenous societies. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-384>
[382] It was originally dominated by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Spain> Spanish influences. Following
the rise of political literature during the Venezuelan War of Independence,
Venezuelan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism> Romanticism, notably
expounded by Juan Vicente González, emerged as the first important genre in the
region. Although mainly focused on narrative writing, Venezuelan literature was
advanced by poets such as
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Eloy_Blanco> Andrés Eloy Blanco and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Toro> Fermín Toro.
Major writers and novelists include
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos> Rómulo Gallegos,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_de_la_Parra> Teresa de la Parra,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri> Arturo Uslar Pietri,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Le%C3%B3n> Adriano
González León, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Otero_Silva> Miguel Otero
Silva, and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Pic%C3%B3n_Salas> Mariano
Picón Salas. The great poet and humanist
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello> Andrés Bello was also an
educator and intellectual (He was also a childhood tutor and mentor of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar> Simón Bolívar). Others,
such as <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureano_Vallenilla_Lanz> Laureano
Vallenilla Lanz and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gil_Fortoul> José
Gil Fortoul, contributed to Venezuelan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism> Positivism.
Music[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=42>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela> Music of
Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2952-Danzas_Guanaguanare_de_Venezuela_no_Festival_folclorico_da_Coru%C3%B1a._(8200095256).jpg>
The Guanaguanare dance, a popular dance in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguesa_(state)> Portuguesa State
The indigenous musical styles of Venezuela are exemplified by groups like Un
Sólo Pueblo and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenata_Guayanesa> Serenata
Guayanesa. The national musical instrument is the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuatro_(Venezuela)> cuatro. Traditional musical
styles and songs mainly emerged in and around the llanos region, including,
"Alma llanera" (by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_El%C3%ADas_Guti%C3%A9rrez> Pedro Elías
Gutiérrez and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Bol%C3%ADvar_Coronado>
Rafael Bolívar Coronado), "Florentino y el diablo" (by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Arvelo_Torrealba> Alberto Arvelo
Torrealba), "Concierto en la llanura" by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vicente_Torrealba> Juan Vicente Torrealba,
and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballo_Viejo> "Caballo viejo" (by
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_D%C3%ADaz> Simón Díaz).
The <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaita_zuliana> Zulian gaita is also a very
popular genre, generally performed during Christmas. The national dance is the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joropo> joropo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort%C3%A9s20132134-385>
[383] Venezuela has always been a melting pot of cultures and this can be seen
in the richness and variety of its musical styles and dances:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_music> calipso,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambuco> bambuco,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ful%C3%ADa> fulía, cantos de pilado de maíz,
cantos de lavanderas, sebucán, and maremare.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-386> [384]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Carre%C3%B1o> Teresa Carreño was a
world-famous 19th century piano virtuoso. Recently, great classical music
performances have come out of Venezuela. The
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Youth_Orchestra> Simón
Bolívar Youth Orchestra, under the leadership of its principal conductor
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Dudamel> Gustavo Dudamel and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Abreu> José Antonio Abreu, has
hosted a number of excellent concerts in many European concert halls, most
notably at the 2007 London <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proms> Proms,
and has received several honors. The orchestra is the pinnacle of
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Sistema> El Sistema, a publicly financed,
voluntary music education program now being emulated in other countries.
In the early 21st century, a movement known as "Movida Acústica Urbana"
featured musicians trying to save some national traditions, creating their own
original songs but using traditional instruments.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-387> [385]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-388> [386] Some groups
following this movement are Tambor Urbano,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-389> [387] Los
Sinverguenzas, C4Trío, and Orozco Jam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-390> [388]
Afro-Venezuelan musical traditions are most intimately related to the festivals
of the "black folk saints" San Juan and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_the_Moor> St. Benedict the Moor.
Specific songs are related to the different stages of their festivals and
processions, when the saints start their yearly "paseo" – stroll – through the
community to dance with their people.
Sport[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=43>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Venezuela> Sport in
Venezuela
See also: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_in_Venezuela> Baseball in
Venezuela and <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Venezuela> Football
in Venezuela
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela_national_baseball_team_on_November_7,_2015.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_national_baseball_team> Venezuela
national baseball team in 2015
The origins of baseball in Venezuela are unclear, although it is known that the
sport was being played in the country by the late 19th century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010306-391>
[389] In the early 20th century, North American immigrants who came to
Venezuela to work in the nation's oil industry helped to popularize the sport
in Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337-392>
[390] During the 1930s, baseball's popularity continued to rise in the country,
leading to the foundation of the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_Professional_Baseball_League>
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (LVBP) in 1945, and the sport would
soon become the nation's most popular.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJozsa_Jr.201312-393>
[391]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson200618-394>
[392]
The immense popularity of baseball in the country makes Venezuela a rarity
among its South American neighbors—association football is the dominant sport
in the continent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337-392>
[390]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson200618-394>
[392]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010307-395>
[393] However, football, as well as
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball> basketball, are among the more
popular sports played in Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454-396>
[394] Venezuela hosted the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIBA_World_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament_for_Men>
2012 Basketball World Olympic Qualifying Tournament and the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Americas_Championship> 2013 FIBA Basketball
Americas Championship, which took place in the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliedro_de_Caracas> Poliedro de Caracas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venezuela-guinea_cropped.jpg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_national_football_team> Venezuela
national football team, popularly known as the "Vinotinto"
Although not as popular in Venezuela as the rest of South America, football,
spearheaded by the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_national_football_team> Venezuela
national football team is gaining popularity as well. The sport is also noted
for having an increased focus during the World Cup.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454-396>
[394] According to the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL> CONMEBOL
alphabetical rotation policy established in 2011, Venezuela is scheduled to
host the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica> Copa América every
40 years. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-397> [395]
Venezuela is also home to former <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_1>
Formula 1 driver, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor_Maldonado> Pastor
Maldonado.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Strickland2015-398> [396] At
the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Spanish_Grand_Prix> 2012 Spanish Grand
Prix, he claimed his first pole and victory, and became the first and only
Venezuelan to have done so in Formula 1 history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-Strickland2015-398> [396]
Maldonado has increased the reception of Formula 1 in Venezuela, helping to
popularize the sport in the country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-399> [397]
In the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics> 2012 Summer
Olympics, Venezuelan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Limardo> Rubén
Limardo won a gold medal in
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics> fencing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-400> [398]
In the Winter Sports,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cesar_Baena&action=edit&redlink=1>
Cesar Baena had represented the country since 2008 in Nordic Skiing, making
history in the continent when been the first southamerican skier ever compete
in a FIS Cross Country Ski World Cup on Düsseldorf 2009.
Cuisine[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=44>
edit]
Main article: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine> Venezuelan
cuisine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine> Venezuelan cuisine is
influenced by its European ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy> Italian,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain> Spanish,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal> Portuguese, and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France> French), West African, and Native
American traditions. Venezuelan cuisine varies greatly from one region to
another. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_staple> Food staples include
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize> corn,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice> rice,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)> plantains,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)> yams,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean> beans and several meats. Potatoes,
tomatoes, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion> onions,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant> eggplants,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant)> squashes,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach> spinach and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucchini> zucchini are also common sides in the
Venezuelan diet. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C3%AD_dulce> Ají dulce and
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel%C3%B3n> papelón are found in most recipes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce> Worcestershire sauce is
also used a frequently in stews. Venezuela is also characterized for having
large variety of white cheese ( <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queso_blanco>
queso blanco), usually name by geographical region.
See also[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=45>
edit]
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Venezuela> Venezuela portal
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Latin_America> Latin America portal
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles>
Index of Venezuela-related articles
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Venezuela> Outline of
Venezuela
Notes[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=46>
edit]
1. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-4> ^ Recognized as
president by the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)>
National Assembly, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)> Supreme
Tribunal of Justice, the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)> National
Electoral Council,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela>
National Bolivarian Armed Forces and the United Nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_note-3> [3]
2. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-5> ^ Recognized as
president by the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile>
Supreme Tribunal in Exile.
References[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=47>
edit]
1. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Census-ethnics_1-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Census-ethnics_1-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Census-ethnics_1-2> c
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Census-ethnics_1-3> d
<http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf>
"Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo
2014)" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. p. 29. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
2. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-grumilla_2-0>
Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-grumilla_2-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-grumilla_2-2> c Aguire,
Jesus Maria (June 2012).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024236/http:/www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf>
"Informe Sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela" (PDF) (in Spanish). El
Centro Gumilla. Archived from
<http://www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf>
the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
3. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-3> ^
<https://undocs.org/en/A/74/572> "Report of the Credentials Committee". United
Nations General Assembly. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
4. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-6> ^
<https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Venezuela_2009.pdf?lang=en>
"Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)'s Constitution of 1999 with Amendments
through 2009" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
5. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UN_WPP_7-0> ^
<https://population.un.org/wpp/> ""World Population prospects – Population
division"". population.un.org.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs>
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Retrieved 9 November 2019.
6. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2019_8-0> ^
<https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx>
""Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision"
(xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs>
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Retrieved 9 November 2019.
7. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-auto_9-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-auto_9-1> b
<https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=37&pr.y=8&sy=2013&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=299&s=LP&grp=0&a=>
"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org <http://www.imf.org>
. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
8. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-imf1_10-0> ^ "World
Economic Outlook Database, October 2020". IMF.org.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund> International
Monetary Fund. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
9. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-imf2_11-0> Jump
up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-imf2_11-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-imf2_11-2> c "World Economic
Outlook Database, October 2020". IMF.org.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund> International
Monetary Fund. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
10. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-12> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20100610232357/https:/www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html>
"Income Gini coefficient".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme> United
Nations Development Programme. United Nations. Archived from
<http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient> the original on 10
June 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
11. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-HDI_13-0> ^
<http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf> Human Development Report
2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United
Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5>
978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
12. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-const_14-0> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20131001032323/http:/www.me.gob.ve/media/contenidos/2006/d_269_8.pdf>
"Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela" (PDF).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Venezuela)> Ministry of
Education. 15 December 1999. Archived from
<http://www.me.gob.ve/media/contenidos/2006/d_269_8.pdf> the original (PDF) on
1 October 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
13.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Geneva_Agreement,_17_February_1966_15-0>
^
<http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20561/volume-561-I-8192-English.pdf>
"Geneva Agreement, 17 February 1966" (PDF). United Nations.
14. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-encartaSA_16-0>
Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-encartaSA_16-1>
b
<https://web.archive.org/web/20070421194631/http:/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html>
"South America". Encarta. Archived from
<https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html> the
original on 21 April 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
15. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UNpopstats_17-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UNpopstats_17-1> b
<https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/WUP99ANNEXTABLES.pdf>
"Annex tables" (PDF). World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision. United
Nations. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
16. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-18> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20190424152619/https:/publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/1696-the-legacy-of-hugo-chavez-and-a-failing-venezuela>
"The Legacy of Hugo Chavez and a Failing Venezuela". Wharton Public Policy
Initiative. Archived from
<https://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/1696-the-legacy-of-hugo-chavez-and-a-failing-venezuela>
the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
17. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-19> ^ Smilde, David
(14 September 2017). "Crime and Revolution in Venezuela".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACLA_Report_on_the_Americas> NACLA Report on
the Americas. 49 (3): 303–308.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.2017.1373956>
10.1080/10714839.2017.1373956.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1071-4839> 1071-4839.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)> S2CID
<https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158528940> 158528940. Finally, it is
important to realize that the reductions in poverty and inequality during the
Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial. While indicators of income
and consumption showed clear progress, the harder-to-change characteristics of
structural poverty and inequality, such as the quality of housing,
neighborhoods, education, and employment, remained largely unchanged.
18. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-20> ^ •
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFHeritage2002> Heritage 2002,
pp. 618–621.
• Kevin Voigt (6 March 2013).
<http://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/06/business/venezuela-chavez-oil-economy/>
Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN> CNN. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• Dan Beeton and Joe Sammut (6 December 2013).
<http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/the-americas-blog/venezuela-leads-region-in-poverty-reduction-in-2012-eclac-says>
Venezuela Leads Region in Poverty Reduction in 2012, ECLAC Says.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research> Center
for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
• <http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/venezuela/overview> Venezuela
Overview. The World Bank. Last updated 17 November 2014. "Economic growth and
the redistribution of resources associated with these missions have led to an
important decline in moderate poverty, from 50% in 1998 to about 30% in 2012.
Likewise, inequality has decreased, reducing the Gini Index from 0.49 in 1998
to 0.39 in 2012, which is among the lowest in the region."
19. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-21> ^ 남민우, 기 (2 May
2018).
<http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/05/02/2018050201490.html> 화폐경제
무너졌는데…최저임금 인상에 목매는 베네수엘라. 朝鮮日報 (
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo> The Chosun Ilbo) (in Korean).
Retrieved 22 May 2018. Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by
the populist policy
20. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-22> ^
<https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/8768-Fuel-subsidies-have-contributed-to-Venezuela-s-economic-crisis->
"Fuel subsidies have contributed to Venezuela's economic crisis".
www.chinadialogue.net <http://www.chinadialogue.net> .
21. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_23-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_23-1> b
Scharfenberg, Ewald (1 February 2015).
<http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/01/30/actualidad/1422646346_475356.html>
"Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela". El Pais. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
22. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-24> ^ Rosati, Andrew
(9 October 2018).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-09/venezuela-s-2018-inflation-to-hit-1-37-million-percent-imf-says>
"Venezuela's 2018 Inflation to Hit 1.37 Million Percent, IMF Says".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 9
October 2018.
23. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-25> ^
<https://in.reuters.com/article/venezuela-economy-idINKCN1MJ1YX> "IMF sees
Venezuela inflation at 10 million percent in 2019". 9 October 2018 – via
in.reuters.com.
24. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-26> ^ • Gillespie,
Patrick (12 April 2016).
<https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/12/news/economy/venezuela-imf-economy/>
"Venezuela: the land of 500% inflation".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNMoney> CNNMoney. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Gillespie, Patrick (12 December 2016).
<https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/12/news/economy/venezuela-shuts-colombia-border-cash-crisis/>
"Venezuela shuts border with Colombia as cash crisis escalates".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNMoney> CNNMoney. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Rosati, Andrew (11 January 2017).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/goodbye-recession-hello-depression-venezuela-gdp-takes-10-hit>
"Venezuela's Economy Was the Worst Performing of 2016, IMF Estimates".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 17
January 2017.
25. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-27> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181203/http:/www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/chamber-commerce-venezuelans-are-poverty_247647>
"Chamber of Commerce: 80% of Venezuelans are in poverty".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)> El Universal. 1 April
2016. Archived from
<http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/daily-news/chamber-commerce-venezuelans-are-poverty_247647>
the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
26. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-28> ^ Herrero, Ana
Vanessa; Malkin, Elisabeth (16 January 2017).
<https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/world/americas/nuevos-billetes-venezuela-new-banknotes.html>
"Venezuela Issues New Bank Notes Because of Hyperinflation".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times> The New York Times.
Retrieved 17 January 2017.
27. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-29> ^
<https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2018/11/5be4192b4/number-refugees-migrants-venezuela-reaches-3-million.html>
"Number of refugees and migrants from Venezuela reaches 3 million".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHCR> UNHCR. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 6
February 2019.
28. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-30> ^ Gillespie,
Patrick (14 November 2017).
<https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/14/news/economy/venezuela-debt-default-sp/index.html>
"Venezuela just defaulted, moving deeper into crisis".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNMoney> CNNMoney. Retrieved 15 November2017.
29. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-31> ^
<https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41982069> "Venezuela in
'selective default'". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News> BBC News. 14
November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
30.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassabi%C3%A92008153_32-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFMassabi%C3%A92008> Massabié
2008, p. 153.
31.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2005189_33-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFThomas2005> Thomas 2005, p.
189.
32. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ICH_1958_386_34-0> ^
"Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos" (in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura Hispánica
(Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional). 1958: 386.
33.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer200091_35-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFKipfer2000> Kipfer 2000, p. 91.
34.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000172_36-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFKipfer2000> Kipfer 2000, p.
172.
35. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130_37-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130_37-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130_37-2>
c
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130_37-3> d
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWunder2003130_37-4>
e <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFWunder2003> Wunder 2003, p.
130.
36.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahoney89_38-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFMahoney> Mahoney, p. 89.
37. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-art_39-0> ^
<http://en.amigosprecolombino.es/cultures/central-america-and-intermedia/venezuela>
"Venezuela".
<https://web.archive.org/web/20110904200841/http:/en.amigosprecolombino.es/cultures/central-america-and-intermedia/venezuela>
Archived 4 September 2011 at the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine> Wayback Machine Friends of the
Pre-Columbian Art Museum. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
38.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalas2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6-1QnKS6xG4CpgPA142_142]_40-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFSalas2004> Salas 2004, p.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=6-1QnKS6xG4C&pg=PA142> 142.
39.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickey1892103_41-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFDickey1892> Dickey 1892, p.
103.
40.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZamora1993Voyage_to_Paradise_42-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFZamora1993> Zamora 1993,
Voyage to Paradise.
41. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UNE_43-0> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20060428111205/http:/www.une.edu.ve/hatillo/historia.htm>
"Alcaldía del Hatillo: Historia" (in Spanish). Universidad Nueva Esparta.
Archived from <http://www.une.edu.ve/hatillo/historia.htm> the original on 28
April 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
42.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGott2005203_44-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFGott2005> Gott 2005, p. 203.
43.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwell19844_45-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFEwell1984> Ewell 1984, p. 4.
44. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-46> ^ Minster,
Christopher.
<http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/independenceinvenezuela/p/10april19venezuela.htm>
"April 19, 1810: Venezuela's Declaration of Independence". About. Retrieved 30
June 2015.
45.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChasteen2001103_47-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFChasteen2001> Chasteen 2001,
p. 103.
46. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-48> ^ Left, Sarah (16
April 2002). <https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/apr/16/netnotes.venezuela>
"Simon Bolivar". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
47. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory199289%E2%80%9390_49-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory199289%E2%80%9390_49-1>
b <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFGregory1992> Gregory 1992,
pp. 89–90.
48. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ciawfb_50-0> Jump
up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ciawfb_50-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ciawfb_50-2> c
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ciawfb_50-3> d
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ciawfb_50-4> e
<https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/> "Venezuela". CIA
World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February2021.
49. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-51> ^
<http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab55>
"History of Venezuela". History World. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
50. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-52> ^ McFarlane,
Anthony (2013). <https://books.google.com/books?id=rSNrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA293> War
and Independence In Spanish America. Routledge. p. 293.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136757723>
978-1136757723.
51. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Caudillismo_53-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Caudillismo_53-1> b "
<http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/5.htm> Venezuela – The Century of
Caudillismo".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies> Library of
Congress Country Studies.
52. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-54> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20100917045840/http:/consuladodevenezuela.es/contenido.php?idNot=216>
"200 años como símbolo de soberanía" (in Spanish). Consulado General de
Venezuela en Canarias. Archived from
<http://www.consuladodevenezuela.es/contenido.php?idNot=216> the original on 17
September 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
53.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZakaria1999145%E2%80%93146_55-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFZakaria1999> Zakaria 1999,
pp. 145–146.
54. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Humphreys_56-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Arthur_Humphreys> Humphreys, R. A.
(1966). "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895.
Presidential Address to the Royal Historical Society". Transactions of the
Royal Historical Society. 17: 131–164.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3678723> 10.2307/3678723.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)> JSTOR
<https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678723> 3678723.
55. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-57> ^ Stauffer, Karl
W.; Croft, Gregory D. (1995).
<http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-93/issue-23/in-this-issue/exploration/a-modern-look-at-the-petroleum-geology-of-the-maracaibo-basin-venezuela.html>
"A modern look at the petroleum geology of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela".
Oil & Gas Journal. 93 (23).
56.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrow1980616%E2%80%93617_58-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFCrow1980> Crow 1980, pp.
616–617.
57. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-59> ^ Da Silva P,
José Luis (2013). <https://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.10.2013.24.05>
"Venezuelan Democracy in the 20th Century. The Struggle Between the Military
and the Non–Military". Politeja. 10 (24): 49–68.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.12797%2Fpoliteja.10.2013.24.05>
10.12797/politeja.10.2013.24.05.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1733-6716> 1733-6716.
58. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-60> ^ Davilaa, Luis
Ricardo (April 2000). <https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x>
"The rise and fall and rise of populism in Venezuela". Bulletin of Latin
American Research. 19(2): 223–238.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x>
10.1111/j.1470-9856.2000.tb00101.x.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3050> 0261-3050.
59. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:03_61-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:03_61-1> b Stambouli,
Andrés (2009). La política extraviada: Una historia de Medina a Chávez.
Fundación para la Cultura Urbana. p. 97.
60. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-62> ^ Mujica, Viviana
(2014). <http://trienal.fau.ucv.ve/2014/cd/PDF/hyp/HP-07.pdf> "El Centro
Urbano El Recreo" (PDF). Historia y Patrimonio UCV.
61. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-63> ^ Coronil Ímber,
Fernando (2013). Alfadil (ed.).
<https://epulahistoria.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/6-el-estado-mc3a1gico-fernando-coronil.pdf>
El Estado Mágico(PDF).
62. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-64> ^ Ostos,
Elizabeth (2016).
<http://virtual.iesa.edu.ve/servicios/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/2016-1-ostos.pdf>
"El mercado de hoteles se mueve a pesar de la recesión" (PDF). IESA Instituto
de Estudios Superiores Administrativos.
63. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-65> ^ Stambouli,
Andrés (2009). La política extraviada. Fundación para la Cultura Urbana. p. 98.
64. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:132_66-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:132_66-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:132_66-2> c Palma, Pedro
(2013).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20180405154137/http:/ance.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/NE/NE.18.01.pdf>
"La política cambiaria en Venezuela"(PDF). Boletín de la Academia Nacional de
Ciencias Económicas. Archived from
<http://ance.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/NE/NE.18.01.pdf> the original (PDF)
on 5 April 2018.
65. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:152_67-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:152_67-1> b Cilento
Sarli, Alfredo (2015).
<http://www.acading.org.ve/info/publicaciones/TRABAJOS_INCORPORACION/TI_ALFREDO_CILENTO.pdf>
"El Ministerio de Obras Públicas en la Construcción de la Infraestructura para
el Desarrollo (1874–1976)" (PDF). Boletín Academia Nacional de la Ingeniería y
el Hábitat.
66. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:05_68-0> ^
Stambouli, Andrés (2009). La política extraviada: Una historia de Medina a
Chávez. Fundación para la Cultura Urbana.
67.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Schuyler_2001_10_69-0> ^
Schuyler, George W. (2001). "Health and Neoliberalism: Venezuela and Cuba". The
Policy Studies Organization: 10.
68. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-70> ^ Baptista,
Asdrúbal (2006). <http://ance.msinfo.info/bases/biblo/texto/NE/NE.28.03.pdf>
"La Economía Venezolana Entre Siglos" (PDF). Boletín de la Academia Nacional de
Ciencias Económicas.
69. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:32_71-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:32_71-1> b Conde,
Edith Mabel Cuñarro (2004).
<http://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/cuestiones/article/view/14388>
"Venezuela 1984–1999: 15 años de historia (La Comisión Presidencial para la
Reforma del Estado (COPRE) como mecanismo de innovación política)". Cuestiones
Políticas (in Spanish). 20 (33).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0798-1406> 0798-1406. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
70. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-BBCprofile_72-0> ^
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1925236.stm> "Profile: Hugo Chavez". BBC
News. 5 December 2002. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
71. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-73> ^
<https://www.coha.org/hugo-chavez-and-the-future-of-venezuela/> "Hugo Chávez
and the Future of Venezuela".
72. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-74> ^ The coup
installed chamber of commerce leader
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Carmona> Pedro Carmona.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1927678.stm> "Profile: Pedro Carmona".
BBC. 27 May 2002. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
73.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon2004295_75-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFCannon2004> Cannon 2004, p.
295.
74.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez_Maya200516_76-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFL%C3%B3pez_Maya2005> López
Maya 2005, p. 16.
75. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-77> ^
<https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/oilandgas/Minister:_2002-2003_strike_cost_PDVSA_US*12,8bn>
"Minister: 2002–2003 strike cost PDVSA US$12.8bn – BNamericas". 27 July 2005.
76. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-J386_78-0> ^ Jones,
Bart (2008), Hugo! The Hugo Chávez Story From Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution,
London: The Bodley Head, p386
77. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-79> ^
<http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/02/2013296490217208.html>
"Venezuela devalues currency against US dollar". Aljazeera.com (9 February
2013). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
78. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-80> ^ Cardenas, Jose
R. (26 February 2013)
<http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/26/hugo-chavezs-legacy-of-economic-chaos/>
"CARDENAS: Hugo Chavez's legacy of economic chaos". Washingtontimes.com.
Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
79. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-81> ^
<https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/399ce5c6-751f-11e2-a9f3-00144feabdc0.html>
"The bill for years of mismanagement is coming due". Ft.com (12 February 2013).
Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
80. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Economist_82-0>
Jump up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Economist_82-1>
b
<https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21572202-return-hugo-ch%C3%A1vez-his-country-suggests-one-way-or-another-end-venezuelas>
"Venezuela The homecoming". Economist.com (23 February 2013). Retrieved on 20
April 2013.
81. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Businessweek_83-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Businessweek_83-1> b Farzad,
Roben. (15 February 2013)
<http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-02-15/venezuelas-double-edged-bolivar-devaluation>
"Venezuela's Double-Edged Devaluation". Businessweek.com. Retrieved on 20
April 2013.
82. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-84> ^ Mander,
Benedict. (10 February 2013)
<https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/12e9f32e-739e-11e2-9e92-00144feabdc0.html>
"Venezuelan devaluation sparks panic". Ft.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
83. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-85> ^ Boyd, Sebastian
(7 October 2014).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-07/how-venezuela-came-away-with-no-dollars-from-sales-andes-credit>
"How Venezuela Got No Dollars From $65 Billion Bond Sales".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20141009111954/http:/www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-07/how-venezuela-came-away-with-no-dollars-from-sales-andes-credit.html>
Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
84. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-86> ^ Neuman, William
(5 March 2013)
<https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/world/americas/as-chavez-worsens-venezuela-expels-two-us-diplomats.html?hp&_r=0>
"Chávez Dies, Leaving Sharp Divisions in Venezuela". New York Times.
85. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-87> ^
<https://venezuelablog.tumblr.com/> Venezuelan Politics and Human Rights.
Venezuelablog.tumblr.com. Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
86. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UN_88-0> ^ Charlie
Devereux & Raymond Colitt. 7 March 2013.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20141107050220/http:/www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-07/venezuelans-quality-of-life-improved-in-un-index-under-chavez.html>
"Venezuelans' Quality of Life Improved in UN Index Under Chavez".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. Archived from the
original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
87. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-89> ^ Naranjo, Andrew
Cawthorne and Mario (9 December 2012).
<https://uk.reuters.com/article/venezuela-chavez-maduro/factbox-chavezs-chosen-successor-nicolas-maduro-idINDEE8B805U20121209>
"FACTBOX – Chavez's chosen successor Nicolas Maduro". Reuters.
88. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-90> ^ Watts, Virginia
Lopez Jonathan (15 April 2013).
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/15/nicolas-maduro-wins-venezuelan-election>
"Nicolás Maduro narrowly wins Venezuelan presidential election" – via
www.theguardian.com <http://www.theguardian.com> .
89. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-BBC12June_91-0> ^
<https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22866490> "Venezuela audit
confirms Nicolas Maduro electoral victory".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News> BBC News. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 18
June 2013.
90. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-92> ^ Carroll, Rory;
Lopez, Virginia (9 March 2013).
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/09/venezuela-maduro-challenge>
"Venezuelan opposition challenges Nicolás Maduro's legitimacy". The Guardian.
London.
91. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-93> ^
<http://www.vtv.gob.ve/articulos/2013/03/08/tsj-sobre-art.233-nicolas-maduro-es-presidente-encargado-con-todas-las-atribuciones-1991.html>
TSJ sobre Art.233: Nicolás Maduro es presidente encargado con todas las
atribuciones
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160101201851/http:/www.vtv.gob.ve/articulos/2013/03/08/tsj-sobre-art.233-nicolas-maduro-es-presidente-encargado-con-todas-las-atribuciones-1991.html>
Archived 1 January 2016 at the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine> Wayback Machine. vtv.gob.ve (8
March 2013).
92. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-94> ^
<http://www.vtv.gob.ve/articulos/2013/03/08/asamblea-nacional-inicia-acto-de-juramentacion-de-nicolas-maduro-como-presidente-encargado-2780.html>
Asamblea Nacional tomó Juramento a Nicolás Maduro como Presidente Encargado
(+Video)
<https://web.archive.org/web/20141030070322/http:/www.vtv.gob.ve/articulos/2013/03/08/asamblea-nacional-inicia-acto-de-juramentacion-de-nicolas-maduro-como-presidente-encargado-2780.html/>
Archived 30 October 2014 at the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine> Wayback Machine. vtv.gob.ve (9
March 2013)
93. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-reuters-maduro_95-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-reuters-maduro_95-1> b
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKBN17122M>
"Venezuela's Maduro decried as 'dictator' after Congress annulled".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters> Reuters. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 26
April 2017.
94. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-hrw-maduro_96-0> ^
José Miguel Vivanco (31 March 2017).
<https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/31/venezuelas-crumbling-facade-democracy>
"Venezuela's crumbling façade of democracy".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch> Human Rights Watch. This
ruling is the end of Maduro administration's façade of democracy.
95. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-wpo-maduro_97-0> ^
Francisco Toro (21 October 2016).
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2016/10/21/its-official-venezuela-is-a-dictatorship/>
"It's official: Venezuela is a full-blown dictatorship".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post> Washington Post.
96. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-nyt-maduro_98-0> ^
<https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/opinion/venezuelas-descent-into-dictatorship.html>
"Venezuela's Descent Into Dictatorship".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times> The New York Times. 31 March
2017.
97. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-99> ^ Lopez, Linette
(11 April 2014).
<http://www.businessinsider.com/why-the-us-wont-touch-venezuela-2014-4> "Why
The United States Has Done Nothing About Venezuela". Business Insider.
Retrieved 12 April2014.
98. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-100> ^ Minaya,
Ezequiel; Vyas, Kejal (23 February 2014).
<https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304834704579401612202743396>
"Protesters in Venezuela Press Government". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved
12 April 2014.
99. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-101> ^
<http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/02/24/venezuelans-protest-en-masse-in-rival-rallies/>
"Venezuelans protest en masse in rival rallies". Borneo Post. 24 February
2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
100. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-102> ^
<https://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-inflation-annual-idUSL2N0K90V020131230>
"Venezuela's Maduro says 2013 annual inflation was 56.2 pct". Reuters. 30
December 2013.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140116190842/http:/www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/30/venezuela-inflation-annual-idUSL2N0K90V020131230>
Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
101. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-103> ^ Kurmanaev,
Anatoly (7 November 2013).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-07/venezuela-inflation-hits-16-year-high-as-shortages-rise.html>
"Venezuela Inflation Hits 16-Year High as Shortages Rise".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 16
February 2014.
102. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-2014protests_104-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-2014protests_104-1> b Wallis,
Daniel; Chinea, Eyanir (16 February 2014).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-protests-idUSBREA1F0SQ20140217>
"Venezuela's Lopez says ready for arrest at Tuesday march". reuters.com.
Thomson Reuters.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140217042736/http:/www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/17/us-venezuela-protests-idUSBREA1F0SQ20140217>
Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
103. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-105> ^
<http://humanrightsfoundation.org/news/venezuela-hrf-declares-leopoldo-L%C3%B3pez-a-prisoner-of-conscience-and-calls-for-his-immediate-release-00355>
"Venezuela HRF Declares Leopoldo Lopez a Prisoner of Conscience and Calls for
his Immediate Release". Human Rights Foundation.[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot> permanent dead link]
104. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-INDEPENDENT_106-0> ^
Sabin, Lamiat (20 February 2015).
<https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/mayor-antonio-ledezma-arrested-and-dragged-out-of-office-like-a-dog-by-police-in-venezuela-10058691.html>
"Mayor Antonio Ledezma arrested and dragged out of office 'like a dog' by
police in Venezuela". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent> The
Independent. London. Retrieved 20 February2015.
105. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-107> ^
<http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/150219/sebin-detuvo-al-alcalde-metropolitano-antonio-ledezma>
"Sebin detuvo al alcalde Metropolitano Antonio Ledezma". El Universal.
Retrieved 19 February 2015.
106. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-108> ^
<http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/02/19/sebin-se-lleva-detenido-al-alcalde-antonio-ledezma/>
"Sebin se lleva detenido al alcalde Antonio Ledezma". La Patilla. Retrieved 19
February 2015.
107. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-109> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150220045923/http:/www.el-nacional.com/politica/Ledezma-denuncio-intento-allanamiento-oficina_0_577742355.html>
"Detuvieron al alcalde Antonio Ledezma". El Nacional. Archived from
<http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Ledezma-denuncio-intento-allanamiento-oficina_0_577742355.html>
the original on 20 February 2015.
108. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-110> ^
<http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/venezuela-human-rights-groups-reject-condemnation-jailed-leopoldo-lopez-baseless-1519333>
"Venezuela: Human rights groups reject condemnation of jailed Leopoldo Lopez
as 'baseless'". International Business Times UK. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
109. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-111> ^ Rosati, Andrew;
Soto, Noris (6 December 2015).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-06/venezuelans-to-vote-in-polls-seen-handing-congress-to-opposition>
"Venezuela Seen Handing Congress to Opposition in Sunday Vote".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 22
August 2016.
110. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-112> ^ Minaya, Ezequiel
(9 February 2013).
<https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323951904578292383059267360>
"Venezuela Devalues Its Currency – WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 30
December2013.(subscription required)
111. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-113> ^ Lopez, Virginia
(26 September 2013).
<https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/sep/26/venezuela-food-shortages-rich-country-cia>
"Venezuela food shortages: 'No one can explain why a rich country has no
food'". theguardian.com. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
112. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ECONeatCHAVISMO_114-0> Jump
up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ECONeatCHAVISMO_114-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ECONeatCHAVISMO_114-2> c
<https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21654653-un-honours-venezuela-curbing-hungerwhich-actually-getting-worse-let-them-eat-chavismo>
"Let them eat Chavismo The UN honours Venezuela for curbing hunger—which is
actually getting worse". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist> The
Economist. 20 June 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
113. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-115> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20190329043503/https:/atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/ven/>
"Venezuela". Massachusetts Institute of Technology: The Observatory of
Economic Complexity. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 5 February
2019. Archived from <https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/ven/> the
original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
114. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-116> ^ Semple, Kirk;
Krauss, Clifford (27 December 2017).
<https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/27/world/americas/venezuela-oil-pdvsa.html>
"Once a Cash Cow, Venezuela's Oil Company Now Verges on Collapse". The New York
Times. Punto Fijo, Venezuela. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
115. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-117> ^ Neuman, William;
Krauss, Clifford (14 June 2018).
<https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/14/world/americas/venezuela-oil-economy.html>
"Workers Flee and Thieves Loot Venezuela's Reeling Oil Giant". The New York
Times. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
116. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-118> ^ Buitrago, Deisy
(17 April 2018).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-oil-workers-insight/under-military-rule-venezuela-oil-workers-quit-in-a-stampede-idUSKBN1HO0H9>
"Under military rule, Venezuela oil workers quit in a stampede".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters> Reuters. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
117. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-119> ^ Yergin, Daniel
(4 February 2019).
<https://www.wsj.com/articles/maduro-wrecked-venezuelas-oil-industry-11549325002>
"Maduro Wrecked Venezuela's Oil Industry".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal> The Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
118. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-120> ^ Pons, Corina;
Cawthorne, Andrew (30 December 2014).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKBN0K81KV20141231>
"Recession-hit Venezuela vows New Year reforms, foes scoff". Reuters. Retrieved
24 March 2017.
119. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FPblackbox_121-0> ^
Cristóbal Nagel, Juan (13 July 2015).
<https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/13/looking-into-the-black-box-of-venezuelas-economy-caracas-bolivar-maduro/>
"Looking Into the Black Box of Venezuela's Economy".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy> Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14
July 2015.
120. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-122> ^
<https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/08/25/executive-order-trump-imposes-new-round-venezuela-sanctions/601667001/>
"With executive order, Trump imposes new round of Venezuela sanctions". USA
Today. 25 August 2017.
121. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-123> ^
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-16/dollars-are-out-euros-are-in-as-u-s-sanctions-sting-venezuela>
"Dollars Are Out, Euros Are In as U.S. Sanctions Sting Venezuela".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. 16 October 2018.
122. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-124> ^ Wroughton,
Lesley; Ellsworth, Brian (25 September 2018).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-venezuela/u-s-sanctions-venezuela-officials-trump-slams-maduro-idUSKCN1M51WC>
"U.S. sanctions Venezuela officials, Trump slams Maduro".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters> Reuters.
123. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-125> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140528060618/http:/finance.fortune.cnn.com/2014/03/14/venezuela-protests-inflation/>
"Venezuela's economic nightmare takes an ugly turn". CNN Money. 14 March 2014.
Archived from
<http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2014/03/14/venezuela-protests-inflation/> the
original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
124. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-126> ^ Garreau, Simone
(12 May 2014).
<https://www.forbes.com/sites/riskmap/2014/05/12/venezuelan-oil-dynamics-why-the-protests-matter/>
"Venezuelan Oil Dynamics: Why The Protests Matter". Forbes. Retrieved 28 May
2014.
125. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-127> ^
<https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/venezuela-us-sanctions-united-nations-oil-pdvsa-a8748201.html>
"Venezuela crisis: Former UN rapporteur says US sanctions are killing
citizens". The Independent. 26 January 2019.
126. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-128> ^ Cawthorne,
Andrew; Ulmer, Alexandra (15 January 2016).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKCN0UT2ER> "Venezuela
decrees 'economic emergency,' reveals depth of crisis". Reuters. Retrieved 16
October 2018.
127.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Venezuelans_Cross_Into_Colombia_In_Search_Of_Food_129-0>
^
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/venezuela-colombia-bridge-photo_us_578be683e4b0867123e1ab77>
"Thousands Of Venezuelans Cross Into Colombia In Search Of Food And Medicine".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post> The Huffington Post. 17
July 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
128.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Hambre_en_Venezuela:_El_15.7%_de_los_venezolanos_se_ha_alimentado_de_residuos_130-0>
^
<http://www.diariolasamericas.com/america-latina/hambre-venezuela-el-157-de-los-venezolanos-se-ha-alimentado-residuos-n4102524>
"Hambre en Venezuela: El 15,7% de los venezolanos se ha alimentado de
residuos". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_Las_Am%C3%A9ricas> Diario Las
Américas. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
129.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Man_claims_son_was_eaten_by_fellow_inmates_during_riot_in_Venezuelan_prison_131-0>
^
<http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2016/10/14/man-claims-son-was-eaten-by-fellow-inmates-during-riot-in-venezuelan-prison/>
"Man claims son was eaten by fellow inmates during riot in Venezuelan prison".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News> Fox News. 14 October 2016. Retrieved
15 October 2016.
130. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-132> ^ France-Presse,
Agence (11 December 2017).
<https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/11/venezuelas-nicolas-maduro-bans-opposition-parties-election/>
"Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro bans opposition parties from election". The
Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk <http://www.telegraph.co.uk> .
131. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-133> ^
<https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2018/01/25/colombia-desconocera-resultado-de-elecciones-en-venezuela-dice-santos/>
"Colombia desconocerá resultado de elecciones en Venezuela, dice Santos -
LaPatilla.com". 25 January 2018.
132. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-134> ^ Charner, Flora;
Newton, Paula; Gallón, Natalie (21 May 2018).
<https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/20/americas/venezuela-elections/index.html>
"Opponents slam Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro's election victory as a
sham". CNN. Retrieved 13 November 2018. An alliance of 14 Latin American
nations and Canada, known as the Lima Group, released a statement Monday
calling the vote illegitimate... The alliance includes Argentina, Mexico,
Canada, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Paraguay, St. Lucia, Guyana, Peru,
Honduras, Guatemala and Costa Rica.
133. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-135> ^ Jones, Sam;
Wintour, Patrick (4 February 2019).
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/04/juan-guaido-interim-venezuela-leader-europe>
"EU countries recognise Juan Guaidó as interim Venezuelan leader". The
Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
134. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-136> ^ Rapalo, Manuel
(26 January 2019).
<https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/mexico-stays-neutral-venezuela-political-crisis-190126152842450.html>
"Mexico stays neutral in Venezuela political crisis". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4
February 2019.
135. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-137> ^ Roth, Andrew;
Kuo, Lily; Agren, David; Augustin, Ed; Walker, Peter (24 January 2019).
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/24/juan-guaido-venezuelas-opposition-leader-declares-himself-interim-president>
"Russia and key allies vow to stand by Maduro in Venezuela crisis". The
Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
136. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-138> ^
<https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/world-powers-denounce-interference-venezuela-190124102403407.html>
"Russia, Turkey, China denounce US interference in Venezuela". Al Jazeera. 25
January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
137. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-139> ^ Lau, Stuart (2
February 2019).
<https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2184773/exclusive-self-declared-leader-venezuela-juan-guaido-extends>
"Self-declared leader of Venezuela Juan Guaido extends olive branch to China,
wants 'productive and mutually beneficial relationship'". The South China
Morning Post. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
• Page, Jeremy (1 February 2019).
<https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-counts-the-costs-of-its-big-bet-on-venezuela-11549038825>
"China Counts the Costs of Its Big Bet on Venezuela". The Wall Street Journal.
Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Meyer, Henry; Arkhipov, Ilya (6 February 2019).
<https://themoscowtimes.com/news/russia-starts-to-worry-maduros-grip-is-slipping-in-venezuela-64416>
"Russia Starts to Worry Maduro's Grip Is Slipping in Venezuela". The Moscow
Times. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
• Gedan, Benjamin (27 November 2018).
<https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/change-coming-chinas-venezuela-policy>
"China's Venezuela Policy Is Losing Popularity – in China". America's
Quarterly. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
• Lo, Kinling (9 February 2019).
<https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2185467/oil-infrastructure-why-china-has-plenty-lose-political-turmoil>
"From oil to infrastructure, why China has plenty to lose from political
turmoil in Venezuela". South China Morning Post.
138. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-140> ^
<https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1637635.shtml>
"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on
February 13, 2019". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of
China. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019. On your second question, I
believe the reports you cited were made by the Wall Street Journal. I want to
point out that some media has been churning out false information lately. I
wonder why it has been acting like this. We hope that it could make media
coverage in an objective and unbiased way. As for the Venezuelan issue, China
believes that a political solution should be sought out through dialogue and
consultation.
139. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-141> ^
<http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-001/19> "OAS
Permanent Council Agrees "to not recognize the legitimacy of Nicolas Maduro's
new term"". www.oas.org <http://www.oas.org> (Press release). OAS –
Organization of American States. 10 January 2019.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20190124053630/http:/www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-001%2F19>
Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
140. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-142> ^
<https://orinocotribune.com/maduro-government-recognized-as-the-only-representative-of-venezuela-at-the-un/>
"Maduro Government Recognized as the Only Representative of Venezuela at the
UN". Orinoco Tribune. 20 December 2019.
141. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-143> ^ Nicols, Michelle
(18 October 2019).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-rights-idUSKBN1WW2I7> "Venezuela wins
seat on U.N. rights council despite U.S. opposition". Reuters. Retrieved 26
March 2020.
142. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-144> ^ Paul LeBlanc (6
August 2019).
<https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/05/politics/trump-economic-embargo-venezuela/index.html>
"Trump announces total economic embargo against Venezuela". CNN.
143. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-145> ^
<https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/nicol-s-maduro-moros-and-14-current-and-former-venezuelan-officials-charged-narco-terrorism>
"Nicolás Maduro Moros and 14 Current and Former Venezuelan Officials Charged
with Narco-Terrorism, Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Criminal Charges".
www.justice.gov <http://www.justice.gov> . 26 March 2020.
144. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-146> ^ Turkewitz,
Julie; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (19 June 2020).
<https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/19/world/americas/venezuela-forced-disappearances-Maduro.html>
"A Knock, Then Gone: Venezuela Secretly Detains Hundreds to Silence Critics".
The New York Times. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
145. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-147> ^
<https://rfkhumanrights.org/work/protecting-human-rights/latin-america/venezuela/enforced-disappearance-tool-political-repression-venezuela>
"Enforced Disappearance Tool Political Repression Venezuela".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights> Robert F.
Kennedy Human Rights. 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
146. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-148> ^
<https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/venezuela1895.htm> "Venezuela
Boundary Dispute, 1895–1899". www.globalsecurity.org
<http://www.globalsecurity.org> .
147. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-149> ^ Parks Watch
(December 2004), <http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofiles/pdf/cenp_eng.pdf>
Venezuela Canaima National Park (PDF)
148. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-LOC_2005_150-0> Jump
up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-LOC_2005_150-1> b
<http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Venezuela.pdf> "Country Profile:
Venezuela" (PDF). Library of Congress (Federal Research Division). 2005.
Retrieved 10 March 2007.
149.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarhol200665_151-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFWarhol2006> Warhol 2006, p. 65.
150.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Geograf%C3%ADa_%E2%80%93_Clima_152-0>
^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20060303153257/http:/www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/venezuela/perfil_geografia4.html>
"Gobierno en Línea: Geografía, Clima". gobiernoenlinea.ve. 2009. Archived from
<http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/venezuela/perfil_geografia4.html> the original
on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
151. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-153> ^
<http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/alpine.htm> "The Alpine Biome".
marietta.edu. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
152. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-154> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140920031041/http:/www.wunderground.com/climate/local_extremes.asp?extremesstation.db=burtworld&extremesstation.station_id=421>
"Extreme High Temperature in Venezuela". wunderground. Archived from
<http://www.wunderground.com/climate/local_extremes.asp?extremesstation.db=burtworld&extremesstation.station_id=421>
the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
153. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-155> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20130706064537/http:/www.wunderground.com/climate/local_extremes.asp?extremesstation.db=burtworld&extremesstation.station_id=438>
"Extreme Low Temp in Venezuela". Wunderground. Archived from
<http://www.wunderground.com/climate/local_extremes.asp?extremesstation.db=burtworld&extremesstation.station_id=438>
the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2012. NOTE: Pass the cursor
over the subrayed record to see the source of this. "This location is probably
uninhabited, but is close to the town of San Isidro de Apartaderos. −11 °C (12
°F) has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at Páramo de Piedras
Blancas, Mérida state."
154. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-156> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20031004032107/http:/www.conservation.org/xp/news/press_releases/2003/091603_andean_eng.xml>
"South America Banks on Regional Strategy to Safeguard Quarter of Earth's
Biodiversity". Conservation International. 16 September 2003. Archived from
<http://www.conservation.org/xp/news/press_releases/2003/091603_andean_eng.xml>
the original on 4 October 2003.
155. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442_157-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442_157-1>
b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDydynskiBeech200442_157-2>
c <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFDydynskiBeech2004> Dydynski
& Beech 2004, p. 42.
156. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-158> ^ Lepage, Denis.
<http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN®ion=ve&list=clements>
"Checklist of birds of Venezuela". Bird Checklists of the World. Avibase.
Retrieved 4 May 2007.
157. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Bevilacqua_2002_159-0> Jump
up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Bevilacqua_2002_159-1> b
Bevilacqua, M; Cardenas, L; Flores, AL; et al. (2002).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20090215051848/http:/archive.wri.org/page.cfm?id=1607&z=%3F>
"State of Venezuela's forests: A case study of the Guayana Region". World
Resources Institute. Archived from
<http://archive.wri.org/page.cfm?id=1607&z=?> the original on 15 February 2009.
Retrieved 10 March 2007.
158. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-160> ^ Dennis, R.W.G.
"Fungus Flora of Venezuela and Adjacent Countries". Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, London, 1970
159. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-161> ^
<http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm> "Cybertruffle's
Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms".
cybertruffle.org.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
160.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Georgia_Country_Study_Guide_Volume_1_Strategic_Information_and_Developments''201336_162-0>
^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFGeorgia_Country_Study_Guide_Volume_1_Strategic_Information_and_Developments2013>
Georgia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
2013, p. 36.
161. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-GFW_163-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-GFW_163-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-GFW_163-2> c
<https://web.archive.org/web/20061208045046/http:/www.globalforestwatch.org/english/venezuela/>
"Venezuela: Overview". Global Forest Watch. Archived from
<http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/venezuela/> the original on 8
December 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
162. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-164> ^
<http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/venefung/eng/endelist.htm> "Fungi of Venezuela
– potential endemics". cybertruffle.org.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
163. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Foundations_165-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Foundations_165-1> b Keith,
D.A.; et al. (2013). <https://iucnrle.org/resources/key-documents/>
"Scientific Foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems". PLOS ONE. 8 (5):
e62111. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)> Bibcode:
<https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...862111K> 2013PLoSO...862111K.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062111> 10.1371/journal.pone.0062111.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)> PMC
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648534> 3648534.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)> PMID
<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23667454> 23667454. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
164. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-166> ^ Rodríguez, J.P.;
Rojas-Suárez, F.; Giraldo Hernández, D. (2010).
<https://iucnrle.org/static/media/uploads/references/background/background/rodriguez-etal-2010-red-book-venezuelan-terrestrial-ecosystems-sp.pdf>
Red Book of Venezuelan Terrestrial Ecosystems (PDF). Caracas, Venezuela:
Provita. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
165. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-167> ^ Grantham, H.S.;
et al. (2020). <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057>
"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have
high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications.
11(1). 5978. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3> 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723> 2041-1723.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)> PMC
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057> 7723057.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)> PMID
<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507> 33293507.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)> S2CID
<https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228082162> 228082162.
166. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-168> ^ Peck, D (2000).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20070211110943/http:/ramsar.org/profile/profiles_venezuela.htm>
"The Annotated Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance:
Venezuela". The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Ramsar Convention Secretariat.
Archived from <http://www.ramsar.org/profile/profiles_venezuela.htm> the
original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
167. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-169> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20070703053321/http:/earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_862.pdf>
"Biodiversity and Protected Areas—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country
Profiles. World Resources Institute. 2003. Archived from
<http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_862.pdf> the
original (PDF) on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
168. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-170> ^
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/after-two-decades-of-stumbles-carbon-market-pioneers-revving-up#media-2>
Carbon Markets Are Making a Slow, But Steady, Comeback.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com (8 December 2015).
Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
169. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-171> ^
<http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx>
INDC – Submissions. .unfccc.int. Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
170. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-172> ^
<https://iucnrle.org/assessments/> "Assessments". UCN Red List of Ecosystems.
IUCN-CEM. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
171. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-173> ^ Rodríguez, J.P.;
Nassar, J.M.; Rodríguez-Clark, K.M.; Zager, I.; Portillo-Quintero, C.A.;
Carrasquel, F.; Zambrano, S. (2009). "Tropical dry forests in Venezuela:
assessing status, threats and future prospects". Environmental Conservation. 35
(4): 311. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0376892908005237> 10.1017/S0376892908005237.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-8929> 0376-8929.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)> S2CID
<https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85838371> 85838371.
172. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-174> ^
<https://books.google.com/books?id=k9aEAAAAIAAJ&q=hidrografia+venezuela>
Anuario estadístico de Venezuela (in Spanish). OCEI. 2000.
173. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-175> ^ Kaplan, Joanna
Overing (1975).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=unNsAAAAMAAJ&q=Orinoco+basin> The Piaroa, a
People of the Orinoco Basin: A Study in Kinship and Marriage. Clarendon Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780019231893> 9780019231893.
174. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-176> ^ Affairs (U.S.),
Institute of Inter-American; Peterson, Lyall E. (1946).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=yQI9AAAAYAAJ&q=Lake+Valencia+basin&pg=PA3>
The Lake Valencia Region in Venezuela: A Special Report. Institute of
Inter-American Affairs, Food Supply Division.
175. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-177> ^ Yegres, Ramón
Santaella (1989).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZNEAAAAYAAJ&q=maracaibo+lake> La dinámica
del espacio en la cuenca del Lago de Maracaibo, 1873-1940: y su proyeccion
hasta el presente, 1980 (in Spanish). FACES-UCV, División de Publicaciones.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789800003121> 9789800003121.
176. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:3_178-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:3_178-1> b Cárdenas,
Antonio Luis; Castillo, Rubén Carpio (2000).
<https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=nOgRAQAAIAAJ&q=relieve+de+venezuela+placas+tectonicas&dq=relieve+de+venezuela+placas+tectonicas&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjb--X625XxAhUKTDABHTfNC4EQ6AEwAXoECAgQAg>
Geografía de Venezuela (in Spanish). Fondo Editorial de la Universidad
Pedagógica Experimental Libertador.
177. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-179> ^ Figueroa, Rosa
(1995).
<https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=Xo3eGMm-JdQC&pg=PA24&dq=relieve+de+venezuela+muchas+peninsulas&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih_fya3JXxAhW2RzABHT1iCXwQ6AEwAXoECAoQAg>
Agenda Geografica Venezuela (in Spanish). Editorial Alfa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-354-005-0>
978-980-354-005-0.
178. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:4_180-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:4_180-1> b Carter,
Douglas Broadmore (1946).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=0p5AAQAAIAAJ&q=Lake+Maracaibo+Basin> "The
Water Balance of the Lake Maracaibo Basin". Retrieved 25 December 2020.
179. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:5_181-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:5_181-1> b Nwachukwu,
Joseph Iheanacho (1981).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=YPrkAAAAMAAJ&q=Orinoco+Delta+venezuela>
"Organic Geochemistry of the Orinoco Delta, Venezuela". Retrieved 25 December
2020.
180. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:6_182-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:6_182-1> b Hammond, D.
S. (2005).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=mE88S0O6RbsC&q=Guiana+Shield+venezuela&pg=PA46>
Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845930929>
9781845930929. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
181. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-183> ^ Sojo, Raúl;
Castillo, Horacio Biord (2009).
<https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=rWcsAQAAIAAJ&q=formaciones+antiguas+de+suramerica+venezuela&dq=formaciones+antiguas+de+suramerica+venezuela&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWqOL54JXxAhVnmK0KHYijB8w4ChDoATAAegQIBRAC>
Venezuela al natural. Editorial Arte.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6476-26-4>
978-980-6476-26-4.
182. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-184> ^
<https://books.google.com/books?id=BM4UAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Venezuela+cretaceo&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHuq3g4ZXxAhVJL6wKHfRIDxgQ6AEwAHoECAgQAg>
Las Microfacies Del Cretaceo de Venezuela Occidental (in Spanish). Brill
Archive.
183. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-185> ^ Socorro, Orangel
Antonio Aguilera (2006).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=kIBdAAAAMAAJ&dq=Venezuela+cuaternario&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjVuIjt4ZXxAhUOKqwKHVhxDR0Q6AEwAHoECAIQAg>
Tesoros paleontológicos de Venezuela: el cuaternario del Estado Falcón (in
Spanish). Ministerio de la Cultura.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-12-1379-6>
978-980-12-1379-6.
184. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-186> ^ Páez, Ramón
(1863).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=hnAvAQAAMAAJ&q=llanos+venezuela&pg=PA310>
"Wild Scenes in South America". Retrieved 25 December 2020.
185. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-187> ^ Rojas, Arístides
(1897).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=abMvAQAAMAAJ&q=valles+de+venezuela&dq=valles+de+venezuela&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTof23k4bxAhVmkuAKHW3sAgs4ChDoATAAegQIBBAC>
Primer libro de geografía de Venezuela según Codazzi (in Spanish). Santana y
cia.
186. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:1_188-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:1_188-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:1_188-2> c Zinck, Alfred.
<https://library.wur.nl/isric/fulltext/isricu_i00006627_001.pdf> "Valles de
Venezuela" (PDF).
187. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-189> ^ A, América
Bracho (1984).
<https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=N9o7AAAAYAAJ&q=valles+de+venezuela&dq=valles+de+venezuela&hl=es-419&sa=X&redir_esc=y>
Geografía de Venezuela: III año (in Spanish). Ediciones CO-BO.
188. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-190> ^
<https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=wBe4AAAAIAAJ&q=Venezuela+has+a+great+diversity+of+landscapes+and+climates&dq=Venezuela+has+a+great+diversity+of+landscapes+and+climates&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj56__Cs7LxAhVdRzABHbx0D-AQ6AEwAXoECAUQAg>
The Latin America & Caribbean Review. World of Information. 1986.
189. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-191> ^ Baño, Adrián
Hernández (1986).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=BolrAAAAMAAJ&q=Venezuela+medanos+de+coro&dq=Venezuela+medanos+de+coro&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd_cDRs7LxAhUMQzABHcbgAKMQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg>
Secretos de los Médanos de Coro (in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura del Estado
Falcón. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6081-09-3>
978-980-6081-09-3.
190. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-192> ^ Salazar-Quijada,
Adolfo (1971).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=FuIKAQAAIAAJ&q=Venezuela+guajira+venezolana&dq=Venezuela+guajira+venezolana&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz_s7es7LxAhW4TjABHa5VBOIQ6AEwAHoECAIQAg>
Toponimia de la Guajira venezolana (in Spanish). Universidad Católica Andrés
Bello, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas.
191. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-193> ^
Colombo-Venezolanos, Venezuela Comisión Presidencial para Asuntos Fronterizos
(1993).
<https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=MVOzAAAAIAAJ&q=M%C3%A9danos+de+Capanaparo&dq=M%C3%A9danos+de+Capanaparo&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKsoL_s7LxAhUASjABHcTIAeAQ6AEwAHoECAMQAg>
Apure: diagnostico y estrategias de desarrollo fronterizo (in Spanish). La
Comisión. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-03-0130-2>
978-980-03-0130-2.
192. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-194> ^ Hidrocarburos,
Venezuela Ministerio de Minas e (1962).
<https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=4IalPfsEpFsC&q=M%C3%A9danos+de+zapara&dq=M%C3%A9danos+de+zapara&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH8dKLtLLxAhXWQzABHQwHCuMQ6AEwAHoECAkQAg>
Memoria - Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos (in Spanish). El Ministerio.
193. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-195> ^ Léidenz, Misael
Salazar (2001).
<https://books.google.co.ve/books?id=spASAQAAIAAJ&q=Hundici%C3%B3n+de+Yay&dq=Hundici%C3%B3n+de+Yay&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ5d2YtLLxAhUCSDABHeDNAOQQ6AEwBXoECAQQAg>
Venezuela en la magia, el mito y la leyenda (in Spanish). Editorial Guaraira
Repano. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-07-8548-5>
978-980-07-8548-5.
194. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-196> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20100929053531/http:/www.cne.gov.ve/web/normativa_electoral/ley_organica_procesos_electorales/titulo2.php>
"Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales" (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional
Electoral. Archived from
<http://www.cne.gov.ve/web/normativa_electoral/ley_organica_procesos_electorales/titulo2.php>
the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
195. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-197> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20110510075036/http:/www.vtv.gov.ve/noticias-nacionales/37227>
"Dos mil 719 candidatos se disputarán los curules de la Asamblea Nacional" (in
Spanish). Venezolana de Televisión. 10 June 2010. Archived from
<http://www.vtv.gov.ve/noticias-nacionales/37227> the original on 10 May 2011.
Retrieved 4 April 2011.
196. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-TG_198-0> ^ Frankal,
Elliot (4 July 2005).
<http://politics.guardian.co.uk/apathy/story/0,,1521096,00.html> "Compulsory
voting around the world". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
197. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-199> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20100325094828/http:/www.elinformador.com.ve/noticias/venezuela/poder-judicial/luisa-estela-morales-afirma-division-poderes-debilita-estado/8397>
"Luisa Estela Morales afirma que la división de poderes debilita al Estado"
(in Spanish). El Informador. 5 December 2009. Archived from
<http://www.elinformador.com.ve/noticias/venezuela/poder-judicial/luisa-estela-morales-afirma-division-poderes-debilita-estado/8397>
the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
198. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Milne_200-0> ^ Milne,
Seumas.
<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/08/venezuela-protests-sign-us-wants-oil-says-nicolas-maduro>
"Venezuela protests are sign that US wants our oil, says Nicolás Maduro". The
Guardian. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
199. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-SVCOprotestINFO_201-0>
^
<http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/07/17/protestas-aumentan-278-en-primer-semestre-2014/>
"Protestas aumentan 278% en primer semestre 2014" (in Spanish). La Patilla. 17
July 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
200. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-202> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160321052435/http:/www.prensa.com/mundo/Nicolas-Maduro-Impedire-oposicion-llegue_0_4408059274.html>
"Nicolás Maduro: 'Impediré por las buenas o por las malas que la oposición
llegue al poder'". La Prensa (in Spanish). La Prensa. Archived from
<http://www.prensa.com/mundo/Nicolas-Maduro-Impedire-oposicion-llegue_0_4408059274.html>
the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 14 May2016.
201. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-prodavinci.com_203-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-prodavinci.com_203-1> b
<http://prodavinci.com/blogs/puede-la-asamblea-nacional-designar-magistrados-del-tsj-por-jose-ignacio-hernandez-g/>
"La designación de magistrados del TSJ por la AN. ¿Fraude Constitucional?".
ProDavinci. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
202. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-larazon.net_204-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-larazon.net_204-1> b
<http://www.larazon.net/2015/12/22/alberto-arteaga-sanchez-designaciones-de-magistrados-son-un-fraude-a-la-constitucion/>
"Designaciones de magistrados son un fraude a la Constitución". La razón (in
Spanish).
203. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-el-nacional.com_205-0> Jump
up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-el-nacional.com_205-1> b
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160508161057/http:/www.el-nacional.com/politica/Designacion-magistrados-obvio-fasede-impugnacion_0_766123536.html>
"Designación de magistrados obvió fase de impugnación". El Nacional (in
Spanish). Archived from
<http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Designacion-magistrados-obvio-fasede-impugnacion_0_766123536.html>
the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
204. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-bbc.com_206-0> Jump
up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-bbc.com_206-1> b
<http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/12/151222_venezuela_tsj_magistrados_dp>
"Por qué importan tanto los magistrados que designó el chavismo en Venezuela".
BBC (in Spanish).
205. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ntn24web.com_207-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ntn24web.com_207-1> b
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160616182412/http:/ntn24web.com/video/paso-a-vzla-chavismo-designo-nuevos-magistrados-83200>
"Designación de magistrados del TSJ en Vzla es un "flagrante fraude" a la
Constitución". NTN24 (in Spanish). Archived from
<http://ntn24web.com/video/paso-a-vzla-chavismo-designo-nuevos-magistrados-83200>
the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
206. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:0_208-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:0_208-1> b
Lansberg-Rodriguez, Daniel (2 April 2017).
<https://www.ft.com/content/e619b1f6-2805-11e7-bc4b-5528796fe35c> "Venezuela's
broken system". The Financial Times. p. 11. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
207. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-209> ^
<http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2015/12/31/5685209422601d9c788b4641.html>
"El Supremo suspende la proclamación de tres diputados opositores y uno
chavista". elmundo.es (in Spanish). Unidad Editorial.
208. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-210> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160409201537/http:/elestimulo.com/blog/maduro-sobre-amnistia-tenemos-que-garantizar-que-esta-ley-sea-detenida/>
"Maduro pide al TSJ declarar "inconstitucional" la Ley de Amnistía". El
Estímulo (in Spanish). Archived from
<http://elestimulo.com/blog/maduro-sobre-amnistia-tenemos-que-garantizar-que-esta-ley-sea-detenida/>
the originalon 9 April 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
209. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-211> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160610160317/http:/www.el-nacional.com/politica/Decreto-emergencia-economica-puede-pasar_0_793720683.html>
"Decreto de emergencia económica no puede pasar del 12 de mayo". El Nacional
(in Spanish). Archived from
<http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Decreto-emergencia-economica-puede-pasar_0_793720683.html>
the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
210. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-212> ^
<http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/05/160513_venezuela_maduro_emergencia_economica_ps>
"Nicolás Maduro decreta un nuevo Estado de Excepción y de Emergencia Económica
en Venezuela". BBC. p. Spanish. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
211. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-213> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160605124340/http:/enpaiszeta.com/marquina-prorroga-del-decreto-emergencia-economica-es-inconstitucional/>
"Prorroga del Decreto Emergencia Económica es inconstitucional". El Nuevo País
(in Spanish). Archived from
<http://enpaiszeta.com/marquina-prorroga-del-decreto-emergencia-economica-es-inconstitucional/>
the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
212. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-214> ^
<http://runrun.es/opinion/261798/la-ruptura-democratica-de-venezuela-por-asdrubal-aguiar.html>
"La ruptura democrática de Venezuela". RunRunes (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May
2016.
213. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-215> ^
<http://okdiario.com/espana/la-dictadura-venezolana-invito-al-podemita-que-ira-a-la-carcel-por-pegar-a-un-socialista-98237>
"La dictadura venezolana invitó al podemita que irá a la cárcel por pegar a un
socialista". OK Diario (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May2016.
214. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-216> ^
<http://eju.tv/2016/04/la-dictadura-venezolana-reafirma-naturaleza/> "La
dictadura venezolana reafirma su naturaleza". Eju.tv (in Spanish). Retrieved 15
May 2016.
215. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-217> ^
<http://www.venezuelaaldia.com/2016/05/expresidentes-denuncian-ruptura-del-orden-constitucional-y-democratico-en-venezuela/>
"Expresidentes denuncian ruptura del orden constitucional y democrático en
Venezuela". Venezuela al día (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May 2016.
216. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-218> ^
<http://www.elpais.cr/2016/05/10/opositores-denuncian-ruptura-del-orden-constitucional-en-venezuela/>
"Opositores denuncian "ruptura del orden constitucional" en Venezuela". El
País (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May 2016.
217. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-219> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160530153407/http:/www.elsalvador.com/articulo/internacional/venezuela-una-dictadura-que-respeta-division-poderes-110967>
"Venezuela es una dictadura que no representa la división de poderes". El
Salvador (in Spanish). Archived from
<http://www.elsalvador.com/articulo/internacional/venezuela-una-dictadura-que-respeta-division-poderes-110967>
the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
218. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-220> ^
<http://www.laprensa.com.ni/2016/04/28/internacionales/2026877-jefe-de-la-oea-estudia-invocar-carta-democratica-por-venezuela>
"Jefe de la OEA estudia invocar Carta Democrática por Venezuela". La Prensa
(in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May 2016.
219. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-221> ^
<https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-39449494> "Venezuela 'coup':
Alarm grows as court takes power". BBC News. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March
2017.
220. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-222> ^
<https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-39468045> "Venezuela: Supreme
court backtracks on powers bid". BBC News. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
221. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-223> ^
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-venezuela-idUSKBN0M51NS20150309> "U.S.
declares Venezuela a national security threat, sanctions top officials".
Reuters. 9 March 2015.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150415154549/http:/www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-usa-venezuela-idUSKBN0M51NS20150309>
Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
222. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-224> ^
<http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2377482&CategoryId=10717> "Latin
American Herald Tribune – US Announces New Executive Order Sanctions on
Venezuela – Declares "National Emergency"". Retrieved 26 April 2015.
223. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-225> ^
<http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article13087994.html>
"Amid deteriorating relations, Washington turns screws on Venezuela".
miamiherald. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
224. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-226> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150529114639/http:/morningstaronline.co.uk/a-2639-Investing-today-in-an-equitable-future>
"Investing Today In An Equitable Future".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningstaronline.co.uk>
morningstaronline.co.uk. 28 May 2015. Archived from
<http://morningstaronline.co.uk/a-2639-Investing-today-in-an-equitable-future>
the originalon 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
225. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-227> ^
<https://books.google.com/books?id=ascdAQAAMAAJ&q=%22championed%20the%20OAS%20decision%22>
Political Risk Yearbook: South America. Frost & Sullivan. 1999. p. 34.
Venezuela worked closely with its neighbors following the 1997 Summit of the
Americas in many areas—particularly energy integration—and championed the OAS
decision to adopt an Anti-Corruption Convention.
226. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-228> ^
<https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39726605> "Venezuela to withdraw
from OAS as deadly protests continue". BBC News. 2 April 2017. Retrieved 27
April 2017.
227. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-229> ^
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuela-protesters-hit-by-tear-gas-vow-to-keep-pressure-on-government/2017/04/26/c6fbdcaa-29ee-11e7-9081-f5405f56d3e4_story.html>
"Venezuela says it will quit Organization of American States". Washington
Post. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
228. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-230> ^ Overland, Indra;
Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten
(2019). <https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.esr.2019.100406> "The GeGaLo index:
Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition". Energy Strategy
Reviews. 26: 100406. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.esr.2019.100406> 10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406.
229. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-231> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20141216122638/http:/observatoriodeviolencia.org.ve/ws/>
"Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia". Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia.
Archived from <http://observatoriodeviolencia.org.ve/ws/> the original on 16
December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
230. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FUSIONmr_232-0> ^
Rueda, Manuel (8 January 2014).
<http://fusion.net/story/4593/how-did-venezuela-become-so-violent/> "How Did
Venezuela Become So Violent?n". Fusion TV. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
231. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UNODC2011_233-0> Jump
up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UNODC2011_233-1> b
<http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_homicide_2011_web.pdf>
"GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2011" (PDF). UNODC. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
232. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UNODC2014_234-0> Jump
up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UNODC2014_234-1> b
<http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf>
"GLOBAL STUDY ON HOMICIDE 2014" (PDF). UNODC. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
233. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-AFP2012_235-0> ^
<https://news.yahoo.com/global-homicide-rates-drop-nearly-500-000-murdered-143539493.html>
"Global homicide rates drop, but nearly 500,000 murdered in 2012".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse> Agence France-Presse. 10
December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
234. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-236> ^
<http://www.oas.org/dsp/documentos/Publicaciones/Seg%20Publica-%20Venezuela%20y%20Bolivia.pdf>
"SeguridadPúblicayPrivada VenezuelayBolivia" (PDF). Oas.org. Retrieved 30
March 2015.
235. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-CICPC2009_237-0> ^
<http://issuu.com/lexys/docs/fact_sheet_paz_activa/1> "Venezuela: Gravísima
Crisis de Seguridad Pública by Lexys Rendon". ISSUU.com. Retrieved 30 March
2015.
236. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-238> ^
<http://www.eluniversal.com/sucesos/120104/segun-el-cicpc-el-2011-cerro-con-1150-secuestros-en-todo-el-pais>
"Según el Cicpc el 2011 cerró con 1.150 secuestros en todo el país – Sucesos".
Eluniversal.com. 4 January 2012.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20120108102223/http:/www.eluniversal.com/sucesos/120104/segun-el-cicpc-el-2011-cerro-con-1150-secuestros-en-todo-el-pais>
Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
237. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-239> ^ Castillo,
Mariano (9 January 2014).
<http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/09/world/americas/monica-spear-venezuela-beauty-queen-killed/>
"Beauty queen's killers nabbed, Venezuela says". CNN. Retrieved 10 January
2014.
238. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-240> ^ Gallegos, Raul
(10 January 2014).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-10/miss-venezuela-s-murder-is-the-price-of-politics.html>
"Miss Venezuela's Murder Is the Price of Politics".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 10
January 2014.
239. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-241> ^ Rueda, Manuel.
<http://fusion.net/leadership/story/venezuela-violent-iraq-365361> "How Did
Venezuela Become So Violent?". Fusion. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
240. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-BBCVenezuela_242-0> ^
Davies, Wyre (20 February 2016).
<https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35622188> "Venezuela's decline
fuelled by plunging oil prices". BBC News, Latin America. Retrieved 20 February
2016.
241. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-243> ^ Romero, Simon
(22 August 2010).
<https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/world/americas/23venez.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>
"Venezuela, More Deadly Than Iraq, Wonders Why". New York Times. Retrieved 10
January 2014.
242. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-244> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140111012601/http:/travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1059.html>
"Venezuela Country Specific Information". United States Department of State.
Archived from <https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1059.html>
the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
243. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-245> ^
<http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN14277528> "Crime threatens Chavez vote in
Venezuela slums | Reuters". Uk.reuters.com. 14 November 2008. Retrieved 25
April 2010.
244. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-246> ^
<http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/07/13/14-killed-in-caracas-anti-crime-operation>
"14 Killed in Caracas anti-crime operation". Fox News. 13 July 2015.
245. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Finnegan_247-0> Jump
up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Finnegan_247-1> b
Finnegan, William (1 November 2016).
<http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/11/14/venezuela-a-failing-state>
"Venezuela, A Failing State". The New Yorker. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
246. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-248> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150703175448/http:/travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country/venezuela.html>
"Venezuela". United States Department of State. Archived from
<https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country/venezuela.html> the
original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
247. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-249> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140130073159/http:/travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/alertswarnings/venezuela-travel-warning.html>
"Venezuela Travel Warning". United States Department of State. Archived from
<https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/alertswarnings/venezuela-travel-warning.html>
the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
248. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-250> ^
<http://travel.gc.ca/destinations/venezuela> "Venezuela". Government of Canada.
Retrieved 9 February2014.
249. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-251> ^
<https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/23/fco-travel-advice-map>
"FCO travel advice mapped: the world according to Britain's diplomats". The
Guardian.
250. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-252> ^
<https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/venezuelan-soap-star-monica-spear-slain-ex-husband-n5231>
"Venezuelan Soap Star Monica Spear Slain with Ex-Husband". NBC News. 8 January
2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
251. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-253> ^ Cawthorne,
Andrew (7 February 2014).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-shooting-tourist-idUSBREA1621020140207>
"German tourist, 76, shot dead on Venezuelan island". Reuters.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140214044010/http:/www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/07/us-venezuela-shooting-tourist-idUSBREA1621020140207>
Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
252. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-254> ^
<http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/americas/venezuela-prison-violence/index.html>
"20 killed in Venezuelan prison violence". CNN.com. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
253. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-255> ^ Silverstein, Amy
(20 August 2012).
<http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/venezuela/120820/venezuela-prison-riot-kills-20>
"Venezuela prison riot kills 20". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Post>
Global Post. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
254. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-256> ^
<https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/venezuela> "World
Report 2017: Rights Trends in Venezuela". Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017.
Retrieved 4 April 2021.
255. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-257> ^
<https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex12>
"Democracy Index 2012". www.eiu.com <http://www.eiu.com> . Retrieved 4 April
2021.
256. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-258> ^
<http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWkRKbU1HWmxNVEUwTW1FdyIsInQiOiJPdlltVFV0blFRQzZNVERCZHhVeitZRElmUGplOHh3NWs1d2wzVzdRS1JvNU1kVmUxQVRESU9LbEVSOVwvR1F4aG1PV1NlS0ZZcng4NzBcLzVNZ09JOUxiZU5TTEVPekVHayttOTRqQkQ5TkNzWGN08RlowQTZ0UzlUK0pDdm9PVGlcLyJ9>
Democracy Index 2017
257. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-259> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFMcBeth2002> McBeth 2002, p. 17.
"From 1917, greater awareness of the country's oil potential had the pernicious
effect of increasing the corruption and intrigue amongst Gomez's family and
entourage, the consequences of which would be felt up to 1935."
258. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-260> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFCoronil1988> Coronil 1988, p.
353. "The perception of petroleum as the cause of Venezuela's corruption had
become widespread during this period."
259. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-261> ^
<http://english.eluniversal.com/2011/01/21/en_ing_esp_the-truth-of-pdval_21A5015053.shtml>
The truth of Pdval
<https://web.archive.org/web/20130514111928/http:/english.eluniversal.com/2011/01/21/en_ing_esp_the-truth-of-pdval_21A5015053.shtml>
Archived 14 May 2013 at the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine>
Wayback Machine, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)> El
Universal, 21 January 2011.
260. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-262> ^ e.V.,
Transparency International. <https://www.transparency.org/country/VEN>
"Transparency International – Venezuela". www.transparency.org
<http://www.transparency.org> .
261. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-263> ^
<http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#/index/VEN> "WJP Rule of Law Index™
2014". Retrieved 26 April 2015.
262. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-264> ^ United Nations,
<http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2010/AllSeizures.pdf>
World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures
263. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-265> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140208064520/http:/latino.foxnews.com/latino/opinion/2014/02/07/venezuela-where-mafia-and-military-come-together/>
"Venezuela: Where The Mafia And The Military Come Together". Fox News. 7
February 2014. Archived from
<http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/opinion/2014/02/07/venezuela-where-mafia-and-military-come-together/>
the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
264. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-266> ^ Based on the
result of the 2011 Census according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadisca
265. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-267> ^
<http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/important-facts-related-to-the-economy-of-venezuela.html>
The Economy Of Venezuela. World Atlas.
266. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-268> ^
<https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/socialism-blame-venezuelas-crisis-180530095418091.html>
"Is socialism to blame for Venezuela's never-ending crisis?". Al Jazeera.
267. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-269> ^
<https://www.foxnews.com/world/what-socialism-private-sector-still-dominates-venezuelan-economy-despite-chavez-crusade>
"What socialism? Private sector still dominates Venezuelan economy despite
Chavez crusade". Associated Press. 18 July 2010.
268. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-270> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20131021010511/http:/www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/10960388-venezuela-gold-returns-to-the-country-the-euphoria-in-the-streets>
"Venezuela: Gold Returns to the Country, The Euphoria in the Streets". 26
November 2011. Archived from
<http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/10960388-venezuela-gold-returns-to-the-country-the-euphoria-in-the-streets>
the original on 21 October 2013.
269. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-271> ^ Pons, Corina;
Corina, Nathan (9 August 2013).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-09/venezuela-ogles-chavez-s-hidden-billions-as-reserves-sink.html>
"Venezuela Ogles Chavez's Hidden Billions as Reserves Sink".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19
October 2013.
270. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-BCV2016_272-0> ^
<http://www.bcv.org.ve/Upload/Comunicados/aviso180216.pdf> "Resultados del
Índice Nacional de Precios Al Consumidor, Producto Interno Bruto y Balanza de
Pagos Cuarto Trimestre De 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). BCV. 18 February 2016.
Retrieved 19 March 2017.
271. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-273> ^ Corina Pons (20
January 2017).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-economy-idUSL1N1FA1JL> "UPDATE
1-Venezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 pct, GDP contracts nearly 19 pct". REUTERS.
Retrieved 14 May 2017.
272. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-274> ^ Pearson, Tamara
(9 January 2013). <http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/7598> Venezuelan
Government Meets with Private Industries to Combat Food Shortages.
Venezuelanalysis.com.
273.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaughan200532_275-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFMcCaughan2005> McCaughan
2005, p. 32.
274.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellyPalma2006207_276-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFKellyPalma2006> Kelly &
Palma 2006, p. 207.
275. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-277> ^
<https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf> "The Millennium
Development Goals Report 2011".
<https://web.archive.org/web/20130309160853/http:/www.un.org/millenniumgoals/11_MDG%20Report_EN.pdf>
Archived9 March 2013 at the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine>
Wayback Machine United Nations. 2011. Web. 2 April 2012.
276. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-CSM25march_278-0> ^
Gallagher, J. J. (25 March 2015).
<http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2015/0325/Venezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government>
"Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor> The Christian
Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
277. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FPdontblame_279-0> ^
Corrales, Javier (7 May 2015).
<https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/>
"Don't Blame It On the Oil". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy>
Foreign Policy. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
278. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-280> ^
<https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/congratulates-venezuela-reducing-hunger-widespread-food-shortages/story?id=19421963>
"UN Congratulates Venezuela on Hunger". ABC News. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 18
July 2015.
279. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-281> ^
<http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/7598> "Venezuelan Government Meets with
Private Industries to Combat Food Shortages | venezuelanalysis.com".
venezuelanalysis.com. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
280. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:8_282-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:8_282-1> b Cawthorne,
Andrew (24 October 2014).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKCN0ID00A20141024>
"Venezuela seizes warehouses packed with medical goods, food". Reuters.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150702124615/http:/www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/24/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKCN0ID00A20141024>
Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
281. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-283> ^ Minaya,
Ezequiel; Vyas, Kejal (9 February 2013).
<https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323951904578292383059267360>
"Venezuela Slashes Currency Value". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 December
2013.
282. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-284> ^ Lopez, Virginia
(26 September 2013).
<https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2013/sep/26/venezuela-food-shortages-rich-country-cia>
"Venezuela food shortages: 'No one can explain why a rich country has no
food'". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
283. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-285> ^
<https://news.yahoo.com/venezuela-nationalize-food-distribution-191734377.html>
"Venezuela to nationalize food distribution". Retrieved 6 May2015.
284. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-286> ^
<http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/21/world/americas/venezuela-toilet-paper/> "Facing
shortages, Venezuela takes over toilet paper factory". CNN. 21 September 2013.
Retrieved 14 December 2013.
285. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-287> ^ Bases, Daniel
(14 December 2013).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-downgrade-standardandpoors-idUSL2N0ET0Z120130617>
"UPDATE 2-S&P cuts Venezuela debt rating to B-minus". Reuters.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031258/http:/www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/17/venezuela-downgrade-standardandpoors-idUSL2N0ET0Z120130617>
Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
286. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-288> ^
<https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/20/venezuela-2016-inflation-hits-800-percent-gdp-shrinks-19-percent-document.html>
"enezuela 2016 inflation hits 800 percent, GDP shrinks 19 percent". Retrieved
7 May 2017.
287. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-289> ^ Rosati, Andrew
(11 January 2017).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-11/goodbye-recession-hello-depression-venezuela-gdp-takes-10-hit>
"Venezuela's Awful Economy Got Even Worse in 2016".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News> Bloomberg News. Retrieved 10
January2019.
288. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-290> ^ Bartenstein,
Ben; et al. (1 November 2017).
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-14/venezuela-s-bondholder-meeting-is-a-bust-as-s-p-declares-default>
"Venezuela's Bondholder Meeting Is a Bust as S&P Declares Default".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg.com> Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 15
November 2017.
289. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-291> ^
<http://countryeconomy.com/ratings/venezuela> "Rating: Venezuela Credit
Rating". Retrieved 14 December 2013.
290. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-292> ^
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy/imf-projects-venezuela-inflation-will-hit-1000000-percent-in-2018-idUSKBN1KD2L9>
"IMF projects Venezuela inflation will hit 1,000,000 percent in 2018".
Reuters. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
291. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-293> ^ Brushaber,
Susan; Greenberg, Arnold (October 1997).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=F7iKEMRJKxcC&q=los+roques+tourism&pg=PT73>
Venezuela Alive. Hunter Publishing, Inc.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55650-800-4>
978-1-55650-800-4.
292. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-294> ^ Mann, Mark (18
March 2014).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=lTIiAwAAQBAJ&q=canaima+tourism&pg=PA162> The
Community Tourism Guide: Exciting Holidays for Responsible Travellers.
Routledge. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-85466-1>
978-1-317-85466-1.
293. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-295> ^ Dagert, Domingo
Alberto Medina (1993).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=KZw3xycJZUYC&q=merida+state+tourism>
Community Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Tourism: "Los Aleros" Merida,
Venezuela. Michigan State University. Department of Park and Recreation
Resources.
294. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-economist.com_296-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-economist.com_296-1> b
<https://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2013/02/venezuela%E2%80%99s-currency>
"Venezuela's currency: The not-so-strong bolívar".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist> The Economist. 11 February 2013.
Retrieved 18 February 2013.
295. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-qz.com_297-0> ^
<http://qz.com/192395/venezuelas-black-market-rate-for-us-dollars-just-jumped-by-almost-40/#/h/56869,3/>
"Venezuela's black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%".
Quartz. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
296. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-WSJseptDOWNGRADE_298-0>
^ Dulaney, Chelsey; Vyas, Kejal (16 September 2014).
<https://online.wsj.com/articles/s-p-downgrades-venezuela-on-worsening-economy-1410907125>
"S&P Downgrades Venezuela on Worsening Economy Rising Inflation, Economic
Pressures Prompt Rating Cut". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 September
2014.
297. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ACN_299-0> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140826135417/http:/acn.com.ve/la-escasez-tambien-frena-tratamientos-contra-cancer/>
"La escasez también frena tratamientos contra cáncer" (in Spanish). Venezuela.
Archived from
<http://acn.com.ve/la-escasez-tambien-frena-tratamientos-contra-cancer/> the
original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
298. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-El_Nuevo_Herald_300-0>
^
<https://archive.today/20140825225030/http:/www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/03/19/1705888/venezuela-sufre-escasez-de-protesis.html>
"Venezuela sufre escasez de prótesis mamarias" (in Spanish).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Nuevo_Herald> El Nuevo Herald. Archived from
<http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/03/19/1705888/venezuela-sufre-escasez-de-protesis.html>
the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
299. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:7_301-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:7_301-1> b
<https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30710014> "Why are Venezuelans posting
pictures of empty shelves?". BBC. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
300. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-REUTjan2015_302-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-REUTjan2015_302-1> b
Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015).
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-shortages-idUSKBN0KU1BX20150121>
"In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters> Reuters.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20151115012641/http:/www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/21/us-venezuela-shortages-idUSKBN0KU1BX20150121>
Archivedfrom the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
301. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-303> ^
<https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/22/475250605/venezuela-announces-daily-4-hour-power-cuts-amid-drought>
Venezuela Announces Daily 4-Hour Power Cuts Amid Drought : The Two-Way. NPR
(22 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
302. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-304> ^
<https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/27/475859770/venezuela-cuts-public-employees-work-week-to-2-days-to-save-energy>
Venezuela Cuts Public Employees' Workweek To 2 Days To Save Energy : The
Two-Way. NPR (27 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 June 2016.
303. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-UPIfeb17_305-0> ^
Pestano, Andrew V. (19 February 2017).
<http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/02/19/Venezuela-75-of-population-lost-19-pounds-amid-crisis/2441487523377/>
"Venezuela: 75% of population lost 19 pounds amid crisis".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI> UPI. Retrieved 21 February2017.
304. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-306> ^ MacDonald,
Elizabeth (26 May 2016).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20160707182016/http:/www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2016/05/26/exclusive-harrowing-video-shows-starving-venezuelans-eating-garbage-looting.html>
"Exclusive: Harrowing Video Shows Starving Venezuelans Eating Garbage,
Looting". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Business> Fox Business. Archived
from
<http://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2016/05/26/exclusive-harrowing-video-shows-starving-venezuelans-eating-garbage-looting.html>
the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
305. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-307> ^ Sanchez, Fabiola
(8 June 2016).
<http://bigstory.ap.org/article/5ee6b03daee141c3b89d419ecadcc7fa/venezuelans-pick-through-trash-food-eat-or-sell>
"As hunger mounts, Venezuelans turn to trash for food".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press> Associated Press. Retrieved 12
July 2016.
306. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-308> ^
<http://www.cbc.ca/news/multimedia/mangoes-fill-the-gaps-in-venezuela-s-food-crisis-1.3620964>
"Mangoes fill the gaps in Venezuela's food crisis".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation> Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
307. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-309> ^ Gramer, Robbie
(3 March 2017).
<https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/03/dire-measures-to-combat-hunger-in-venezuela-economic-crisis-political-maduro-food-shortages-priest-label-trash/>
"Dire Measures to Combat Hunger in Venezuela".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy> Foreign Policy. Retrieved 4
March 2017.
308. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-EImar17_310-0> ^
Suarez, Roberth (22 March 2017).
<http://www.elimpulso.com/noticias/regionales/fotos-escasez-gasolina-se-agudiza-barquisimeto>
"FOTOS: Escasez de gasolina se agudiza en Barquisimeto".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Impulso_(Venezuela)> El Impulso (in Spanish).
Retrieved 23 March 2017.
309. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-311> ^
<https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=9651> "Political risks focus
attention on supply of Venezuelan oil to the United States". U.S. Energy
Information Administration. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
310. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-312> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20101215105626/http:/eia.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=VE>
"Venezuela Energy Profile". Archived from the original on 15 December 2010.
Retrieved 15 December 2010.,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration> Energy
Information Administration. Last Update: 30 June 2010.
311. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-313> ^
<http://www.marketwatch.com/story/venezuela-oil-reserves-topped-saudis-in-2010opec-2011-07-18>
Venezuela oil reserves topped Saudis in 2010:OPEC. Market Watch. 18 July 2011
312. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-bbc_314-0> ^
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4692534.stm> "Venezuela: Energy overview".
BBC. 16 February 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
313. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-wec_315-0> ^ Bauquis,
Pierre-René (16 February 2006).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20070402100135/http:/www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/3_1_04.asp>
"What the future for extra heavy oil and bitumen: the Orinoco case". World
Energy Council. Archived from
<http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/3_1_04.asp>
the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
314.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYergin1991233%E2%80%93236,_432_316-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFYergin1991> Yergin 1991,
pp. 233–236, 432.
315.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYergin1991510%E2%80%93513_317-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFYergin1991> Yergin 1991,
pp. 510–513.
316.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYergin1991767_318-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFYergin1991> Yergin 1991, p.
767.
317.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaughan2005128_319-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFMcCaughan2005> McCaughan
2005, p. 128.
318. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-320> ^ López Maya,
Margarita (2004).
<http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1012-25082004000200006&lng=es&nrm=iso>
"Venezuela 2001–2004: actores y estrategias". Cuadernos del Cendes. 21 (56):
109–132. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)> ISSN
<https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1012-2508> 1012-2508.
319. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-321> ^ Han Shih, Toh
(11 April 2013).
<http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1211846/china-railway-groups-project-venezuela-hits-snag>
"China Railway Group's project in Venezuela hits snag". South China Morning
Post. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
320. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-322> ^
<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2085rank.html?countryName=Venezuela&countryCode=ve&reagionCode=soa&rank=45#ve>
Country Comparison :: Roadways. The World Factbook. cia.gov
321. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-323> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20070318000929/http:/earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf>
"Coastal and Marine Ecosystems—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country Profiles.
World Resources Institute. 2003. Archived from
<http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf> the
original (PDF) on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
322. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-324> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20110929230946/http:/www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&cuadro=cuadro229>
"Cuadro Magnitud y Estructura Demográfica". Ine.gob.ve. Archived from
<http://www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&cuadro=cuadro229>
the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
323. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ENHaug28_325-0> Jump
up to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ENHaug28_325-1> b
Maria Delgado, Antonio (28 August 2014).
<http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html>
"Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros". El Nuevo Herald.
Retrieved 28 August 2014.
324. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Elimpulso23AUG_326-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Elimpulso23AUG_326-1> b
<http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria>
"El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria". El
Impulso. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August2014.
325. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-327> ^
Benítez, Deivis (2011) [Updated 13 August 2012].
<https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234901/http:/www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428>
"Poblaciones Indígenas en aumento según censo poblacional 2011" (in Spanish).
PRENSA MINPPPI. Archived from
<http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428> the original on 16
January 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012, article text:
show
326. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-328> ^ Godinho, Neide
Maria de Oliveira (2008).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http:/bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf>
"O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações
latino-americanas" (PDF). Universidade de Brasília. Archived from
<http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873>
the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
327. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-329> ^
<http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm> "The Spanish of the
Canary Islands". personal.psu.edu.
328. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-330> ^ Erichsen,
Gerald.
<http://spanish.about.com/od/Country-Highlights/tp/Facts-About-Venezuela-for-Spanish-Students.htm>
"Facts About Venezuela for Spanish Students". About. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
329. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-331> ^
<http://www.grancanariainfo.co.uk/culture.asp> "Gran Canaria Culture".
GranCanariaInfo. Retrieved 30 June2015.
330. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-332> ^
<http://sazonlatinorestaurant.com/history> "History". Sazon Latino Restaurant.
Retrieved 30 June 2015.
331. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-333> ^ Calder, Simon
(31 October 2014).
<https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/secret-canaries-explore-these-warm-volcanic-islands-all-year-round-9831652.html>
"Secret Canaries: Explore these warm volcanic islands all year round". The
Independent. London. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
332. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-334> ^ Ross, Ben;
Calder, Simon (5 December 2009).
<https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/tale-of-two-travellers-the-two-sides-of-the-canaries-1834321.html>
"Tale of Two Travellers: The two sides of the Canaries". The Independent.
London. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
333. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Romero2010_335-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Romero2010_335-1> b Romero,
Simon (7 November 2010).
<https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html?_r=0> "In
Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June2015.
334. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Levinson1994_336-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Levinson1994_336-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Levinson1994_336-2> c
Levinson, David (1994).
<http://www.everyculture.com/South-America/Europeans-in-South-America.html>
"Europeans in South America". Every Culture. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
335. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-PadillaPeixoto2007_337-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-PadillaPeixoto2007_337-1> b
Padilla, Beatriz; Peixoto, Joāo (28 June 2007).
<http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/latin-american-immigration-southern-europe>
"Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe". Migration Policy. Retrieved
30 June 2015.
336. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Brooke1992_338-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Brooke1992_338-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Brooke1992_338-2> c Brooke,
James (17 February 1992).
<https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/17/world/latin-america-offers-new-world-to-east-europe-emigrants.html>
"Latin America Offers 'New World' to East Europe Emigrants". The New York
Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
337.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2008_339-0>
^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20090429171446/http:/www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=2114&subm=179&area=Investigate>
"World Refugee Survey 2008". U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19
June 2008. Archived from
<http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=2114&subm=179&area=Investigate> the
original on 29 April 2009.
338. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-340> ^
<http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/12.htm> Venezuela – Population. U.S.
Library of Congress.
339. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-341> ^
<http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=95&Itemid=9>
Censos de población y vivienda<https://web.archive.org/web/20170719020310/http:/www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=95&Itemid=9>
Archived 19 July 2017 at the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine>
Wayback Machine. INE (23 February 2012). Retrieved on 16 April 2012.
340. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Ethnologue_342-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Ethnologue_342-1> b
<https://www.ethnologue.com/country/VE> "Venezuela". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23
January 2017.
341. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-343> ^ Bernasconi,
Giulia (2012).
<https://www.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doajarticles::e2c6e2d8ae5915079007d321c21defb0>
"L'ITALIANO IN VENEZUELA". Italiano LinguaDue (in Italian). 3 (2): 20.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2037-3597%2F1921> 10.13130/2037-3597/1921.
Retrieved 22 January 2017. L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è
largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti
di italiano nel Paese
342. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-344> ^
<https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-venezuela.html>
"What Languages Are Spoken in Venezuela?". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
343. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-345> ^ Maddicks,
Russell (1 October 2012).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=3cU-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT61> Venezuela – Culture
Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857336610> 9781857336610.
344. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-346> ^ Ferreira,
Jo-Anne S. <https://www.academia.edu/7134415> "Patuá in Paria: The Status of
French-lexicon Creole in Venezuela (pre-published version)".
345. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7_347-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7_347-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFKhalifa2013> Khalifa 2013, 6-7.
346. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-348> ^
<https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/more-venezuelans-immigrate-lebanon-crisis-escalates-n783106>
More Venezuelans Immigrate to Lebanon As Crisis Escalates
347. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-349> ^
<http://www.al-amama.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1110> "Tariq
Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela"(in Arabic). Aamama.
2013.: Referring governor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami>
Tareck El Aissami.
348. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Hurricane_350-0> ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Halvorssen_Mendoza> Thor Halvorssen Mendoza
(8 August 2005).
<http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/903jhsjt.asp?pg=1>
"Hurricane Hugo". <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard> The
Weekly Standard. 10 (44). Retrieved 20 November 2010.
349. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-SRI_351-0> ^
<http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/venezuela.htm> Annual Report 2004:
Venezuela.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20061023195546/http:/www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/venezuela.htm>
Archived 23 October 2006 at the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine> Wayback Machine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute> Stephen Roth Institute.
Accessed 11 August 2006.
350. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-352> ^ Berrios, Jerry.
<https://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=11060> S. Fla. Venezuelans:
Chavez incites anti-Semitism.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053937/http:/pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=11060>
Archived 6 March 2008 at the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine>
Wayback MachineMiami Herald, 10 August 2006.
351. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-353> ^
<http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/4925_13.htm> Report: Anti-Semitism on
Rise in Venezuela; Chavez Government 'Fosters Hate' Toward Jews and Israel.
Press release, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League>
Anti-Defamation League, 6 November 2006. Accessed 3 April 2008.
352. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-354> ^
<http://www.adl.org/main_International_Affairs/venezuela_anti_semitism_report.htm>
The Chavez Regime: Fostering Anti-Semitism and Supporting Radical Islam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League> Anti-Defamation League,
6 November 2006. Accessed 3 April 2008.
353. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-TOERaid_355-0> ^ Rueda,
Jorge (4 December 2007).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150408072903/http:/legacy.utsandiego.com/news/world/20071204-1410-venezuela-raid.html>
"Jewish leaders condemn police raid on community center in Venezuela".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-T_San_Diego> U-T San Diego. Archived from
<http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/world/20071204-1410-venezuela-raid.html> the
original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
354. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-AJjan2015_356-0> ^
<http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/02/adl-denounces-anti-semitic-graffiti-sprayed-on-synagogue-in-venezuela/>
"ADL Denounces Anti-Semitic Graffiti Sprayed on Synagogue in Venezuela".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeiner_Journal> Algemeiner Journal. 2
January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
355. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-boletinepid07-16_357-0> Jump
up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-boletinepid07-16_357-1> b
<https://web.archive.org/web/20161126222856/http:/www.mpps.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=941>
"Boletín Epidemiológico: Semana Epidemiológica" (in Spanish). Ministerio del
Poder Popular para la Salud. 2007–2016. Archived from
<http://www.mpps.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=941> the
original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
356.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Venezuela_Information_Office_358-0>
^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20080614053914/http:/www.rethinkvenezuela.com/downloads/Healthcare%20for%20All.htm>
"Health Care for All: Venezuela's Health Missions at Work". Venezuela
Information Office. 2007. Archived from
<http://www.rethinkvenezuela.com/downloads/Healthcare%20for%20All.htm> the
original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
357. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-359> ^ Castro, Arachu
(2008).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20090512013213/http:/www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1114>
"Barrio adentro a look at the origins of a social mission". David Rockefeller
Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University. Archived from
<http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1114> the original on 12
May 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
358. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-MBAeu_360-0> ^
<http://www.eluniversal.com/caracas/140506/cabildo-metropolitano-evaluara-funcionamiento-de-barrio-adentro>
"Cabildo Metropolitano evaluará funcionamiento de Barrio Adentro". El
Universal. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
359. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-361> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150918162858/http:/www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/144581/siete-medicos-cubanos-demandan-a-cuba-y-venezuela-por-esclavitud-moderna/>
"Siete médicos cubanos demandan a Cuba y Venezuela por "esclavitud moderna"".
Archived from
<http://www.noticias24.com/actualidad/noticia/144581/siete-medicos-cubanos-demandan-a-cuba-y-venezuela-por-esclavitud-moderna/>
the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
360. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ABCnov2014_362-0> ^
Vinogradoff, Ludmila (13 November 2014).
<http://www.abc.es/internacional/20141112/abci-medicos-cubanos-desertores-en-masa-venezuela-201411111936.html>
"16 November 2014". ABC (Spanish). Retrieved 16 November 2014.
361. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-363> ^ Matheus,
Ricardo. <http://www.2001.com.ve/registro_noticias.asp?registro=81599&sw=1>
Abandonados 70% de módulos de BA
<https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004706/http:/www.2001.com.ve/registro_noticias.asp?registro=81599&sw=1>
Archived 27 September 2007 at the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine> Wayback Machine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_2001> Diario 2001(29 July 2007).
362. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-LPdec2014_364-0> ^
<http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/12/08/el-80-de-los-modulos-de-barrio-adentro-del-pais-esta-cerrado/>
"El 80% de los módulos de Barrio Adentro del país está cerrado". La Patilla. 8
December 2014. Retrieved 8 December2014.
363. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-365> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20070318223523/http:/www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/ven-e.stm>
"Venezuela". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 21
September 2006.. FAO.org.
364. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-366> ^
<http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/venezuela_statistics.html> Venezuela.
Unicef.org.
365. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-guardian1_367-0> ^
<https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/oct/25/venezuela.essentialinfo>
Venezuela Guardian. 25 October 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
366.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECh%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas2004_368-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFCh%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas2004>
Chávez Frías 2004.
367. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-369> ^ Dreier, Hannah
(24 March 2015).
<http://bigstory.ap.org/article/9b2d9fe90c114e7b9b9a93854e81532f/mastectomies-rise-venezuela-amid-economic-crisis>
"Mastectomies on the rise in Venezuela amid economic crisis".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press> Associated Press. Retrieved 24
March 2015.
368. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-unesco1988_370-0> ^
UNESCO (1988). <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000815/081521mb.pdf>
"Compendium of statistics on illiteracy" (PDF). Retrieved 10 June 2017.
369. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-unesco-uis_371-0> ^
<http://data.uis.unesco.org/> "UIS.Stat". UNESCO INSTITUTE FOR STATISTICS.
Retrieved 10 June 2017.
370. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-ortega_372-0> ^ Daniel,
Ortega; Rodríguez, Francisco (October 2008). "Freed from Illiteracy? A Closer
Look at Venezuela's Misión Robinson Literacy Campaign". Economic Development
and Cultural Change. 57 (1): 1–30.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1086%2F590461> 10.1086/590461.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)> S2CID
<https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143581685> 143581685.
371. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-373> ^
<http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact99/306.htm> Venezuela. Umsl.edu.
Retrieved on 20 April 2013.
372. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_374-0> Jump
up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_374-1> b
<https://web.archive.org/web/20100218153602/http:/hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_VEN.html>
"Human Development Report 2009 – Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)".
Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from
<http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_VEN.html> the
original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
373. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-375> ^ Goodman, Joshua
(31 January 2014).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20140209121314/https:/abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/venezuelas-best-brightest-camp-sidewalks-22308016>
"Venezuela's Best and Brightest Camp on Sidewalks". ABC News. Archived from
<https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/venezuelas-best-brightest-camp-sidewalks-22308016>
the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
374. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-376> ^ Arzt, E.;
Orjeda, G.; Nobre, C.; Castilla, J.C.; Barañao, L.; Ribeiro, S.; Bifano, C.;
Krieger, J.E.; Guerrero, P.C. (12 June 2014).
<http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.15377!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/510209a.pdf>
"Capacity building: Architects of South American science" (PDF). Nature. 510
(7504): 209–212. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1038%2F510209a> 10.1038/510209a.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)> PMID
<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24926500> 24926500. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
375. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-377> ^
<https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/07/17/desercion-escolar-se-ubica-en-58-en-todo-el-pais/>
"Deserción escolar se ubica en 58% en todo el país".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Patilla> La Patilla(in Spanish). 1 July 2018.
Retrieved 18 July 2018.
376. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:2_378-0> Jump up
to:a <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-:2_378-1> b
<http://contextodiario.com/venezuela/desercion-escolar-alcanza-el-58-en-todo-el-pais/>
"Deserción escolar alcanza el 58% en todo el país". Contexto Diario (in
Spanish). Retrieved 18 July 2018.
377. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENg200431_379-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFNg2004> Ng 2004, p. 31.
378. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAponte200845_380-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAponte200845_380-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFAponte2008> Aponte 2008, p. 45.
379. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610_381-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610_381-1>
b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarverFrederick200610_381-2>
c <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFTarverFrederick2006> Tarver
& Frederick 2006, p. 10.
380.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFichner-Ratus2012519_382-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFFichner-Ratus2012>
Fichner-Ratus 2012, p. 519.
381. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-383> ^ Silvera, Yohana
(10 June 2010).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150724162507/http:/www.talcualdigital.com/Nota/41697/Poesia-En-Objetos>
"Poesía en objetos" (in Spanish). TalCualDigital. Archived from
<https://www.talcualdigital.com/Nota/41697/Poesia-En-Objetos> the original on
24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
382. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-384> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150702042820/http:/www.latintrails.com/venezuela-info>
"Information". Latin Trails. Archived from
<http://www.latintrails.com/venezuela-info> the original on 2 July 2015.
Retrieved 1 July 2015.
383.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort%C3%A9s20132134_385-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFCort%C3%A9s2013> Cortés
2013, p. 2134.
384. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-386> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20151016050959/http:/www.turpialtravel.com/countries/key-facts-venezuela.html>
"Key Facts Venezuela". Turpial Travel & Adventure. Archived from
<http://www.turpialtravel.com/countries/key-facts-venezuela.html> the original
on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
385. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-387> ^
<http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entretenimiento/141208/rock-and-mau-sonara-bajo-las-nubes-de-calder>
"Rock and MAU sonará bajo las nubes de Calder". El Universal(in Spanish). 8
December 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
386. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-388> ^ Fernández B.,
María Gabriela (14 March 2015).
<http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entretenimiento/150314/el-jazz-es-el-lenguaje-universal-de-la-musica-popular>
"El jazz es el lenguaje universal de la música popular". El Universal.
Retrieved 13 July 2015.
387. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-389> ^ Olsen, Dale;
Sheehy, Daniel (2007). The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music. Routledge.
p. 32. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135900083> 9781135900083.
388. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-390> ^ Christie, Jan
Fairley; edited by Simon Frith, Stan Rijven, Ian (2014). Living politics,
making music : the writings of Jan Fairley. p. 113.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472412669> 9781472412669.
389.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010306_391-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFNicholsMorse2010> Nichols &
Morse 2010, p. 306.
390. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337_392-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWardrope200337_392-1>
b <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFWardrope2003> Wardrope 2003,
p. 37.
391.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJozsa_Jr.201312_393-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFJozsa_Jr.2013> Jozsa Jr.
2013, p. 12.
392. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson200618_394-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson200618_394-1> b
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFGibson2006> Gibson 2006, p. 18.
393.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholsMorse2010307_395-0>
^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFNicholsMorse2010> Nichols &
Morse 2010, p. 307.
394. ^
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454_396-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAalgaard200454_396-1>
b <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#CITEREFAalgaard2004> Aalgaard 2004,
p. 54.
395. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-397> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20081205191359/http:/www.conmebol.com/articulos_ver.jsp?id=61730&slangab=E>
"Copa America: a new cycle begins and the revolving calendar remains".
CONMEBOL. 21 December 2007. Archived from
<http://www.conmebol.com/articulos_ver.jsp?id=61730&slangab=E> the original on
5 December 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
396. ^ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Strickland2015_398-0>
Jump up to:a
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-Strickland2015_398-1> b
Strickland, Jamie (12 April 2015).
<https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/formula1/32275593> "Pastor Maldonado: Does
'Crashtor' deserve his bad reputation?". BBC. Retrieved 6 July2015.
397. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-399> ^ Montiel,
Santiago.
<https://web.archive.org/web/20150706181313/http:/spartannewsroom.com/changeup/article/blog/formula-1-needs-more-attention-united-states>
"Formula 1 needs more attention in the United States". Spartan Newsroon.
Archived from
<http://spartannewsroom.com/changeup/article/blog/formula-1-needs-more-attention-united-states>
the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
398. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela#cite_ref-400> ^
<https://web.archive.org/web/20120807221821/http:/www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/fencing/fencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html>
"Fencer Ruben Limardo returns to hero's welcome in Venezuela". NBC Olympics. 7
August 2012. Archived from
<http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/fencing/fencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html>
the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Bibliography[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=48>
edit]
Articles
* Cannon, Barry (21 June 2004).
<https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5e153b1e3aff45f356ebd9818a4f7fd849b4a3ec>
"Venezuela, April 2002: Coup or Popular Rebellion? The Myth of a United
Venezuela".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_Latin_American_Research> Bulletin of
Latin American Research. 23 (3): 285–302.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)> doi:
<https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0261-3050.2004.00109.x>
10.1111/j.0261-3050.2004.00109.x.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)> S2CID
<https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56445250> 56445250.
Books
* Aalgaard, Wendy (2004).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=jSlsKvev-QkC> Venezuela in Pictures. Lerner
Pub Group. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1172-4>
978-0-8225-1172-4.
* Aponte, Pedro Rafael (2008).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk8N_C1Gk48C> The Invention of the National
in Venezuelan Art Music, 1920–1960. University of Pittsburgh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-05320-3>
978-1-109-05320-3. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
* Chasteen, John Charles (2001).
<https://archive.org/details/borninbloodfirec00chas> Born in Blood and Fire: A
Concise History of Latin America. Norton.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05048-6>
978-0-393-05048-6.
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez> Chávez Frías, Hugo
Rafael (2004).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182837/http:/www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/misc-view/sharedfiles/Metas_Milenio.pdf>
Cumpliendo las metas del milenio(PDF) (in Spanish). CDBpublicaciones.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6456-12-9>
978-980-6456-12-9. Archived from
<http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/misc-view/sharedfiles/Metas_Milenio.pdf> the
original (PDF) on 11 May 2011.
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Coronil> Coronil, Fernando
(1988). <https://books.google.com/books?id=ecTWdRNSJCcC> The magical state:
nature, money, and modernity in Venezuela. University of Chicago Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11602-0>
978-0-226-11602-0.
* Cortés, Carlos E. (2013).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ> Multicultural America: A
Multimedia Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-1683-6>
978-1-4522-1683-6. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
* Crow, JA (1980).
<https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow> Epic of Latin America.
University of California Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04107-3>
978-0-520-04107-3.
* Dickey, John Marcus (1892).
<https://archive.org/details/christophercolum00dick> Christopher Columbus and
his monument Columbia: being a concordance of choice tributes to the great
Genoese, his grand discovery, and his greatness of mind and purpose. Rand,
McNally & Co. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4460-2044-9>
978-1-4460-2044-9. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
* Dydynski, Krzysztof; Beech, Charlotte (2004). Venezuela. Lonely
Planet Publications. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-197-2>
978-1-74104-197-2.
* Ewell, Judith (1984). Venezuela: A Century of Change. C. Hurst & Co.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-36-6>
978-0-905838-36-6.
* Fichner-Ratus, Lois (2012).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=oVAKAAAAQBAJ> Understanding Art (10th ed.).
Cengage Learning. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-83695-5>
978-1-111-83695-5.
* <https://books.google.com/books?id=hQWWBQAAQBAJ> Georgia Country
Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. Int'l Business
Publications, USA. 2013. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)>
ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-7443-5>
978-1-4387-7443-5.
* Gibson, Karen Bush (2006).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=WKl7nfQPb3wC> Venezuela: A Question and
Answer Book. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-6413-8>
978-0-7368-6413-8.
* Gott, Richard (2005).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=ft6AyMxG4JEC> Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian
Revolution. Verso. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-533-3>
978-1-84467-533-3.
* Gregory, Desmond (1992).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=V2hBAHD9BOUC> Brute New World: The
Rediscovery of Latin America in the Early 19th Century. British American Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-567-9>
978-1-85043-567-9. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
* Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). Financial Times World Desk
Reference. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley> Dorling
Kindersley. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7894-8805-3>
978-0-7894-8805-3.
* Jozsa Jr., Frank P. (2013).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=wULyAAAAQBAJ> Baseball beyond Borders: From
Distant Lands to the Major Leagues. Scarecrow Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9245-3>
978-0-8108-9245-3.
* Kelly, Janet; Palma, Perdo A. (2006).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=rtJVhJZF6WgC> "Chapter 10: The Syndrome of
Economic Decline and the Quest for Change". In McCoy, Jennifer L.; Myers, David
J. (eds.). The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press> Johns Hopkins
University Press. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8428-3>
978-0-8018-8428-3.
* Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology.
Springer. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3>
978-0-306-46158-3.
* López Maya, Margarita (2005). "Venezuela 2002–2003: Polarisation,
Confrontation, and Violence". In Goumbri, Olivia Burlingame (ed.). The
Venezuela Reader: The Building of a People's Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Epica
Task Force. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918346-35-3>
978-0-918346-35-3.
* Massabié, Germán (2008). Venezuela: A Petro-State Using Renewable
Energies. Springer. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-15994-2>
978-3-531-15994-2.
* McBeth, B. S. (2002).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU71u8ZKvnEC> Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil
Companies in Venezuela, 1908–1935.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press> Cambridge University
Press. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89218-6>
978-0-521-89218-6.
* McCaughan, Michael (2005).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=VdYHt8EBsJUC> The Battle of Venezuela. Seven
Stories Press. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-116-8>
978-1-60980-116-8.
* Ng, Yumi (2004).
<https://archive.org/details/welcometovenezue00ngyu> Welcome to Venezuela.
Gareth Stevens Publishing. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)>
ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3123-8>
978-0-8368-3123-8. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
* Nichols, Elizabeth Gackstetter; Morse, Kimberley J. (2010).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=Cq-5QRDNVDEC> Venezuela. ABC-CLIO.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-569-3>
978-1-59884-569-3.
* Salas, Miguel Tinker (2 August 2004). "Culture, Power, and Oil: The
Experience of Venezuelan Oil Camps and the Construction of Citizenship". In
Gilbert G. Gonzalez; Raul A. Fernandez; Vivian Price; David Smith; Linda Trinh
Võ (eds.). <https://books.google.com/books?id=6-1QnKS6xG4C> Labor Versus
Empire: Race, Gender, Migration. Routledge.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93528-3>
978-1-135-93528-3.
* Salas, Miguel Tinker (2015).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=FTFmBgAAQBAJ> Venezuela: What Everyone Needs
to KnowRG. Oxford University Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978328-1>
978-0-19-978328-1.
* Stoan, Stephen K. (1974).
<https://archive.org/details/pablomorilloand00stoagoog> Pablo Morillo and
Venezuela, 1815–1820. Ohio State University Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0219-7>
978-0-8142-0219-7.
* Tarver, H. Michael; Frederick, Julia C. (2006).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=krJxx5adqHoC> The History of Venezuela.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan> Palgrave Macmillan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6260-7>
978-1-4039-6260-7. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
* Thomas, Hugh (2005).
<https://archive.org/details/riversofgoldrise00thom> Rivers of Gold: The Rise
of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. Random House.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50204-0>
978-0-375-50204-0.
* Wardrope, William (2003).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=zlckFMNHGTUC> Venezuela. Gareth Stevens
Publishing. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-2369-1>
978-0-8368-2369-1.
* Warhol, Tom (2006). <https://books.google.com/books?id=oYUc7o43cuAC>
Tundra. Marshall Cavendish. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)>
ISBN <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2193-1>
978-0-7614-2193-1.
* Wunder, Sven (2003).
<https://books.google.com/books?id=n2nQ0A8BmCYC> Oil wealth and the fate of the
forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge> Routledge.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-98667-7>
978-0-203-98667-7.
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Yergin> Yergin, Daniel (1991).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prize:_The_Epic_Quest_for_Oil,_Money,_and_Power>
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. Simon and Schuster.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-1012-6>
978-1-4391-1012-6.
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria> Zakaria, Fareed
(1999). From Wealth to Power. Princeton University Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01035-9>
978-0-691-01035-9.
* Zamora, Margarita (1993).
<https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090548/http:/publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft009nb0cv&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2655&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol>
Reading Columbus. University of California Press.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08297-7>
978-0-520-08297-7. Archived from
<http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft009nb0cv&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2655&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol>
the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
Talks and interviews
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo_Lander> Lander, Edgardo
(April 2014).
<http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=832&Itemid=74&jumival=1168>
"The Modern History of Venezuela (9 parts)".
External links[
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit§ion=49>
edit]
Venezuelaat Wikipedia's
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects> sister
projects
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png>
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela> Definitions from
Wiktionary
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png>
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Media from Wikimedia Commons
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png>
<https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Venezuela> News from Wikinews
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png>
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Venezuela> Quotations from Wikiquote
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png>
<https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela> Texts from
Wikisource
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png>
<https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela> Textbooks from
Wikibooks
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png>
<https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Venezuela> Travel guide from Wikivoyage
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png>
<https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venezuela> Resources from
Wikiversity
* <http://gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/> Official Government Website (in
Spanish)
*
<https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055048/https:/www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-v/venezuela.html>
Chief of State and Cabinet Members
* <https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/>
Venezuela. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook> The World
Factbook. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency> Central
Intelligence Agency.
*
<https://web.archive.org/web/20080607090601/http:/ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/venezuela.htm>
Venezuela at UCB Libraries GovPubs
* <https://curlie.org/Regional/South_America/Venezuela/> Venezuela at
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlie> Curlie
* <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/vetoc.html> Venezuela from the Library
of Congress Country Studies (1990)
* <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1229345.stm>
Venezuela profile from the <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News> BBC News
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png>
Geographic data related to <https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/272644>
Venezuela at <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap> OpenStreetMap (in
Swedish)
*
<https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234858/http:/www.cartografareilpresente.org/rubrique109.html?lang=en>
Maps on Venezuela – Cartographic features
* <http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=VE> Key
Development Forecasts for Venezuela from
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Futures> International Futures
*
<https://web.archive.org/web/20131218043924/http:/www.immigrationtovenezuela.com.ve/index.php/2013-10-02-22-52-18/2013-10-02-22-58-18>
Venezuela and Tourism from immigrationtovenezuela.com.ve] (in Arabic)
*
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png>
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Venezuela> Wikimedia Atlas of
Venezuela
show
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Venezuela_topics> v
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuela_topics> t
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Venezuela_topics&action=edit>
e
Venezuela <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles>
articles
show
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela> v
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela>
t
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela&action=edit>
e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela>
Administrative divisions of Venezuela
show
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela> v
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela>
t
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela&action=edit>
e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site> World Heritage Sites in
Venezuela
show
Links to related articles
show
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control> Authority control
<https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q717#identifiers>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category> Categories:
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Venezuela> Venezuela
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_South_America>
Countries in South America
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Federal_constitutional_republics>
Federal constitutional republics
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_Spanish_colonies>
Former Spanish colonies
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:G15_nations> G15 nations
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_OPEC> Member
states of OPEC
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations>
Member states of the United Nations
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations>
Member states of the Union of South American Nations
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish-speaking_countries_and_territories>
Spanish-speaking countries and territories
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1811>
States and territories established in 1811
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transcontinental_countries>
Transcontinental countries
Navigation menu
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dolaro> Dolaro
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Notifications> Alerts (0)
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Notifications> Notices (0)
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dolaro> Talk
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Dolaro/sandbox&action=edit&redlink=1&preload=Template%3AUser+sandbox%2Fpreload>
Sandbox
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences> Preferences
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures>
Beta
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Watchlist> Watchlist
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dolaro> Contributions
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogout&returnto=Venezuela>
Log out
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Article
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Venezuela> Talk
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Read
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=edit> Edit
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=history>
View history
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=watch>
Watch
Search
[Search][Go]
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page> Main page
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents> Contents
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events> Current events
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random> Random article
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About> About Wikipedia
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us> Contact us
*
<https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en>
Donate
Contribute
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents> Help
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction> Learn to edit
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal> Community
portal
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges> Recent changes
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard> Upload
file
Tools
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Venezuela> What
links here
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Venezuela>
Related changes
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages> Special pages
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&oldid=1033834714>
Permanent link
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&action=info>
Page information
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Venezuela&id=1033834714&wpFormIdentifier=titleform>
Cite this page
* <https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q717> Wikidata item
Print/export
*
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Venezuela&action=show-download-screen>
Download as PDF
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&printable=yes>
Printable version
In other projects
* <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Venezuela> Wikimedia
Commons
* <https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Venezuela> Wikinews
* <https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Venezuela> Wikiquote
* <https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Venezuela> Wikivoyage
Languages
* <https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Deutsch
* <https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Español
* <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Français
*
<https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%84%A4%EC%88%98%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC>
한국어
* <https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Italiano
*
<https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0>
Русский
* <https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Tagalog
* <https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela> Tiếng Việt
* <https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89> 中文
238 more
<https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q717#sitelinks-wikipedia>
Edit links
* This page was last edited on 16 July 2021, at 00:34.
* Text is available under the
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License>
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the
<https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use> Terms of Use and
<https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy> Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the
<https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/> Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
* <https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy> Privacy policy
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About> About Wikipedia
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer>
Disclaimers
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us> Contact Wikipedia
*
<https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuela&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile>
Mobile view
* <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute>
Developers
* <https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org> Statistics
* <https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookie_statement> Cookie
statement
* <https://wikimediafoundation.org/>
--
H.L. Mencken “The more uncivilized the man, the surer H.L. Mencken “The more
uncivilized the man, the surer he is that he knows precisely what is right and
what is wrong. All human progress, even in morals, has been the work of men who
have doubted the current moral values, not of men who have whooped them up and
tried to enforce them. The truly civilized man is always skeptical and
tolerant, in this field as in all others. His culture is based on - I am not
too sure.” ― H. L. Menckenhe is that he knows precisely what is right and what
is wrong. All human progress, even in morals, has been the work of men who have
doubted the current moral values, not of men who have whooped them up and tried
to enforce them. The truly civilized man is always skeptical and tolerant, in
this field as in all others. His culture is based on - I am not too sure.” ― H.
L. Mencken
- Follow-Ups:
- [blind-democracy] Re: Venezuela
- From: Roger Loran Bailey
- [blind-democracy] Re: Venezuela
- References:
- [blind-democracy] Venezuela
- From: Roger Loran Bailey
- [blind-democracy] Venezuela
Other related posts:
- » [blind-democracy] Venezuela- Roger Loran Bailey
- » [blind-democracy] Re: Venezuela - Miriam Vieni
- » [blind-democracy] Re: Venezuela- Roger Loran Bailey
