An absolutely horrifying nominee. He was a disaster as the mayor of New York,
became acceptable only because of the 9/11 attacks which glorified all
politicians in power at the time, even W, and then he went downhill fast.
Miriam
________________________________
From: blind-democracy-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
[mailto:blind-democracy-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Richard Driscoll
Sent: Wednesday, November 16, 2016 4:32 PM
To: blind-democracy@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Subject: [blind-democracy] Rudolph Giuliana - State Department Nominee
All:
I do not know what the requirements are for the Secretary of State. The
following material is very interesting and quite long and detailed. It is
somewhere between 45 and 60 minutes long. I found it to be very interesting
and hope it proves to be so for others in our group. I decided to leave the
several photos in place I hope they do not prove to be problems for your
readers.
Richard
Rudy Giuliani
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rudy Giuliani
Rudy Giuliani by Gage
Skidmore.jpg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudy_Giuliani_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg>
107th <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_York_City> Mayor of
New York City <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City>
In office
January 1, 1994 – December 31, 2001
Preceded by David Dinkins <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dinkins>
Succeeded by Michael Bloomberg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg>
United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York>
In office
June 3, 1983 – January 1, 1989
Preceded by John Martin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Martin_Jr.>
Succeeded by Benito Romano <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Romano>
(Acting)
United States Associate Attorney General
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Associate_Attorney_General>
In office
January 1981 – June 1983
President Ronald Reagan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan>
Preceded by John H. Shenefield
Succeeded by Lowell Jensen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Lowell_Jensen>
Personal details
Born Rudolph William Louis Giuliani
May 28, 1944 (age 72)
New York City <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City> , New York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_%28state%29> , U.S.
Political party Democratic
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29> (before
1975)
Independent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician> (1975–1980)
Republican <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29>
(1980–present)
Spouse(s) Regina Peruggi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Peruggi>
(1968–1982)
Donna Hanover <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Hanover> (1984–2002)
Judith Nathan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Giuliani> (2003–present)
Children 2
Alma mater <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater> Manhattan College
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_College> (BA
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts> )
New York University <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University> (JD
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor> )
Signature
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudy_Giuliani_Signature.svg>
Giuliani closeup.jpg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuliani_closeup.jpg>
This article is part of a series
about
Rudy Giuliani
* Campaign for the Presidency (2008)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_presidential_campaign,_2008>
* U.S. Senate Campaign (2000)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York,_2000>
* Electoral history
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Rudy_Giuliani>
________________________________
Mayor of New York City
________________________________
* Mayoralty <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Rudy_Giuliani>
* Campaign for the Mayoralty (1993)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_election,_1993>
* Crime Control
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Rudy_Giuliani#Crime_control>
* Bill Bratton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bratton>
* Stop-and-Frisk
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-and-frisk_in_New_York_City>
* Broken windows
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory>
* Reelection (1997)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_election,_1997>
* Kerik promotions
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_promotions_of_Bernard_Kerik>
* September 11 attacks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_during_the_September_11_attacks>
________________________________
* Political positions
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rudy_Giuliani>
* Public image
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Rudy_Giuliani>
* Leadership <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_%28book%29>
Rudy Giuliani Signature.svg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudy_Giuliani_Signature.svg>
Flag of the Mayor of New York
City.svg
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg>
* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rudy_Giuliani_series>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rudy_Giuliani_series>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Rudy_Giuliani_series&action=edit>
Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani[1]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-1> (/ˈruːdi
ˌdʒuːliˈɑːni/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English> ;[2]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-2> born May 28, 1944)
is an American lawyer, businessman, public speaker, and former mayor of New
York City <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City> .
Politically a Democrat
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29> , then an
Independent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_%28politician%29> in
the 1970s, and a Republican
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29> since the
1980s, Giuliani was the United States Attorney
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney> for the Southern
District of New York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_District_of_New_York> during the
1980s. Giuliani prosecuted pivotal cases against the American Mafia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mafia> , and against corrupt corporate
financiers.
During his first term as mayor of New York City, Giuliani hired a new police
commissioner, William Bratton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bratton> ,
who applied the broken windows theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory> of urban decay
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay> , which holds that minor disorders
and violations create a permissive atmosphere that leads to further and more
serious crimes that can threaten the safety of a city.[3]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Robertiello-3> Within
several years, Giuliani was widely credited for major improvements in the
city's quality of life, and in lowering the rate of violent crimes.[3]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Robertiello-3> While
still Mayor, Giuliani ran for the U.S. Senate
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate> in 2000; however, he withdrew from
the race upon learning of his prostate cancer diagnosis.[4]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-4> Giuliani was named
Time magazine's Person of the Year
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year> for 2001,[5]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-5> and was given an
honorary knighthood
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom>
in 2002 by the United Kingdom's Queen Elizabeth II
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II> .[6]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-6>
In 2002, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliani_Partners> (security consulting),
acquired and later sold Giuliani Capital Advisors (investment banking
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking> ), and joined a Texas firm
while opening a Manhattan office for the firm renamed Bracewell & Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracewell_%26_Giuliani> (legal services).
Giuliani sought the Republican Party's 2008 presidential nomination
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008> ,
and was considered the early front runner in the race,[7]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-7> before withdrawing
from the race to endorse the eventual nominee, John McCain
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain> . Giuliani was considered a
potential candidate for New York Governor in 2010
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_elections,_2010> [8]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-8> [9]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-9> and for the
Republican presidential nomination in 2012
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012> .[10]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-10> However, Giuliani
declined all races, and instead remained in the business sector.[11]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-11> [12]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-12> [13]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-13>
Contents
* 1 Early life <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Early_life>
* 2 Legal career
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Legal_career>
* 2.1 Mafia Commission trial
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Mafia_Commission_trial>
* 2.2 Boesky, Milken trials
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Boesky.2C_Milken_trials>
* 3 Mayoral campaigns
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Mayoral_campaigns>
* 3.1 1989 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#1989>
* 3.2 1993 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#1993>
* 3.3 1997 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#1997>
* 4 Mayoralty
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Mayoralty>
* 4.1 Law enforcement
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Law_enforcement>
* 4.2 City services
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#City_services>
* 4.3 Appointees as defendants
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Appointees_as_defendants>
* 4.4 2000 U.S. Senate campaign
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#2000_U.S._Senate_campaign>
* 4.5 September 11 terrorist attacks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#September_11_terrorist_attacks>
* 4.5.1 Preparedness
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Preparedness>
* 4.5.2 Response
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Response>
* 4.5.3 Communication preparedness
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Communication_preparedness>
* 4.5.4 Public reaction
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Public_reaction>
* 4.5.5 Time Person of the Year
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Time_Person_of_the_Year>
* 4.5.6 Aftermath
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Aftermath>
* 5 Post-mayoralty
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Post-mayoralty>
* 5.1 Politics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Politics>
* 5.1.1 Before 2008 election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Before_2008_election>
* 5.1.2 2008 presidential campaign
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#2008_presidential_campaign>
* 5.1.3 After 2008 election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#After_2008_election>
* 5.1.4 Comments about President Obama
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Comments_about_President_Obama>
* 5.2 Iraq Study Group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Iraq_Study_Group>
* 5.3 Giuliani Partners
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Giuliani_Partners>
* 5.4 Bracewell & Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Bracewell_.26_Giuliani>
* 5.5 Support for the People's Mujahedin of Iran
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Support_for_the_People.27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran>
* 5.6 Greenberg Traurig
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Greenberg_Traurig>
* 5.7 2016 presidential election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#2016_presidential_election>
* 6 Personal life
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Personal_life>
* 6.1 Marriages and relationships
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Marriages_and_relationships>
* 6.2 Prostate cancer
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Prostate_cancer>
* 6.3 Religion and beliefs
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Religion_and_beliefs>
* 7 Awards and honors
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Awards_and_honors>
* 8 Media references
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Media_references>
* 9 See also
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#See_also>
* 10 References
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#References>
* 11 Further reading
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#Further_reading>
* 12 External links
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#External_links>
Early life
Giuliani was born in an Italian-American enclave in East Flatbush in the New
York City borough of Brooklyn <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn> , the
only child of working-class <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working-class>
parents, Harold Angelo Giuliani (1908–1981) and Helen (née D'Avanzo; 1909–2002)
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Giuliani> , both first-generation
Americans, children of Italian immigrants
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States> .[14]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-usa020707-14> He was
raised a Roman Catholic.[15]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-a-15> Harold Giuliani
had trouble holding a job, and was convicted of felony
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony> assault and robbery
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbery> , serving time in Sing Sing
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing> .[16]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-16> After his release
he worked as an enforcer
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_shark#20th_century_gangsters> for his
brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who ran an organized crime
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime> operation involved in loan
sharking and gambling <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling> at a restaurant
in Brooklyn.[17] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-17>
In 1951, when Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City
South <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City_South,_New_York> , where he
attended the local Catholic school
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school> , St. Anne's.[18]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-America.27sMayor-18>
Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High
School <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Loughlin_Memorial_High_School> ,
graduating in 1961 with an 85 percent average.[19]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-19>
Giuliani attended Manhattan College
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_College> in Riverdale, Bronx
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx> , where he majored in
political science <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science> with a
minor in philosophy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy> .[20]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Raceforcityhall-20>
There he considered becoming a priest.[20]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Raceforcityhall-20>
Giuliani was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not
re-elected in his junior year. He joined the Phi Rho Pi fraternity. He
graduated in 1965. Giuliani eventually decided to forego the priesthood,
instead attending New York University School of Law
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law> in
Manhattan, where he made the NYU Law Review
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Law_Review> [20]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Raceforcityhall-20> and
graduated cum laude <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_laude> with a Juris
Doctor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor> degree in 1968.[21]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-bio-21>
Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat. He volunteered for Robert F.
Kennedy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy> 's presidential
campaign in 1968. He also worked as a Democratic Party committeeman on Long
Island in the mid-1960s,[22]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-22> [23]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nationrudy-23> and
voted for George McGovern <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern> for
president in 1972.[24]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-24>
Legal career
Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerk>
for Judge Lloyd Francis MacMahon
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Francis_MacMahon> , United States District
Judge for the Southern District of New York.[25]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-25>
Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War> . His conscription
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States> was deferred
while he was enrolled at Manhattan College and NYU Law. Upon graduation from
the latter in 1968, he was classified by the Selective Service System
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Service_System> as 1-A, available for
military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected. In 1969, Judge
MacMahon wrote a letter to Giuliani's draft board, asking that he be
reclassified as 2-A, civilian occupation deferment, because Giuliani, who was a
law clerk for MacMahon, was an essential employee. The deferment was granted.
In 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number; he was not called up
for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A.[26]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-26> [27]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-27> In 1970, Giuliani
joined the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New
York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York>
.[28] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-28> In 1973, he
was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and became executive U.S. attorney.[21]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-bio-21>
In 1975, Giuliani switched his party registration from Democratic to
Independent[23]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nationrudy-23> as he
was recruited to Washington, D.C. during the Ford administration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_administration> , where he was named
Associate Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_staff_%28politics%29> to Deputy
Attorney General
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General> Harold
"Ace" Tyler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_R._Tyler,_Jr.> .[23]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nationrudy-23> His
first high-profile prosecution was of Democratic U.S. Representative
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives> Bertram
L. Podell <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_L._Podell> (NY-13
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_13th_congressional_district> ), who
was convicted of corruption.[29]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-29> From 1977 to 1981,
during the Carter Administration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Administration> , Giuliani practiced law
at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson,_Belknap,_Webb_and_Tyler> law firm
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm> , as chief of staff to his previous DC
boss, Ace Tyler. Tyler later became critical of Giuliani's turn as a
prosecutor, calling his tactics "overkill".[23]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nationrudy-23>
On December 8, 1980, one month after the election of Ronald Reagan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980>
brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party
affiliation from Independent to Republican.[23]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nationrudy-23> Giuliani
later said the switches were because he found Democratic policies "naïve", and
that "by the time I moved to Washington, the Republicans had come to make more
sense to me".[14]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-usa020707-14> Others
suggested that the switches were made in order to get positions in the Justice
Department.[23]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nationrudy-23>
Giuliani's mother maintained in 1988 that:
He only became a Republican after he began to get all these jobs from
them. He's definitely not a conservative Republican. He thinks he is, but he
isn't. He still feels very sorry for the poor.[23]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nationrudy-23>
In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Associate_Attorney_General> in
the Reagan administration <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_administration>
,[30] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-30> the
third-highest position in the Department of Justice
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice> . As
Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices'
federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Corrections> , the Drug
Enforcement Administration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration> , and the
United States Marshals Service
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service> . In a
well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal
government's
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States>
"detention posture" regarding the internment of over 2,000 Haitian
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti> asylum seekers
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_seeker> who had entered the country
illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the
detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead
that they were "economic migrants". In defense of the government's position,
Giuliani testified that "political repression, at least in general, does not
exist" under President of Haiti
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Haiti> Jean-Claude Duvalier
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier> 's regime.[20]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Raceforcityhall-20> [31]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-31>
In 1983, Giuliani was appointed U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New
York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York>
, which was technically a demotion but was sought by Giuliani because of his
desire to personally litigate cases. It was in this position that he first
gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases,
resulting in the convictions of Wall Street
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street> figures Ivan Boesky
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Boesky> and Michael Milken
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Milken> . He also focused on prosecuting
drug dealers, organized crime <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime> ,
and corruption in government.[21]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-bio-21> He amassed a
record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani
was credited with bringing the "perp walk
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perp_walk> ", parading of suspects in front of
the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.[32]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-32> After Giuliani
"patented the perp walk <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perp_walk> ", the tool
was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide.[33]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-33>
Giuliani's critics claim he arranged public arrests of people, then dropped
charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial.
In a few cases, his public arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their
workplaces with charges later dropped or lessened, sparked controversy, and
damaged the reputations of the alleged "perps".[34]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-34> He claimed that
veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidder,_Peabody_%26_Co.> , was guilty of insider
trading <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insider_trading> ; in February 1987 he
had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor,
with Wigton in tears.[35]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-wigton-35> Giuliani had
his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of
Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond.[35]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-wigton-35> [36]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Collins-cnr02-36>
Within three months, charges were dropped against both Wigton and Tabor;
Giuliani said, "We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the
iceberg", but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not
end until Giuliani's successor was in place.[36]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Collins-cnr02-36>
Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the
defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what
they had been convicted of were not crimes.[37]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-37>
Mafia Commission trial
In the Mafia Commission Trial
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_Commission_Trial> (February 25, 1985 –
November 19, 1986), Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime> figures, including the heads
of New York's so-called "Five Families
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Families> ", under the Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organizations Act
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act>
(RICO) on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for
hire. Time magazine called this "Case of Cases" possibly "the most significant
assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the
Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention:
"Our approach is to wipe out the five families."[38]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-passionate-38> Eight
defendants were found guilty on all counts and subsequently sentenced on
January 13, 1987 to hundreds of years of prison time.[39]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-39> [40]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-40>
According to an FBI memo revealed about 20 years later, leaders of the five New
York mob families voted in 1987 on whether to issue a contract for the death of
U.S. attorney Rudolph Giuliani. Heads of the Lucchese, Bonanno, and Genovese
families rejected the idea, though Gambino leader John Gotti encouraged
assassination.[41] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-41>
Boesky, Milken trials
Ivan Boesky was a Wall Street arbitrageur
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage> who had amassed a fortune of about
$200 million by betting on corporate takeovers. He was investigated by the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission> (SEC)
for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders. These
stock and options acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases
occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover. Although
insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely
enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and
informed on several others, including junk bond trader Michael Milken. Per
agreement with Giuliani, Boesky received a 3 1⁄2-year prison sentence along
with a $100 million fine.[42]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-trumbore-42> In 1989,
Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and
fraud. In a highly publicized case, Milken was indicted by a grand jury on
these charges.[43] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-43>
Mayoral campaigns
Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the Reagan
Administration <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagan_Administration> ended. He
garnered criticism until he left office for his handling of cases, and was
accused of prosecuting cases to further his political ambitions.[20]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Raceforcityhall-20> He
joined the law firm White & Case <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_%26_Case>
in New York City as a partner. He remained with White & Case until May 1990,
when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York
City.[44] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-44>
1989
Giuliani first ran for New York City Mayor
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_results_for_mayor_of_New_York> in
1989, attempting to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Koch> . He won the September 1989 Republican
Party primary election <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election>
against business magnate Ronald Lauder
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Lauder> , in a campaign marked by claims
that Giuliani was not a true Republican and by an acrimonious debate.[45]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt050307-45> In the
Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dinkins> .
In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fusion> candidate of both the
Republican and Liberal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York> Parties. The
Conservative Party
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York> , which had
often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani
and ran Lauder instead.[46]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-46> Conservative Party
leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the
Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani "agreed with the Liberal
Party's views on affirmative action
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action> , gay rights
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights> , gun control
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control> , school prayer
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_prayer> and tuition tax credits
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_credit> ."[47]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-47>
During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change,
saying, "I'm the reformer",[48]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt110589-48> that "If
we keep going merrily along, this city's going down", and that electing Dinkins
would represent "more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been
dragging us down".[45]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt050307-45> Giuliani
pointed out that Dinkins had not filed a tax return for many years and of
several other ethical missteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son.[48]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt110589-48> Dinkins
filed several years of returns and said the tax matter had been fully paid off,
denied other wrongdoing, and said that "what we need is a mayor, not a
prosecutor", and that Giuliani refused to say "the R-word—he doesn't like to
admit he's a Republican."[48]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt110589-48> Dinkins
won the endorsements of three of the four daily New York newspapers, while
Giuliani won approval from the New York Post
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post> .[49]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-49>
In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by a margin of 47,080 votes out of
1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in New York City's history. The
closeness of the race was particularly noteworthy considering the small
percentage of New York City residents who are registered Republicans and
resulted in Giuliani being the presumptive nominee for a re-match with Dinkins
at the next election.[21]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-bio-21>
1993
Main article: New York City mayoral election, 1993
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_election,_1993>
Four years after he was beaten by Dinkins, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once
again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative
Party line, which ran activist George Marlin.[50]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nysun032107-50> The
city was suffering from a spike in unemployment associated with the nationwide
recession, with local unemployment rates going from 6.7% in 1989 to 11.1% in
1992, although crime rates had already begun to decline under Dinkins.[51]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-51> [52]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-52> [53]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-53>
Giuliani promised to focus the police department on shutting down petty crimes
and nuisances as a way of restoring the quality of life:
It's the street tax paid to drunks and panhandlers. It's the squeegee
men shaking down the motorist waiting at a light. It's the trash storms, the
swirling mass of garbage left by peddlers and panhandlers, and open-air drug
bazaars on unclean streets.[54]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-54>
Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never
able to agree on how to approach a debate.[45]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt050307-45> [50]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nysun032107-50> Dinkins
was endorsed by The New York Times and Newsday
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday> ,[55]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-55> while Giuliani was
endorsed by the New York Post <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post>
and, in a key switch from 1989, the Daily News
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_%28New_York%29> .[56]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-56> Giuliani came to
visit the late Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson> , seeking his
blessing and endorsement.[57]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-57>
Giuliani won by a margin of 53,367 votes. He became the first Republican
elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay> in 1965.[58]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-58>
1997
Main article: New York City mayoral election, 1997
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_election,_1997>
Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough President
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Borough_President> Ruth Messinger
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Messinger> , who had beaten Al Sharpton
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton> in the September 9, 1997
Democratic primary.[59]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-cnn110497-59> In the
general election, Giuliani once again had the Liberal Party and not the
Conservative Party listing. Giuliani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his
image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was
at its highest point to date, with a late October 1997 Quinnipiac University
Polling Institute
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinnipiac_University_Polling_Institute> poll
showing him as having a 68 percent approval rating; 70 percent of New Yorkers
were satisfied with life in the city and 64 percent said things were better in
the city compared to four years previously.[60]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-qu102997-60>
Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong
fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support
of several usually Democratic constituencies, including gay organizations and
large labor unions.[61]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-61> The local daily
newspapers—The New York Times, Daily News
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_%28New_York%29> , New York Post
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post> and Newsday
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday> —all endorsed Giuliani over
Messinger.[62]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt102797-62>
In the end, Giuliani won 59% of the vote to Messinger's 41%, and became the
first registered Republican to win a second term as mayor while on the
Republican line since Fiorello H. La Guardia
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia> in 1941.[59]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-cnn110497-59> Voter
turnout was the lowest in 12 years, with 38% of registered voters casting
ballots.[63]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt110597-63> The
margin of victory included gains[64]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt110697-64> in his
share of the African American <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American>
vote (20% compared to 1993's 5%) and the Hispanic
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic> vote (43% from 37%) while maintaining
his base of white ethnic, Catholic and Jewish voters from 1993.[64]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt110697-64>
Mayoralty
Main article: Mayoralty of Rudy Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Rudy_Giuliani>
Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 through 2001.
Law enforcement
In Giuliani's first term as mayor, the New York City Police Department
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department> at the
instigation of Commissioner Bill Bratton
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bratton> adopted an aggressive
enforcement/deterrent strategy based on James Q. Wilson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Q._Wilson> 's "Broken Windows
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Windows> " approach.[65]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-65> This involved
crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping,
cannabis <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29> possession, and
aggressive panhandling by "squeegee men", on the theory that this would send a
message that order would be maintained. The legal underpinning for removing the
"squeegee men" from the streets was developed under Giuliani's predecessor,
Mayor David Dinkins.[66]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-66> Bratton, with
Deputy Commissioner Jack Maple <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Maple> ,
also created and instituted CompStat <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStat> ,
a computer-driven comparative statistical approach to mapping crime
geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting
officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions.[67]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-67> Critics of the
system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are
encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data.[68]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-study-68> The CompStat
initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from the Kennedy School
of Government <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_School_of_Government>
.[69] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-69>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuliani_crime_rate.png>
National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990–2002).[70]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-70>
During Giuliani's administration, crime rates continued to drop in New York
City,[68] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-study-68>
which Giuliani's presidential campaign website credited to his leadership.[71]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-71> The extent to which
Giuliani deserves the credit is disputed.[72]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-72> Crime rates in New
York City had started to drop in 1991 under previous mayor David Dinkins
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dinkins> , three years before Giuliani
took office. Under Dinkins's Safe Streets, Safe Cities program, crime in New
York City decreased more dramatically and more rapidly, both in terms of actual
numbers and percentage, than at any time in modern New York City history.[73]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-publicaffairsbooks.com-73>
The rates of most crimes, including all categories of violent crime, made
consecutive declines during the last 36 months of Dinkins's four-year term,
ending a 30-year upward spiral.[74]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-74> A small nationwide
drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and critics say that he may have
been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing
factors to the overall decline in New York City crime during the 1990s were the
addition of 7,000 officers to the NYPD, lobbied for and hired by the Dinkins
administration, and an overall improvement in the national economy.[73]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-publicaffairsbooks.com-73>
Changing demographics were a key factor contributing to crime rate
reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.[75]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-75> Because the crime
index is based on that of the FBI <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI> , which
is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were
shifted into categories that the FBI doesn't collect.[76]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-76>
Giuliani's supporters cite studies concluding that the decline in New York
City's crime rate in the 1990s and 2000s exceeds all national figures and
therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such
anywhere else in the country: what University of California
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California> sociologist Frank
Zimring calls "the most focused form of policing in history". In his book The
Great American Crime Decline, Zimring argues that "up to half of New York's
crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime
decline since 2000, has resulted from policing."[77]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-77> [78]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-78>
Bratton was featured on the cover of Time
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29> in 1996.[79]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-79> Giuliani reportedly
forced Bratton out after two years, in what was generally seen as a battle of
two large egos in which Giuliani was not tolerant of Bratton's celebrity.
Bratton went on to become chief of the Los Angeles Police Department
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department> .[80]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-80> Giuliani's term
also saw allegations of civil rights abuses and other police misconduct under
other commissioners after Bratton's departure. There were police shootings of
unarmed suspects,[81]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-81> and the scandals
surrounding the torture of Abner Louima
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Louima> and the killings of Amadou Diallo
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Diallo> and Patrick Dorismond
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dorismond> . Giuliani supported the New
York Police Department, for example by releasing what he called Dorismond's
"extensive criminal record" to the public, including a sealed juvenile
file.[82] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-82>
City services
The Giuliani administration advocated the privatization of failing public
schools and increasing school choice through a voucher
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_voucher> -based system.[83]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-83> Giuliani supported
protection for illegal immigrants
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration> . He continued a policy of
preventing city employees from contacting the Immigration and Naturalization
Service <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service>
about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens should be able
to take actions such as sending their children to school or reporting crimes to
the police without fear of deportation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation> .[84]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-84>
During his mayoralty, gay and lesbian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian>
New Yorkers received domestic partnership
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partner> rights. Giuliani induced the
city's Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided the issue
for years, to pass legislation providing broad protection for same-sex partners
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_partner> . In 1998, he codified local
law by granting all city employees equal benefits for their domestic
partners.[85] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-85>
Appointees as defendants
Several of Giuliani's appointees to head City agencies became defendants in
criminal proceedings.
In 2000, Giuliani appointed 34-year-old Russell Harding, the son of Liberal
Party of New York <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York>
leader and longtime Giuliani mentor Raymond Harding, to head the New York City
Housing Development Corporation, although Harding had neither a college degree
nor relevant experience. In 2005, Harding pleaded guilty to defrauding
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud> the Housing Development Corporation and
to possession of child pornography
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_pornography> . He was sentenced to five
years in prison.[86] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-86>
Russell Harding committed suicide in 2012.[87]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-87>
In a related matter, Richard Roberts, appointed by Giuliani as Housing
Commissioner and as chairman of the Health and Hospitals Corporation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Health_and_Hospitals_Corporation>
, pleaded guilty to perjury <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury> after
lying to a grand jury <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury> about a car
that Harding bought for him with City funds.[88]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-88>
Main article: Rudy Giuliani promotions of Bernard Kerik
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_promotions_of_Bernard_Kerik>
Giuliani was a longtime backer of Bernard Kerik
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kerik> , who started out as a NYPD
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD> detective driving for Giuliani's
campaign. Giuliani appointed him as the Commissioner of the Department of
Correction
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Correction> and
then as the Police Commissioner
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner> . Giuliani
was also the godfather to Kerik's two youngest children.[89]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-89> After Giuliani left
office, Kerik was subject to state and federal investigations resulting in his
pleading guilty in 2006, in a Bronx Supreme Court, to two unrelated ethics
violations. Kerik was ordered to pay $221,000 in fines. Kerik then pleaded
guilty in 2009, in a New York district court, to eight federal charges,
including tax fraud and false statements, and on February 18, 2010, he was
sentenced to four years in federal prison.[90]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-90> Giuliani was not
implicated in any of the proceedings.
2000 U.S. Senate campaign
Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2000
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York,_2000>
Due to term limits <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits> , Giuliani could
not run in 2001 for a third term as Mayor. In November 1998, four-term
incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator> Daniel Patrick Moynihan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan> announced his
retirement and Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running in the
2000 election for the now-open seat. Due to his high profile and visibility
Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party. Giuliani's entrance led
Democratic Congressman Charles Rangel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rangel> and others to recruit then-U.S.
First Lady <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States>
Hillary Clinton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton> to run for
Moynihan's seat, hoping she might combat his star power.
An early January 1999 poll showed Giuliani trailing Clinton by 10 points.[91]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt013100-91> In April
1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the Senate
run. By January 2000, Giuliani had reversed the polls situation, pulling nine
points ahead after taking advantage of several campaign stumbles by
Clinton.[91]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt013100-91>
Nevertheless, the Giuliani campaign was showing some structural weaknesses; so
closely identified with New York City, he had somewhat limited appeal to
normally Republican voters in Upstate New York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_New_York> .[92]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt110699-92> The New
York Police Department
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_Department> 's fatal shooting of
Patrick Dorismond <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dorismond> in March
2000 inflamed Giuliani's already strained relations with the city's minority
communities,[93]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-gvn-211-93> and Clinton
seized on it as a major campaign issue.[93]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-gvn-211-93> By April
2000, reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani,
who stated that his duties as mayor prevented him from campaigning more.[94]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-94> Clinton was now 8
to 10 points ahead of Giuliani in the polls.[93]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-gvn-211-93>
Then followed four tumultuous weeks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York,_2000#A_tumultuous_four_weeks>
, in which Giuliani's medical life, romantic life, marital life, and political
life all collided at once in a most visible fashion. Giuliani discovered that
he had prostate cancer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer> and
needed treatment; his extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Nathan> became public and the subject of
a media frenzy; he announced a separation from his wife Donna Hanover
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Hanover> ; and, after much indecision, on
May 19, 2000 he announced his withdrawal from the Senate race.[95]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-95>
September 11 terrorist attacks
Main article: Rudy Giuliani during the September 11 attacks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_during_the_September_11_attacks>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rumsfeld_and_Giuliani_at_Ground_Zero.jpg>
Donald Rumsfeld <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld> and Rudy
Giuliani at the site of the World Trade Center, on November 14, 2001.
Preparedness
Before September 11, 2001, Giuliani reportedly never discussed the threat of
terrorism with the U.S. Attorney in his district.[96]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-olb-96> After the
September 11 attacks, Giuliani was unaware of Osama bin Laden
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden> , the planner behind the
attacks who had previously declared a Fatwa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa> against the United States.[97]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-97> On the other hand,
the Clinton administration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton> had established a
section of the CIA devoted exclusively to hunting Bin Laden.[98]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-98> [99]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-99>
Jerome Hauer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Hauer> , Giuliani's
emergency management chief between 1996 and 2000, later said that "We never
talked about Islamic terrorism. We talked about chemical terrorism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_terrorism> , biological terrorism
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_terrorism> . We did talk about car
bombs <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb> every now and then. [But] I
don't think there was much interest on his part [in Islam terrorism]."[100]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-100>
In July 2016, Giuliani claimed credit for a police program of spying on mosques
in the New York metropolitan area
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area> for a period longer
than the public had been aware of. He had supposedly commissioned the program
in the 1990s, several years before the September 11, 2001 attacks, saying, "We
did it for the eight years I was mayor, ... after the 1993 bombing of the World
Trade Center by Islamic extremist terrorists from New Jersey." Giuliani said
that the mosque spying "helped stop, hopefully, three or four attacks," but did
not give any specific details.[101]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-101>
Response
Giuliani was prominent in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. He made
frequent appearances on radio and television on September 11 and afterwards—for
example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure,
and that there was no reason to believe that the dispersion of chemical
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon> or biological weaponry
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapon> into the air was a factor in
the attack. In his public statements, Giuliani said:
Tomorrow New York is going to be here. And we're going to rebuild, and
we're going to be stronger than we were before... I want the people of New York
to be an example to the rest of the country, and the rest of the world, that
terrorism can't stop us.[102]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-POY2001-102>
The 9/11 attacks occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to
select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The
primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period,
Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term
from January 1 to April 1 under the New York State Constitution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Constitution> (Article 3 Section
25).[103] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-103> He
threatened to challenge the law imposing term limits on elected city officials
and run for another full four-year term, if the primary candidates did not
consent to the extension of his mayoralty.[104]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-104> In the end leaders
in the State Assembly <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly>
and Senate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Senate> indicated that they
did not believe the extension was necessary. The election proceeded as
scheduled, and the winning candidate, the Giuliani-endorsed Republican convert
Michael Bloomberg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg> , took
office on January 1, 2002 per normal custom.
Giuliani claimed to have been at the Ground Zero
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Zero#World_Trade_Center> site "as often,
if not more, than most workers.... I was there working with them. I was exposed
to exactly the same things they were exposed to. So in that sense, I'm one of
them." Some 9/11 workers have objected to those claims.[105]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-105> [106]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-106> [107]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-107> While his
appointment logs were unavailable for the six days immediately following the
attacks, Giuliani spent a total of 29 hours over three months at the site. This
contrasted with recovery workers at the site who spent this much time at the
site in two to three days.[108]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-108>
When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwaleed_bin_Talal> suggested that the attacks
were an indication that the United States "should re-examine its policies in
the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people> cause", Giuliani asserted,
"There is no moral equivalent for this act. There is no justification for it...
And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in
moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal
democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those
who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're
part of the problem." Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10 million
donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.[109]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-109>
Communication preparedness
Main article: Communication during the September 11 attacks § Radio
communications
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_during_the_September_11_attacks#Radio_communications>
Giuliani has been widely criticized for his decision to locate the Office of
Emergency Management headquarters on the 23rd floor inside the 7 World Trade
Center <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_World_Trade_Center> building. Those
opposing the decision perceived the office as a target for a terrorist attack
in light of the previous terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in
1993 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_bombing> .[110]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-110> [111]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-VV20070808-111> [112]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-112> The office was
unable to coordinate efforts between police and firefighters properly while
evacuating its headquarters.[113]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-113> Large tanks of
diesel fuel were placed in 7 World Trade to power the command center. In May
1997, Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the location on Jerome M. Hauer
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_M._Hauer> , who had served under Giuliani
from 1996 to 2000 before being appointed by him as New York City's first
Director of Emergency Management. Hauer has taken exception to that account in
interviews and provided Fox News and New York Magazine
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Magazine> with a memo demonstrating
that he recommended a location in Brooklyn
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn> but was overruled by Giuliani.
Television journalist Chris Wallace
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wallace_%28journalist%29> interviewed
Giuliani on May 13, 2007, about his 1997 decision to locate the command center
at the World Trade Center. Giuliani laughed during Wallace's questions and said
that Hauer recommended the World Trade Center site and claimed that Hauer said
that the WTC site was the best location. Wallace presented Giuliani a photocopy
of Hauer's directive letter. The letter urged Giuliani to locate the command
center in Brooklyn, instead of lower Manhattan.[114]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-114> [115]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-115> [116]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-116> [117]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-117> [118]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-118> The February 1996
memo read, "The [Brooklyn] building is secure and not as visible a target as
buildings in Lower Manhattan."[119]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-119>
In January 2008, an eight-page memo was revealed which detailed the New York
City Police Department's opposition in 1998 to location of the city's emergency
command center at the Trade Center site. The Giuliani administration overrode
these concerns.[120]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-120>
The 9/11 Commission Report
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report> noted that lack of
preparedness could have led to the deaths of first responders at the scene of
the attacks. The Commission noted that the radios in use by the fire department
were the same radios which had been criticized for their ineffectiveness
following the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. Family members of 9/11 victims
have said that these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders
for years.[121]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-survivorsprotest-121>
The radios were not working when Fire Department chiefs ordered the 343
firefighters inside the towers to evacuate, and they remained in the towers as
the towers collapsed.[122]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-News-122> [123]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-123> However, when
Giuliani testified before the 9/11 Commission he said that the firefighters
ignored the evacuation order out of an effort to save lives.[124]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-124> [125]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-125> Giuliani testified
to the Commission, where some family members of responders who had died in the
attacks appeared to protest his statements.[126]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-126> A 1994 mayoral
office study of the radios indicated that they were faulty. Replacement radios
were purchased in a $33 million no-bid contract
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-bid_contract> with Motorola
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola> , and implemented in early 2001.
However, the radios were recalled in March 2001 after a probationary
firefighter's calls for help at a house fire could not be picked up by others
at the scene, leaving firemen with the old analog
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_transmission> radios from 1993.[122]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-News-122> [127]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-127> A book later
published by Commission members Thomas Kean
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kean> and Lee H. Hamilton
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton> , Without Precedent: The Inside
Story of the 9/11 Commission, argued that the Commission had not pursued a
tough enough line of questioning with Giuliani.[128]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-easyongiuliani-128>
An October 2001 study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and
Health said that cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.[111]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-VV20070808-111> [129]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-129>
Public reaction
In the wake of the attacks, Giuliani gained international attention and was
widely hailed for his leadership during the crisis.[130]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-130> When polled just
six weeks after the attack Giuliani received a 79 percent approval rating among
New York City voters, a dramatic increase over the 36 percent rating he had
received a year earlier—average at the end of a two-term mayorship.[131]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-131> [132]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-132> Oprah Winfrey
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey> called him "America's Mayor" at
a 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_%281923%29> on September 23,
2001.[133] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-133> [134]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-134> Other voices
denied it was the mayor who had pulled the city together. "You didn't bring us
together, our pain brought us together and our decency brought us together. We
would have come together if Bozo <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozo_the_Clown>
was the mayor", said civil rights activist Al Sharpton
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton> , in a statement largely supported
by Fernando Ferrer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Ferrer> , one of
three main candidates for the mayoralty at the end of 2001. "He was a
power-hungry person", Sharpton also said.[135]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-135>
Time Person of the Year
On December 24, 2001,[136]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-136> Time
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine> magazine named Giuliani its
Person of the Year
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine_Person_of_the_Year> for
2001.[102] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-POY2001-102>
Time observed that, before 9/11, the public image of Giuliani had been that of
a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing
also to his bout with prostate cancer, his public image had been reformed to
that of a man who could be counted on to unite a city in the midst of its
greatest crisis. Historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006:
With time, Giuliani's legacy will be based on more than just 9/11. He
left a city immeasurably better off—safer, more prosperous, more confident—than
the one he had inherited eight years earlier, even with the smoldering ruins of
the World Trade Center at its heart. Debates about his accomplishments will
continue, but the significance of his mayoralty is hard to deny.[137]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-137>
Giuliani was praised by some for his close involvement with the rescue and
recovery efforts, but others argue that "Giuliani has exaggerated the role he
played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political
gain."[138] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-138>
Giuliani has collected $11.4 million from speaking fees in a single year (with
increased demand after the attacks).[139]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-139> Before September
11, Giuliani's assets were estimated to be somewhat less than $2 million, but
his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount.[140]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-140> He has made most
of his money since leaving office.[141]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-141>
Aftermath
For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was given an honorary
knighthood <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthood> (KBE
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire> ) by Queen
Elizabeth II <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom>
on February 13, 2002.[142]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-142>
Giuliani initially downplayed the health effects arising from the September 11
attacks
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks>
in the Financial District
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan> and lower
Manhattan areas in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site> .[143]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-smith-143> He moved
quickly to reopen Wall Street <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street> , and
it was reopened on September 17. In the first month after the attacks, he said
"The air quality is safe and acceptable."[144]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-144> However, in the
weeks after the attacks, the United States Geological Survey
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey> identified
hundreds of asbestos <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos> 'hot spots' of
debris dust that remained on buildings. By the end of the month the USGS
reported that the toxicity of the debris was akin to that of drain
cleaner.[145]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-alternet-145> It would
eventually be determined that a wide swath of lower Manhattan and Brooklyn had
been heavily contaminated by highly caustic and toxic materials.[145]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-alternet-145> [146]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-146> The city's health
agencies, such as the Department of Environmental Protection
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Environmental_Protection>
, did not supervise or issue guidelines for the testing and cleanup of private
buildings. Instead, the city left this responsibility to building owners.[145]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-alternet-145>
Giuliani took control away from agencies such as the Federal Emergency
Management Agency
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency> , the Army
Corps of Engineers
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers> and the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration> ,
leaving the "largely unknown" city Department of Design and Construction in
charge of recovery and cleanup. Documents indicate that the Giuliani
administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of
respirators <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirators> . Concurrently, the
administration threatened companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed.[147]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-147> [148]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-148> In June 2007,
Christie Todd Whitman <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Todd_Whitman> ,
former Republican Governor of New Jersey
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey> and director of the Environmental
Protection Agency
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency>
(EPA), reportedly stated that the EPA had pushed for workers at the WTC site to
wear respirators but that she had been blocked by Giuliani. She stated that she
believed that the subsequent lung disease
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_disease> and deaths suffered by WTC
responders were a result of these actions.[149]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-149> However, former
deputy mayor Joe Lhota <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lhota> , then with
the Giuliani campaign, replied, "All workers at Ground Zero were instructed
repeatedly to wear their respirators."[150]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-150>
Giuliani asked the city's Congressional delegation to limit the city's
liability <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liability> for Ground Zero
illnesses be limited to a total of $350 million. Two years after Giuliani
finished his term, FEMA appropriated $1 billion to a special insurance fund,
called the World Trade Center Captive Insurance Company
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Captive_Insurance_Company> ,
to protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits.[151]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-151>
In February 2007, the International Association of Fire Fighters
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters>
issued a letter asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort
once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and
thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor
Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would
either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_%28psychology%29> for families, or be
removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfill> ", it said, adding:
"Hundreds remained entombed in Ground Zero when Giuliani gave up on them."[152]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-152> Lawyers for the
International Association of Fire Fighters seek to interview Giuliani under
oath as part of a federal legal action alleging that New York City negligently
dumped body parts and other human remains in the Fresh Kills Landfill.[153]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-153>
Post-mayoralty
Politics
Before 2008 election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudy_Giuliani_ribbon-cutting_ceremony.jpg>
Giuliani cutting the ribbon of the new Drug Enforcement Administration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration> mobile museum
in Dallas, Texas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas> in September
2003
Since leaving office as Mayor, Giuliani has remained politically active by
campaigning for Republican candidates for political offices at all levels. As
the first Republicans to simultaneously serve as Mayor and Governor of New York
since Nelson Rockefeller <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller>
and John Lindsay <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay> , Giuliani and
Governor George Pataki were instrumental in bringing the 2004 Republican
National Convention
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention> to New
York City.[154] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-154> He
was a speaker at the convention, and endorsed President George W. Bush
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush> for re-election by recalling
that immediately after the World Trade Center towers fell,
Without really thinking, based on just emotion, spontaneous, I grabbed
the arm of then-Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik, and I said to him, 'Bernie,
thank God George Bush is our president'.[155]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-155>
Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a website called Solutions America to
help elect Republican candidates across the nation.
After campaigning on Bush's behalf in the U.S. presidential election of 2004
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2004> , he was
reportedly the top choice for Secretary of Homeland Security
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security>
after Tom Ridge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ridge> 's resignation. When
suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would be marred by
details of his past affairs and scandals, he turned down the offer and instead
recommended his friend and former New York Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kerik> . After the formal announcement
of Kerik's nomination, information about Kerik's past—most notably, that he had
ties to organized crime, failed to properly report gifts he had received, had
been sued for sexual harassment
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment> and had employed an
undocumented alien as a domestic servant—became known, and Kerik withdrew his
nomination.[156] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-156>
2008 presidential campaign
Main article: Rudy Giuliani presidential campaign, 2008
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani_presidential_campaign,_2008>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudy08.png>
Presidential campaign logo
In November 2006 Giuliani announced the formation of an exploratory committee
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_committee> toward a run for
President of the United States in 2008
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008> . In
February 2007 he filed a "statement of candidacy" and confirmed on the
television program Larry King Live
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_King_Live> that he was indeed
running.[157] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-157>
Early polls showed Giuliani with one of the highest levels of name recognition
and support among the Republican candidates. Throughout most of 2007 he was the
leader in most nationwide opinion polling among Republicans
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_Republican_Party_2008_presidential_candidates>
. Senator John McCain <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain> , who ranked
a close second behind the New York Mayor, had faded, and most polls showed
Giuliani to have more support than any of the other declared Republican
candidates, with only former Senator Fred Thompson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Thompson> and former Governor Mitt Romney
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney> showing greater support in some
per-state Republican polls
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_Republican_Party_%28United_States%29_presidential_primaries,_2008>
.[158] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-158> On
November 7, 2007, Giuliani's campaign received an endorsement from evangelist
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism> , Christian Broadcasting Network
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network> founder, and
past presidential candidate Pat Robertson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson> .[159]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-159> This was viewed by
political observers as a possibly key development in the race, as it gave
credence that evangelicals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_evangelism>
and other social conservatives
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservative> could support Giuliani
despite some of his positions on social issues such as abortion and gay
rights.[160]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-msnbc110707-160>
Giuliani's campaign hit a difficult stretch during November and December 2007,
during which time Bernard Kerik <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kerik> ,
whom Giuliani had recommended for the position of Secretary of Homeland
Security, was indicted on 16 counts of tax fraud and other federal
charges;[161]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt111007-161> the
media reported that while Mayor of New York, Giuliani had billed to obscure
city agencies several tens of thousands of dollars of mayoral security expenses
incurred while visiting Judith Nathan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Nathan> , with whom he was having an
extramarital affair[162]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-pol113007-162> (later
analysis showed the billing to likely be unrelated to hiding Nathan);[163]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-163> and several
stories were published in the press regarding clients of Giuliani Partners
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliani_Partners> and Bracewell & Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracewell_%26_Giuliani> being in opposition to
goals of American foreign policy.[164]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nd120507-164>
Giuliani's national poll numbers began steadily slipping and his unusual
strategy of focusing more on later, multi-primary big states rather than the
smaller, first-voting states was seen at risk.[165]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-afp122007-165> [166]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-cbs012908-166>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudygiuliani1.JPG>
Giuliani at a campaign event in Derry, New Hampshire
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry,_New_Hampshire> , the day before the
January 8, 2008 New Hampshire primary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_primary,_2008>
Despite his strategy, Giuliani did compete to a substantial extent[167]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-abc010808-167> in the
January 8, 2008 New Hampshire primary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_primary,_2008> , but
finished a distant fourth with 9 percent of the vote.[168]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-168> Similar poor
results continued in other early contests, as Giuliani's staff went without pay
in order to focus all efforts on the crucial late January Florida Republican
primary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Republican_primary,_2008> .[169]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-169> The shift of the
electorate's focus from national security
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security> to the state of the economy
also hurt Giuliani,[166]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-cbs012908-166> as did
the resurgence of McCain's similarly themed campaign. On January 29, 2008,
Giuliani finished a distant third in the Florida result with 15 percent of the
vote, trailing McCain and Romney.[170]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-170> Facing declining
polls and lost leads in the upcoming large Super Tuesday
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Tuesday_%282008%29> states,[171]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-171> [172]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-172> including that of
his home New York,[173]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-173> Giuliani withdrew
from the race on January 30, endorsing McCain.[174]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-174>
Giuliani's campaign ended up $3.6 million in arrears,[175]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt061408-175> and in
June 2008 Giuliani sought to retire the debt by proposing to appear at
Republican fundraisers during the 2008 general election, and have part of the
proceeds go towards his campaign.[175]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt061408-175> During
the 2008 Republican National Convention
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention> , Giuliani
gave a prime-time speech that praised McCain and his running mate, Sarah Palin
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Palin> , while criticizing Democratic
nominee Barack Obama <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama> . He cited
Palin's executive experience as a mayor and governor and belittled Obama's lack
of same, and his remarks were met with wild applause from the delegates.[176]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-176> Giuliani continued
to be one of McCain's most active surrogates during the remainder of McCain's
eventually unsuccessful campaign.[177]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt101808-177>
After 2008 election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_Air_National_Guard_Major_with_Giulianis.jpg>
A New York Air National Guard
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Air_National_Guard> major poses with
Rudy and Judith Giuliani at the "New" Yankee Stadium
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium> in April 2009
Following the end of his presidential campaign, Giuliani's "high appearance
fees dropped like a stone."[178]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-178> He returned to
work at both Giuliani Partners
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliani_Partners> and Bracewell & Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracewell_%26_Giuliani> .[179]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt081608-179> Giuliani
explored hosting a syndicated radio show, and was reported to be in talks with
Westwood One
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_One_%281976%E2%80%932011%29> about
replacing Bill O'Reilly
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_%28political_commentator%29>
before that position went to Fred Thompson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Thompson> (another unsuccessful '08 GOP
Presidential primary candidate).[180]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-180> [181]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-181> During the March
2009 AIG bonus payments controversy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIG_bonus_payments_controversy> , Giuliani
called for U.S. Treasury Secretary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury_Secretary> Tim Geithner
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Geithner> to step down and said that the
Obama administration <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration>
lacked executive competence in dealing with the ongoing financial crisis
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932009>
.[182] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-182>
Giuliani said his political career was not necessarily over, and did not rule
out a 2010 New York gubernatorial
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_election,_2010> or 2012
presidential
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012>
bid.[183] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-183> A
November 2008 Siena College <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_College> poll
indicated that although Governor David Paterson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Paterson> —promoted to the office via the
Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer_prostitution_scandal> a year
before—was popular among New Yorkers, he would have just a slight lead over
Giuliani in a hypothetical matchup.[184]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-184> By February 2009,
after the prolonged Senate appointment process
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_New_York,_2010#Appointment>
, a Siena College poll indicated that Paterson was losing popularity among New
Yorkers, and showed Giuliani with a fifteen-point lead in the hypothetical
contest.[185] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-185> In
January 2009, Giuliani said he would not decide on a gubernatorial run for
another six to eight months, adding that he thought it would not be fair to the
governor to start campaigning early while the governor tries to focus on his
job.[186] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-186> Giuliani
worked to retire his presidential campaign debt, but by the end of March 2009
it was still $2.4 million in arrears, the largest such remaining amount for any
of the 2008 contenders.[187]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-187> In April 2009,
Giuliani strongly opposed Paterson's announced push for same-sex marriage in
New York <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York> and
said it would likely cause a backlash that could put Republicans in statewide
office in 2010.[188]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-188> By late August
2009, there were still conflicting reports about whether Giuliani was likely to
run.[189] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-189>
On December 23, 2009, Giuliani announced that he would not seek any office in
2010, saying "The main reason has to do with my two enterprises: Bracewell &
Giuliani and Giuliani Partners. I'm very busy in both."[190]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-190> [191]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt122209-191> The
decisions signaled a possible end to Giuliani's political career.[191]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt122209-191> [192]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-pol122309-192> During
the 2010 midterm elections
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_2010> , Giuliani
endorsed and campaigned for Bob Ehrlich
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ehrlich> and Marco Rubio
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio> .[193]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-193> [194]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-194>
On October 11, 2011, Giuliani announced that he was not running for president.
According to Kevin Law, the Director of the Long Island Association
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Association> , Giuliani believed
that "As a moderate, he thought it was a pretty significant challenge. He said
it's tough to be a moderate and succeed in GOP primaries", Giuliani said "If
it's too late for (New Jersey Governor) Chris Christie
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie> , it's too late for me".[195]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-195>
Comments about President Obama
At a Republican
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29>
fund-raising event in February 2015, Giuliani stated, "I do not believe, and I
know this is a horrible thing to say, but I do not believe that the president
[Barack Obama <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama> ] loves America",
and "He doesn’t love you. And he doesn't love me. He wasn't brought up the way
you were brought up and I was brought up, through love of this country."[196]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Giuliani_on_Obama-196>
In response to criticism of the remarks, Giuliani said, "Some people thought it
was racist—I thought that was a joke, since he was brought up by a white
mother... This isn't racism. This is socialism or possibly anti-colonialism."
White House deputy press secretary Eric Schultz
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Schultz&action=edit&redlink=1>
said he agreed with Giuliani "that it was a horrible thing to say", but said
he would leave it up to the people who heard Giuliani directly to assess if the
remarks were appropriate for the event.[196]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Giuliani_on_Obama-196>
Although he received some support for his controversial comments, Giuliani said
he also received several death threats within 48 hours.[197]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-197> [198]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-198>
Iraq Study Group
On March 15, 2006, Congress formed the Iraq Study Group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group> (ISG). This bipartisan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisanship> ten-person panel, of which
Giuliani was one of the members, was charged with assessing the Iraq War
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War> and making recommendations. They
would eventually unanimously conclude that contrary to Bush administration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush> assertions, "The
situation in Iraq <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq> is grave and
deteriorating" and called for "changes in the primary mission" that would allow
"the United States to begin to move its forces out of Iraq".[199]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-199>
On May 24, 2006, after missing all of the group's meetings,[200]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-newsday-Rudy-200>
including a briefing from General David Petraeus
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus> , former Secretary of State
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State> Colin Powell
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell> and former Army Chief of Staff
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army> Eric
Shinseki <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Shinseki> ,[201]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-201> Giuliani resigned
from the panel, citing "previous time commitments".[202]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-202> Giuliani's
fundraising schedule had kept him from participating in the panel, a schedule
which raised $11.4 million in speaking fees
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_fee> over 14 months,[200]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-newsday-Rudy-200> and
that Giuliani had been forced to resign after being given "an ultimatum to
either show up for meetings or leave the group" by group leader James Baker
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baker> .[203]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-203> Giuliani
subsequently said that he had started thinking about running for President, and
being on the panel might give it a political spin.[204]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-204>
Giuliani was described by Newsweek in January 2007 as "one of the most
consistent cheerleaders for the president's handling of the war in Iraq"[205]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-205> and as of June
2007, he remained one of the few candidates for president to unequivocally
support both the basis for the invasion
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq> and the execution of the
war.[206] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-206>
Giuliani Partners
Main article: Giuliani Partners
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliani_Partners>
After leaving the mayor's office, Giuliani founded a security consulting
business, Giuliani Partners LLC,[207]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-207> in 2002, a firm
that has been categorized by various media outlets as a lobbying entity
capitalizing on Giuliani's name recognition,[208]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-208> [209]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-209> and which has been
the subject of allegations surrounding staff hired by Giuliani and due to the
firm's chosen client base.[210]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-210> Over five years,
Giuliani Partners earned more than $100 million.[211]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-gpartners-211> In June
2007 he stepped down as CEO and Chairman of Giuliani Partners,[164]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nd120507-164> although
this action was not made public until December 4, 2007;[212]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-212> he maintained his
equity interest in the firm.[164]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nd120507-164> Giuliani
subsequently returned to active participation in the firm following the
election. In late 2009, Giuliani announced that they had a security consulting
contract with Rio de Janeiro <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro> ,
Brazil regarding the 2016 Summer Olympics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics> .[192]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-pol122309-192> He faced
criticism in 2012 for advising people once allied with Slobodan Milošević
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87> who had lauded
Serbian war criminals.[213]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-213>
Bracewell & Giuliani
Main article: Bracewell & Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracewell_%26_Giuliani>
In 2005, Giuliani joined the law firm of Bracewell & Patterson LLP (renamed
Bracewell & Giuliani <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracewell_%26_Giuliani>
LLP) as a name partner and basis for the expanding firm's new New York
office.[214]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt033005-214> When he
joined the Texas-based firm he brought Marc Mukasey, the son of Attorney
General <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General> Michael
Mukasey <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mukasey> , into the firm.
Despite a busy schedule, Giuliani was highly active in the day-to-day business
of the law firm, which was a high-profile supplier of legal and lobbying
services to the oil, gas, and energy industries. Its aggressive defense of
pollution-causing coal-fired power plants threatened to cause political risk
for Giuliani, but association with the firm helped Giuliani achieve
fund-raising success in Texas.[215]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt500207-215> In 2006,
Giuliani acted as the lead counsel and lead spokesmen for Bracewell & Giuliani
client Purdue Pharma <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Pharma> , the makers
of OxyContin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OxyContin> , during their
negotiations with federal prosecutors over charges that the pharmaceutical
company misled the public about OxyContin's addictive properties. The agreement
reached resulted in Purdue Pharma and some of its executives paying $634.5
million in fines.[216]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt061907-216>
Bracewell & Giuliani represents corporate clients before many U.S. Government
departments and agencies. Some clients have worked with corporations and
foreign governments.[217]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-ap051507-217>
Support for the People's Mujahedin of Iran
Giuliani spoke in support of the removal of the People's Mujahedin of Iran
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran> (MEK, also PMOI,
MKO) from the United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist
Organizations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations>
. The group was on the State Department list from 1997 until September 2012.
They were placed on the list for killing six Americans in Iran during the 1970s
and attempting to attack the Iranian mission to the United Nations in
1992.[218] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-218> [219]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-219> Giuliani, along
with other former government officials and politicians Ed Rendell
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Rendell> , R. James Woolsey
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._James_Woolsey> , Porter Goss
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Goss> , Louis Freeh
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Freeh> , Michael Mukasey
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mukasey> , James L. Jones
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Jones> , Tom Ridge
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ridge> , and Howard Dean
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean> , were criticized for their
involvement with the group. Some were subpoenaed during an inquiry about who
was paying the prominent individuals' speaking fees.[220]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-220> Giuliani and
others wrote an article for the conservative publication National Review
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review> stating their position that
the group should not be classified as a terrorist organization. They supported
their position by pointing out that the United Kingdom and the European Union
had already removed the group from their terrorism lists. They further assert
that only the United States and Iran still listed it as a terrorist group.[221]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-221> However, Canada
did not delist the group until December 2012.[222]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-222>
Greenberg Traurig
On January 19, 2016, it was reported that Giuliani is moving to the law firm
Greenberg Traurig <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenberg_Traurig> , where he
will be the global chairman for Greenberg's cybersecurity and crisis management
group, as well as a senior advisor to the firm's executive chairman Richard
Rosenbaum.[223] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-223>
2016 presidential election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudy_Giuliani_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg>
Giuliani speaking at a campaign event for Republican Presidential nominee
Donald Trump on August 31, 2016
Giuliani supported Donald Trump <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump>
in the 2016 U.S. presidential election
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016> . He
gave a prime time speech during the first night of the 2016 Republican National
Convention <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention>
.[224] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-224> Earlier in
the day, Giuliani and former 2016 presidential candidate Ben Carson
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson> appeared at an event for the
pro-Trump Great America PAC <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_America_PAC>
.[225] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-225> Giuliani
also appeared in a Great America PAC ad entitled "Leadership."[226]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-226> During the
campaign, Giuliani has defended Trump against allegations of racism,[227]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-227> sexual assault
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations>
,[228] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-228> and not
paying any federal income taxes for as long as two decades.[229]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-229> Giuliani is the
likely pick for Secretary of State in the Trump Administration
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Administration> .[230]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-230>
Personal life
Marriages and relationships
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Reagan_Rudy_Giuliani_Vito_Fossella.jpg>
Giuliani with Congressman Vito Fossella
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito_Fossella> and former First Lady Nancy
Reagan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan> , 2002
Giuliani has been married three times, to Regina Peruggi, Donna Hanover, and
Judith Nathan.
On October 26, 1968, soon after he graduated from law school, he married his
second cousin, Regina Peruggi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Peruggi> ,
whom Giuliani had known since childhood . In the mid-70s the marriage was in
trouble and in 1975 they agreed to a trial separation.[231]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-newsday102289-231>
Peruggi did not accompany him to Washington when he accepted the job in the
Attorney General <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General>
's Office.[20]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Raceforcityhall-20>
Giuliani met local television personality Donna Hanover
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Hanover> sometime in 1982, and they began
dating when she was working in Miami. Giuliani filed for legal separation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separation> from Peruggi on August 12,
1982.[231]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-newsday102289-231> The
Giuliani-Peruggi marriage legally ended in two ways: a civil divorce was issued
by the end of 1982,[232]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt050401-232> while a
Roman Catholic church annulment <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment> of
the Giuliani-Peruggi marriage was granted at the end of 1983[231]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-newsday102289-231>
reportedly because Giuliani had discovered that he and Peruggi were second
cousins.[233] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-233> [234]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-234> Giuliani
biographer Wayne Barrett <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Barrett> reports
that Peruggi's brother believes that Giuliani knew at the time of the marriage
that they were second cousins. Alan Placa
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Placa> , Giuliani's best man, later became
a priest and helped get the annulment. Giuliani and Peruggi did not have any
children.[235] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-235>
Giuliani and Hanover then married in a Catholic ceremony at St. Monica's Church
in Manhattan on April 15, 1984.[231]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-newsday102289-231> [236]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-236> They had two
children, son Andrew and daughter Caroline.
Beginning in 1996, Hanover appeared at few public events.[237]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-237> There were reports
that Hanover was aware of her husband's personal conduct as early as 1995. On
Father's Day <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%27s_Day> Giuliani had told
reporters that he was returning to Gracie Mansion to play ball with Andrew, but
instead went to City Hall, to a basement suite with his press secretary. Three
hours later Hanover went to City Hall to confront Giuliani, but a mayor's aide
prevented her from entering the suite.[238]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Public_Displays_of_Disaffection-238>
Still married to Hanover, Giuliani met Judith Nathan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Nathan> , a twice-divorced sales manager
for a pharmaceutical company, in May 1999 at Club Macanudo, an Upper East Side
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_East_Side> cigar bar
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar_bar> .[239]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt080507-239> They
formed an ongoing relationship.[239]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt080507-239> [240]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nydn042907-240> To keep
his relationship with Nathan from public scrutiny, beginning in summer 1999
Giuliani had the costs for his NYPD <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD>
security detail charged to obscure city agencies.[162]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-pol113007-162> [241]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nydn120707-241> In
early 2000, Nathan began getting city-provided chauffeur services from the
police department.[241]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nydn120707-241>
By March 2000, Giuliani had stopped wearing his wedding ring,[242]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt050400-242> and his
and Nathan's appearances at functions and events became publicly visible[242]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt050400-242> [243]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-243> although not
mentioned in the press.[244]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-salon050400-244> In
early May 2000, the Daily News
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_%28New_York%29> and then the New
York Post <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post> broke news of
Giuliani's relationship with Nathan.[244]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-salon050400-244>
Giuliani first publicly acknowledged her on May 3, 2000, stating that Nathan
was his "very good friend".[242]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nyt050400-242>
On May 10, 2000, Giuliani called a press conference to announce that he
intended to separate from Hanover.[245]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-245> [246]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-246> Hanover had not
been told about his plans before his press conference,[247]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-247> an omission for
which Giuliani was widely criticized.[248]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-248> Giuliani now went
on to praise Nathan as a "very, very fine woman", and said about Hanover that
"over the course of some period of time in many ways, we've grown to live
independent and separate lives". Hours later Hanover said, "I had hoped that we
could keep this marriage together. For several years, it was difficult to
participate in Rudy's public life because of his relationship with one staff
member".[249]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-judynymag-249>
Giuliani moved out of Gracie Mansion
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie_Mansion> [when?
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items>
] and into a couple's apartment.[250]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-250> [251]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-251> Giuliani filed for
divorce from Hanover in October 2000,[252]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-252> and a public
battle broke out between their representatives.[253]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-253> Nathan was barred
by court order from entering Gracie Mansion or meeting his children before the
divorce was final.[254]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-254>
In May 2001, Giuliani's attorney revealed that Giuliani was impotent due to
prostate cancer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer> treatments and
had not had sex with Nathan for the preceding year. "You don't get through
treatment for cancer and radiation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation>
all by yourself", Giuliani said. "You need people to help you and care for you
and support you. And I'm very fortunate I had a lot of people who did that, but
nobody did more to help me than Judith Nathan."[255]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-admitjudy-255> Giuliani
argued in a court case that he aimed to introduce Nathan to his children on
Father's Day <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%27s_Day> 2001, and that
Hanover had prevented this visit.[238]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-Public_Displays_of_Disaffection-238>
Giuliani and Hanover finally settled their divorce case in July 2002 after
his mayoralty had ended, with Giuliani paying Hanover a $6.8 million settlement
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_settlement> and granting her custody of
their children.[256]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-256> Giuliani married
Nathan on May 24, 2003, and gained a stepdaughter, Whitney. It was also
Nathan's third marriage after two divorces.[249]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-judynymag-249>
By March 2007, The New York Times and the Daily News
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_%28New_York%29> reported that
Giuliani had become estranged from both his son Andrew and his daughter
Caroline.[257]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-nytimeschildren-257>
[258] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-258> In 2014, he
said his relationship with his children was better than ever, and was spotted
eating and playing golf with Andrew.[259]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-259>
Prostate cancer
Nineteen years after Giuliani's father died at age 73 in April 1981 of prostate
cancer <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer> at Memorial
Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Sloan%E2%80%93Kettering_Cancer_Center>
, Giuliani was diagnosed at age 55 in April 2000 with prostate cancer on
prostate biopsy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_biopsy> after an
elevated screening <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer_screening>
PSA <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_specific_antigen> .[260]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-260> Giuliani chose a
combination prostate cancer treatment consisting of four months of neoadjuvant
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoadjuvant_chemotherapy> Lupron
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuprolide> hormonal therapy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer#Hormonal_therapy> , then low
dose-rate prostate brachytherapy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_brachytherapy> with permanent
implantation of ninety TheraSeed radioactive palladium-103
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium-103> seeds in his prostate in
September 2000,[261]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-261> followed two
months later by five weeks of fifteen-minute, five-days-a-week external beam
radiotherapy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy> at
Mount Sinai Medical Center
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital,_New_York> ,[262]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-262> with five months
of adjuvant <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvant_chemotherapy> Lupron
hormonal therapy.
Religion and beliefs
Giuliani has declined to comment publicly on his religious practice and
beliefs, although he identifies religion as an important part of his life. When
asked if he is a practicing Catholic, Giuliani answered, "My religious
affiliation, my religious practices and the degree to which I am a good or
not-so-good Catholic, I prefer to leave to the priests."[263]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-263>
Awards and honors
* In 1998, Giuliani received The Hundred Year Association of New York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hundred_Year_Association_of_New_York> 's
Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of
New York".[264] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-264>
* Savoy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy> House of Savoy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy> : Knight
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight> Grand Cross
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cross> (motu proprio
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_proprio> ) of the Order of Merit of Savoy
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_Savoy> (December 2001)[265]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-265>
* For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was made an
honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire>
by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II> on February 13, 2002.[266]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-266>
* Giuliani was named Time magazine's "Person of the Year" for 2001
* In 2002, the Episcopal Diocese of New York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_New_York> gave Giuliani
the Fiorello LaGuardia Public Service Award for Valor and Leadership in the
Time of Global Crisis.[267]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-267>
* Also in 2002, Former First Lady
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Ladies_of_the_United_States> Nancy Reagan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan> awarded Giuliani the Ronald
Reagan Freedom Award
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award> .[268]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-268>
* In 2002, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest
Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually
by Jefferson Awards
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Awards_for_Public_Service> .[269]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-269>
* In 2003, Giuliani received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate
Award <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement>
* In 2004, construction began on the Rudolph W. Giuliani Trauma Center at
St. Vincent's Hospital
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent%27s_Catholic_Medical_Center> in
New York.[270] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-270>
* In 2005, Giuliani received honorary degrees from Loyola College in
Maryland <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_College_in_Maryland> [271]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-271> and Middlebury
College <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College> .[272]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-272> In 2007, Giuliani
received an honorary Doctorate in Public Administration from The Citadel, The
Military College of South Carolina
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina>
.
* In 2006, Rudy and Judith Giuliani were honored by the American Heart
Association <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association> at its
annual Heart of the Hamptons benefit in Water Mill, New York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Mill,_New_York> .
* In 2007, Giuliani was honored by the National Italian American
Foundation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Italian_American_Foundation>
(NIAF), receiving the NIAF Special Achievement Award for Public Service.[273]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-273>
* In 2007, Giuliani was awarded the Margaret Thatcher
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher> Medal of Freedom by the
Atlantic Bridge <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge> .[274]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-274>
* In the 2009 graduation ceremony for Drexel University
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University> 's Earle Mack School of Law
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Mack_School_of_Law> , Giuliani was the
keynote speaker <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynote_speaker> and recipient
of an honorary degree.[275]
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-275>
* Giuliani was the Robert C. Vance Distinguished Lecturer
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Vance_Distinguished_Lecture_Series>
at Central Connecticut State University
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Connecticut_State_University> in
2013.[276] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-276>
Media references
* In 1993, Giuliani made a cameo appearance as himself in the Seinfeld
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld> episode, The Non-Fat Yogurt
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Non-Fat_Yogurt> .
* Biographical drama Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy:_The_Rudy_Giuliani_Story> (2003), in which
he is played by James Woods <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Woods> .
* Kevin Keating's Documentary Giuliani Time
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliani_Time> (2006).
* In 2003, Giuliani made a cameo appearance as himself in the film Anger
Management <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger_Management_%28film%29> ,
starring Adam Sandler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Sandler> and Jack
Nicholson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicholson> .
See also
* icon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg> New
York City portal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_City>
* Biography portal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography>
* Political positions of Rudy Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rudy_Giuliani>
* Electoral history of Rudy Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Rudy_Giuliani>
* Public image of Rudy Giuliani
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_image_of_Rudy_Giuliani>
* Timeline of New York City
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City#1980s.E2.80.931990s> ,
1990s–2000s
References
1.
* "Rudolph Giuliani Biography"
<http://www.biography.com/people/rudolph-giuliani-9312674> . Biography.com. A&E
Television Networks. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
276. Burnham, Johnny J. (March 15, 2003). "Giuliani speaks at Vance Lecture
series"
<http://www.centralctcommunications.com/newbritainherald/news/article_8fbf7313-ba26-5eed-ae8b-f0b16f51dbf8.html>
. New Britain Herald. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
Further reading
* Ammann, Daniel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ammann> (2009).
The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich. New York: St. Martin's Press
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press> . ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
0-312-57074-0 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-57074-0>
.
* Barrett, Wayne <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Barrett> , (2000).
Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani. Basic Books; ISBN
0-7567-6114-X <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/075676114X>
(Reprint by Diane Publishing Co.)
* Barrett, Wayne & Collins, Dan (2006). Grand Illusion: The Untold Story
of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11. Harper Collins. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
0-06-053660-8 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-053660-8>
.
* Bratton, William; Knobler, Peter (1998). Turnaround: How America's Top
Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
978-0-679-45251-5
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45251-5> .
* Brodeur, Christopher X.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_X._Brodeur> , (2002). "Perverted
Little Creep; Mayor Giuliani vs Mayor Brodeur". ExtremeNY books, ISBN
0-9741593-0-1 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0974159301> .
* Dinkins, David N. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dinkins> ;
Knobler, Peter <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Knobler> (2013). A Mayor's
Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Mayor%27s_Life:_Governing_New_York%27s_Gorgeous_Mosaic>
. PublicAffairs, ISBN 978-1-61039-301-0
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610393010>
* Doney, Kristin
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristin_Doney&action=edit&redlink=1>
; Giuliani, Rudolph, W. (1998). What Will You Be?
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Will_You_Be%3F> . Public/Private
Initiatives Inc.
* Giuliani, Rudolph W., Kurson, Ken (2002). Leadership
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_%28book%29> . Miramax Books. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
0-7868-6841-4 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-6841-4>
.
* Gonzalez, Juan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gonzalez_%28journalist%29> , (2002).
Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse. New
Press, ISBN 1-56584-754-7
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565847547>
* Heilemann, John <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heilemann> ;
Halperin, Mark <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Halperin> (2010). Game
Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Change> . New York: HarperCollins
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins> . ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
0-06-173363-6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-173363-6>
.
* Kirtzman, Andrew (2001). Rudy Giuliani: Emperor of the City. Harper
Collins. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
0-06-009389-7 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-009389-7>
.
* Koch, Edward I. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Koch> (1999).
Giuliani: Nasty Man. Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-155-X
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/156980155X> . Reissued,
2007.[1] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani#cite_note-277>
* Mandery, Evan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Mandery> (1999). The
Campaign: Rudy Giuliani, Ruth Messinger, Al Sharpton, and the Race to Be Mayor
of New York City. Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-6698-4
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813366984> .
* Newfield, Jack <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Newfield> , (2003).
The Full Rudy: The Man, the Myth, the Mania. Thunder's Mouth Press, ISBN
1-56025-482-3 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560254823>
* Polner, Robert, (2005). America's Mayor: The Hidden History of Rudy
Giuliani's New York. Soft Skull Press, ISBN 1-932360-58-1
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1932360581>
* Polner, Robert, (2007). America's Mayor, America's President? The
Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani. [Preface by Jimmy Breslin
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Breslin> ] Soft Skull Press, ISBN
1-933368-72-1 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1933368721>
* Siegel, Fred <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Siegel> (2005). The
Prince of the City: Giuliani, New York, and the Genius of American Life
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_of_the_City:_Giuliani,_New_York,_and_the_Genius_of_American_Life>
. Encounter Books. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
1-59403-084-7 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59403-084-7>
.
* Strober, Deborah Hart; Strober, Gerald S. (2007). Giuliani: Flawed Or
Flawless? The Oral Biography. John Wiley & Sons
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons> . ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number>
0-471-73835-2 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-73835-2>
.
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<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg> Wikisource
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource> has original works written by or
about:
Rudolph Giuliani <https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Rudolph_Giuliani>
* Financial information (federal office)
<http://www.fec.gov/fecviewer/CandidateCommitteeDetail.do?&tabIndex=1&candidateCommitteeId=P00003251>
at the Federal Election Commission
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission>
* Appearances <http://www.c-span.org/person/?rudolphgiuliani> on C-SPAN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN>
* Profile <http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Rudy_Giuliani> at
SourceWatch <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SourceWatch>
* Vote 2008: Rudy Giuliani
<http://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2008/primaries/candidates/giuliani.html> ,
NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer>
* Genealogy of Rudy Giuliani
<http://www.geni.com/people/Rudolph-Rudy-Giuliani/6000000012599940319>
* Giuliani Partners at Stockpikr
<http://www.stockpickr.com/port/Giuliani-Partners-Stocks/> public companies
Giuliani Partners has done business with
* Rudolph W. Giuliani Vulnerability Study
<http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/0212072giuliani1.html> study
prepared for his 1993 Mayoral Campaign
* A film clip "The Open Mind – American Justice, Part I (1984)"
<https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep553> is available at the Internet
Archive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive>
* A film clip "The Open Mind – American Justice, Part II (1984)"
<https://archive.org/details/openmind_ep554> is available at the Internet
Archive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive>
* Rudy Giuliani
<https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Elections/President/2008/Candidates/Giuliani,_Rudy>
at DMOZ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ>
* La Guardia and Wagner Archives/The Giuliani Collection
<http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=9>
Legal offices
Preceded by
John Shenefield
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_H._Shenefield&action=edit&redlink=1>
United States Associate Attorney General
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Associate_Attorney_General>
1981–1983 Succeeded by
Lowell Jensen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Lowell_Jensen>
Preceded by
John Martin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Martin_Jr.> United States
Attorney for the Southern District of New York
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York>
1983–1989 Succeeded by
Benito Romano <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Romano>
Acting
Party political offices
Preceded by
Diane McGrath
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diane_McGrath&action=edit&redlink=1>
Republican
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29> nominee
for Mayor of New York City
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City>
1989 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections> , 1993
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections> , 1997
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_election,_1997>
Succeeded by
Michael Bloomberg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg>
Preceded by
Zell Miller <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zell_Miller> Keynote
Speaker of the Republican National Convention
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Convention>
2008 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention>
Succeeded by
Chris Christie <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie>
Political offices
Preceded by
David Dinkins <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dinkins> Mayor of New
York City <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City>
1994–2001 Succeeded by
Michael Bloomberg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg>
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Billy Graham <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham> Recipient of
the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award>
2002 Succeeded by
George H. W. Bush <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush>
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1.
1. David Seifman, "Railing at Rudy", "New York Post", May 13, 2007, 9
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* * See inogolo: pronunciation of Rudy Giuliani
<http://inogolo.com/pronunciation/d1444/Rudy_Giuliani> .
* * Gina M Robertiello, "Giuliani, Rudolph", pp. 687–99
<https://books.google.com/books?id=N7lyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA699&dq=crime#v=twopage> ,
in Wilbur R. Miller, ed, The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America:
An Encyclopedia (Thousand Oaks CA, New Delhi, London: Sage Publications
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Publications> , 2012).
* * Elisabeth Bumiller (May 20, 2000). "The Mayor's decision: The
overview; cancer is concern"
<http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/20/nyregion/the-mayor-s-decision-the-overview-cancer-is-concern.html>
. New York Times.
* * "Person Of The Year 2001"
<http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2020227,00.html> . Time.
* * Stephen M. Silverman, "Queen Elizabeth knights Rudy Giuliani –
Queen Elizabeth II" <http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,623496,00.html> ,
People, February 13, 2002.
* * Cohen et al., "The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations
Before and After Reform," Chicago: 2008, p 338.
* * "Rudy Giuliani: Governor of New York in 2010?"
<http://www.rightpundits.com/?p=2428> , Right Pundits, December 22, 2009.
* * "Giuliani says decision on governor's race unlikely before
summer"
<http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/13/giuliani-says-decision-on-governors-race-unlikely-before-summer>
. CNN. January 13, 2009.
* * Walshe, Shushannah (March 17, 2011). "Rudy Giuliani Plays 2012
Flirt"
<http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/03/17/will-he-run-for-president-again-rudy-giuliani-plays-2012-flirt.html>
. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
* * "Rudy Giuliani 2010: Ex-Mayor announces that he won't run for
office"
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/22/rudy-giuliani-2010-ex-may_n_400419.html>
. Huffington Post. Dec 22, 2009.
* * Maggie Haberman, "Rudy Giuliani: I'm not running in 2012"
<http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/65648.html> , Politico.
* * Juliet Eilperin (February 8, 2012). "Rudy Giuliani doesn't
regret sitting out 2012 race"
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*
