[blind-democracy] FW: What Does WWII Have To Do With Military Spending

From: "Miriam Vieni" <miriamvieni@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
To: <blind-democracy@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Date: Thu, 17 Sep 2020 12:35:25 -0400

From: David Swanson via WarIsACrime.org <info@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Sent: Thursday, September 17, 2020 9:01 AM
To: miriamvieni@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Subject: What Does WWII Have To Do With Military Spending

<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/EaMTO4YJH-GdmEKI-UZzAaXYggv8OXcA1pGwPA9F4sGegs9eGeiLEcwaOsh0dY3CL5zAZ0ykVZKzRbW0OZ-Uy3K7ZA_xDYY_7eA1EroCMt76W1EujPqQszxGiXcb0kxxEcvZ2LFSLd1YP8KEsD5UTh8mfCjgpx2llWFsc2M1I72EdxYgU37sUpkUpWFK95f8d3Gf8VS3HF80oYEJtIhXg-jW2sDIhdfEM8WQtAQp30ODnV7NkxlnfZ1-k48GzYHOEh0T6IcXzpQRN_Qrg4uN8y-RmEe7iiVBtC_M-w38pIhIAHsDJgt0yz8ZbGoXzNjd/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h0/JDNITmKEZ74gcGeavHD0pFQNmxv8s7xREzqeYJb1-MI>

What Does WWII Have To Do With Military Spending?

<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/CMxF4nARlf6wAFa1PSfv0ifiygglG8DmT0LtMwEXLP0zp4m0na_HvpIFldZkwIDCbDNg5RkNWktVpRH23H4R3cW45TKFYv6aC5RqZhzlID9sGlMLiG9fLjI2bpvWPd3awwm4pFnALgjpaCtsCQ1tO0BSEJlJvQaSazIZKUO3465TfFu654b1cYZ2B7LzXH63yZ7t3l3V-yxXG5GZPvp423H1pKwreZepIikoL0zWkQo9RIJp33dC-Kiv-yOshSHehEL-krrFyWkOZsAWuz7Lpiul7vPwdkPwgVeI4Le_NrcmslcnYKT0V2RqUjney1aV3m-UbOpziWAC3jjSGb9WuA/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h1/z0q8PGDl5dZw6rp5O-KV-gZ33Ji5V2g3UuYI0OF_yaY>

By David Swanson, September 16, 2020
https://davidswanson.org/what-does-wwii-have-to-do-with-military-spending/

“I’m going to perform a magic trick by reading your mind,” I tell a class of
students or an auditorium or video call full of people. I write something down.
“Name a war that was justified,” I say. Someone says “World War Two.” I show
them what I wrote: “WWII.” Magic![i]

If I insist on additional answers, they’re almost always wars even further in
the past than WWII.[ii] If I ask why WWII is the answer, the response is
virtually always “Hitler” or “Holocaust” or words to that effect.

This predictable exchange, in which I get to pretend to have magical powers, is
part of a lecture or workshop that I typically begin by asking for a show of
hands in response to a pair of questions:

“Who thinks war is never justified?”

and

“Who thinks some sides of some wars are sometimes justified, that engaging in a
war is sometimes the right thing to do?”

Typically, that second question gets the majority of the hands.

Then we talk for an hour or so.

Then I ask the same questions again at the end. At that point, the first
question (“Who thinks war is never justified?”) gets the vast majority of the
hands.[iii]

Whether that shift in position by certain participants lasts through the next
day or year or lifetime I do not know.

I have to perform my WWII magic trick fairly early in the lecture, because if I
don’t, if I talk too long about defunding militarism and investing in peace,
then too many people will have already interrupted me with questions like “What
about Hitler?” or “What about WWII?” It never fails. I talk about the
unjustifiability of war, or the desirability of ridding the world of wars and
war budgets, and somebody brings up WWII as a counter-argument.

What does WWII have to do with military spending? In the minds of many it
demonstrates the past and potential need for military spending to pay for wars
that are as justified and necessary as WWII.

I’ll discuss this question
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/CMxF4nARlf6wAFa1PSfv0ifiygglG8DmT0LtMwEXLP0zp4m0na_HvpIFldZkwIDCW-NcOTgHVZeXt6w_FISSEYR3eDQ0yq96fBmbKVV3XIUKjX7IsbWPNqM0jkAHeFXyCZLRPxLJy5aoe2iEvOSU-9jo9D2S79WXRLWn4pvqEEpCB7qsgAyNi6r06SPHl3rbH-wxOGFQ40U3Dxk8y4fRIobWVlxptuUkPv7VutXB3OpeRqga-lHi8n3f2FJDSWK7PgFi8UH3SJiDZSARJQLGGEVNF2lC8Xvv_Yby6i8l6K_br9bbnxmCrvI_n2qvu8Fug5GAq0LCuaCST5z5jy2wpQ/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h5/w1fa3Hec7M3ptSn3SE9r0LR37AakjzW1LWQMpMqB7MM>
in a new book, but let me sketch it out briefly here. Over half of the U.S.
federal discretionary budget — the money the Congress decides what to do with
each year, which excludes some major dedicated funds for retirement and
healthcare — goes to war and war preparations.[iv] Polls show that most people
are unaware of this.[v]

The U.S. government spends vastly more than any other country on militarism, as
much as most other major militaries combined[vi] — and most of those are
pressured by the U.S. government to buy more U.S. weapons[vii]. While most
people do not know this, a majority does think that at least some money should
be moved from militarism to things like healthcare, education, and
environmental protection.

In July 2020, a public opinion poll found a strong majority of U.S. voters in
favor of moving 10% of the Pentagon’s budget to urgent human needs.[viii] Then
both houses of the U.S. Congress voted down just that proposal by strong
majorities.[ix]

This failure of representation should not surprise us. The U.S. government
hardly ever acts against powerful, wealthy interests simply because a majority
favors something in poll results.[x] It’s even very common for elected
officials to brag about ignoring polls in order to follow their principles.

To motivate the Congress to change its budgetary priorities, or to motivate
major media corporations to tell people about them, would require a lot more
than giving the right answer to a pollster. Shifting 10% out of the Pentagon
would require huge numbers of people passionately demanding and protesting for
a much larger shift than that. The 10% would have to be a compromise, a bone
tossed to a mass movement insisting on 30% or 60% or more.

But there’s a big hurdle on the way to building such a movement. When you start
talking about a major conversion to peaceful enterprises, or nuclear abolition,
or the eventual abolition of militaries, you run headfirst into a surprising
topic that has very little to do with the world you currently live in: WWII.

It’s not an insurmountable hurdle. It’s always there, but most minds, in my
experience, can be moved to some degree in under an hour. I’d like to move more
minds and to make sure the new understanding sticks. That’s where
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/CMxF4nARlf6wAFa1PSfv0ifiygglG8DmT0LtMwEXLP0zp4m0na_HvpIFldZkwIDCgfbKIdUtK5mUaHieH-X9tkp0JZ4DHdQpvu_cDkVhBY7g_ByO-jWyQlZLfPxRX7O4jTUJFp-vnWcIBl7R8T5iaTY1DkAL6nJtIIOJKIqGBaA3JvnQvAYFoqm13sWTS7bDlM26kwSEES02eLlMrr_ivyEcjode-mMYBKpTkw6f11Lg0gqTa7fmHpqvfFpl2f1lTIHnMj0x2Ud8Q9ynnYo6as55Wbk8AFttC4RpcOZaZPdr26QHKenGxqjdGaSSZVJyJOfAg7MbB9yoyc4YipdKag/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h13/nPScZtTyW1IkCn_2iwEI2V25C_9Xh4N1mdPmtnYCpGw>
my book comes in, as well as a new online course based on the book.

The new book lays out the case for why misconceptions about World War II and
its relevance today should not be shaping public budgets. When less than 3% of
U.S. military spending could end starvation on earth[xi], when the choice of
where to put resources shapes more lives and deaths than all the wars[xii], it
matters that we get this right.

It ought to be possible to propose returning military spending to the level of
20 years ago[xiii], without a war from 75 years ago becoming the focus of the
conversation. There are far better objections and concerns that one might raise
than “What about WWII?”

Is a new Hitler coming? Is a surprise recurrence of something resembling WWII
likely or possible? The answer to each of those questions is no. To understand
why, it may help to develop a better understanding of what World War II was, as
well as to examine how much the world has changed since WWII.

My interest in World War II is not driven by a fascination with war or weaponry
or history. It’s driven by my desire to discuss demilitarization without having
to hear about Hitler over and over and over again. If Hitler hadn’t been such a
horrible person I’d still be sick and tired of hearing about him.

<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/CMxF4nARlf6wAFa1PSfv0ifiygglG8DmT0LtMwEXLP0zp4m0na_HvpIFldZkwIDCTruBtqjABgaa2crDjzPu1vuAd-LidGUI7VAjpF6tVE6C3nxrrsVJR7cGZp-fV7zGYoRM5zfQcN9QOEZzGG5eElkOmy8-ptCbFr8ip_AGKkCvQj3m_8Mbrr_39gmRNIgCi_IlgGb1t9DaG0M03le9c4r_wvyX_NKK3r_tJ2WLwyzsLaQyPId5RZAyKsb09MTsmqvnOs9XGa1m4j_aw2ayW9plsvbKkdQ3-KTAfsQ5prqKnSRsmZmJBf3_HNw-Bab2XgOgNQTSfFSvucM6sDTGIA/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h18/J7Qcii8WGHIdLzljfwPenkFidt52cmLWmuh4gFrbhtM>
My new book is a moral argument, not a work of historical research. I have not
successfully pursued any Freedom of Information Act requests, discovered any
diaries, or cracked any codes. I discuss a great deal of history. Some of it is
very little known. Some of it runs counter to very popular misunderstandings —
so much so that I’ve already been receiving unpleasant emails from people who
haven’t yet read the book.

But virtually none of it is seriously disputed or controversial among
historians. I have sought not to include anything without serious
documentation, and where I am aware of any controversy over any details, I have
been careful to note it. I don’t think the case against WWII as a motivation
for further war funding requires anything more than facts we can all agree on.
I just think those facts lead very clearly to some surprising and even
disturbing conclusions.

[i] Here’s a PowerPoint I’ve used for this presentation:
https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/endwar.pptx

[ii] In the United States, in my experience, the leading contenders are WWII,
and in a distant second and third place, the U.S. Civil War and the American
Revolution. Howard Zinn discussed these in his presentation “Three Holy Wars,”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i39UdpR1F8 ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/atcYNHk4Eh2YdGnwBh-YDOJPR4Z5lDybbWIPhQSOR8HVP6wlL8Iw3ubI3EHlLCqs6MlxVEeE6lr3Ku8BbAWSmirefuXW7AQerMqdrUxz1Q_BdSIWUrS6lq_7plXdHKZB98HWV0LrxCUoRTJZxqmUiLzJ2rCy6rubg2xLlEIDh_XizsIiQZjgVwwifoTzkp_DlQYhyhLAMPzpDLajMtTI056L6y_iHDZoIw8s_1uRByey4QozpLnNMaMMfPwd97G5JxFSam2GyToFPiVOxn9GbJjbpi09k-Mof6_e6OdYCKtiEy5MKs0LTLi14ad0UqwCJZWHqrDUlVwrrf25JAY4jw/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h22/HryrIj4wFzY3sewVQfqY2U8IfNKYzZQWSuFKrKxY2xY>
  My experience roughly matches polling done in 2019 by YouGov, which found 66%
of Americans polled saying that WWII was completely justified or somewhat
justified (whatever that means), compared to 62% for the American Revolution,
54% for the U.S. Civil War, 52% for WWI, 37% for the Korean War, 36% for the
First Gulf War, 35% for the ongoing war on Afghanistan, and 22% for the Vietnam
War. See: Linley Sanders, YouGov, “America and its allies won D-Day. Could they
do it again?” June 3, 2019
https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/06/03/american-wars-dday

[iii] I’ve also done debates with a West Point professor on whether war can
ever be justified, with polling of the audience shifting significantly against
the idea that war can ever be justified from before the debate to after. See
https://youtu.be/o88ZnGSRRw0 ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/oZT1C-8NKsWHlAiWATd-7JLX9qAxsnnYAvaXYYQ4Q3jWhwWUmXaaiycZpPng23jEWywofvxzlmxJ5A1v3Z4aiW4-3Y27tt5LpIY-3nG7LuLvNR2adzNIQR37aV4UwCG9DjXwx5hg4pH-2Cl6F3UfkLgwvnp5STFnPrgabYmUtVNUq9lexl8ol9iSxDL6cuGzRCQzQhT-epIDz076ye2DxeEe004OsOBDqi8VxO9EPMrrp7fszICx7NwOHHZt8NZpTCSti7UO9vzphrwqutXI3_24uTO3AvYy71DUO1QTWnOirAjGnhJA-L5sDBKgaKs1zIUCQg66yceWK0jjsbU_Zw/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h24/lFrrnjSKtaABsyWFvSqk_MANfHRhzHXzUaYxZFMcjcY>
  At events held by the organization World BEYOND War, we use these forms to
survey people on their change in opinion:
https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/PeacePledge_101118_EventVersion1.pdf

[iv] National Priorities Project, “The Militarized Budget 2020,”
https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2020/militarized-budget-2020 ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/atcYNHk4Eh2YdGnwBh-YDA0itEKaUBlgHsLy_bmLRDTKMKBpl1fgWNQsPCmhoAj9De2ZbvbArFun30GncYCzSk1UOUOaAQGtGT8sA6boy_KC5ilW7Z22TPF5sOOVYDU5qQdWfIvjpQhvHrXNMSlNYJLFgoAFNFovxEgKBAY_DRa5nYXrDDK7dOs9xT3UccO1F6doO66xZoanq3fjAgxVuWlB4NorPqoO8UjOS1qyiYOmjmf5aKdhgctXmJGjst2CoN-eIgn2-wSJr-T0mdl9YKKrWKVqX1-rkKB7z7WlYUPIRX5tyveGZcUnLMuXCBwZQfdkgNWBBq5sNmC26QdndQDLF525MgfQXbm5uUc8cp2we3muYhfmBYqMcm5tjtSs/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h27/-g6eL_6Luu9_kuckkrRhpq49XPHKGQAvQS1nkYj-kyI>
  For an explanation of the discretionary budget and what isn’t in it, see
https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending

[v] Occasional polls have asked what people thought the military budget was,
and the average answer has been wildly off. A February 2017 poll found a
majority believing military spending was less than it actually was. See Charles
Koch Institute, “New Poll: Americans Crystal Clear: Foreign Policy Status Quo
Not Working,” February 7, 2017,
https://www.charleskochinstitute.org/news/americans-clear-foreign-policy-status-quo-not-working
It’s also possible to compare surveys in which people are shown the federal
budget and asked how they would change it (most want big shifts of money out of
the military) with polls that simply ask whether the military budget should be
decreased or increased (support for cuts is much lower). For an example of the
former, see Ruy Texeira, Center for American Progress, November 7, 2007,
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2007/11/07/3634/what-the-public-really-wants-on-budget-priorities
For an example of the latter, see Frank Newport, Gallup Polling, “Americans
Remain Divided on Defense Spending,” February 15, 2011,
https://news.gallup.com/poll/146114/americans-remain-divided-defense-spending.aspx

[vi] Nations’ military spending is displayed on a map of the world at
https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/atcYNHk4Eh2YdGnwBh-YDG7XrsA8qChq4YmTGY3gl8c6s3UUPfd3yad_59nf5yN6FhiQcgsTJCeaN6W3387CvCwfM-dq_ZzEPC56F-w3YIAlweMuytO9wvno2gU71HU4emgMjRzU3qwESUlaOCBGl1Cf3Mq2ha8YaurVJinwee8e8URhfsEuS1i9COW7h8RcGdfsrlDC8xF1ait2pqzGqUu8UoycckUiPjMBmR1XqLkFBwUjOnCp3QIiIr3nAx_gXl5w-hL4a7RLVnng7djB1wNrQDSJx161loBGI0hxaHGxKitTI0jpN4KMUlA8jQB3clbBIJU9-KJ588E3Hhy9ux1J1JXFNPqEXdM4o_VJ67E/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h34/XXNy8pYoefgy8hQ-gkJXVvR8JzjQ3z9lEBS0XiJx5UE>
  The data comes from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), https://sipri.org ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/wehEm_vu1NBVXOKYSqOxTH8SutvW75bxoBDb1Z7Fcq9CTD01_6nei_JqnfjtDRnn_NVf20XcrN5SndYA2myT5z1pRWh9oNI5ZlhWFONMI2UITpHfKWPMg2c8JjxeNO4CPFtFQPBSid-KNz0MOtlc8AMMkgL8S6jcgm7glcIvoqi-mZuGS5CnBQxh8Z3RPusbF6GKkKkbVIGfX_RmCLab0uRJE3rAJzPpElZXGuG6rcs098CahVRgKNw7gY60mAYYaM27wFsmAudb51ZhKDV09b-ldNgz5OvAt-d1JdX24fpPloinqewCkUnlXRAw7HEh/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h35/zMpeNk14bkiQCNaeCTYcp6OQ94UbVYewAqfNhILJdmc>
  U.S. military spending as of 2018 was $718,689, which clearly excludes much
of U.S. military spending, which is spread over numerous departments and
agencies. For a more comprehensive total of $1.25 trillion in annual spending,
see William Hartung and Mandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, “Tomgram: Hartung and
Smithberger, A Dollar-by-Dollar Tour of the National Security State,” May 7,
2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561

[vii] Nations that import U.S. weapons are displayed on a map of the world at
https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/atcYNHk4Eh2YdGnwBh-YDG7XrsA8qChq4YmTGY3gl8c6s3UUPfd3yad_59nf5yN6p8GkYNFVSWiypyzfOzLo0o7DdAQaYsyek8OUmBEZBo0ZJD-cKZVR1ZmNydXyTWLimbDK2uWWzTRjx2Oq51R2pIW2gDCgHw9p0KIQFHsFyzCnpD489HGPUTC-F7ujwP87q8I00ClQW7alIfhOd8tl_d2rSi2Z68DUWBsdAlonIzjKpNrWqxfj86Dn_v12JxlIZaF1JocjO1Q6ZDN51C6ufj1Cl2P3PC4uf6Lk2FdTiUG36a_6AOU72jNIL7fUoWQuH8j88YgEUQhQyw70u2sRY3c-zg6I-2C5TfBY_qedkEc/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h37/v6-mgfRjZ7TdeZ4ti-HQHk-L6Pf3wNRiN9z_7ff6fsA>
  The data comes from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/fm7PLhE33AML-Xp9VcWlM3rAoEWN_pGeqEgpZMgysj2Hx37W4Hgcc7Qaueq4m5n8XaaaIUR3oZYw5aDyhVbY-n3SUHxa69FNH26XFCOuAnin7oQkdm-PiCgPa2vFB7VcKrM54ygGf1c4DargvT_DHBMKibg6p1in77crZZCzBBGzjnR-2WaPh2DnrFF2iNC3wqOaqZxI9tQ8i38v0VFGt8yP_eZkOkrag-hzwYb5xdpgnE64Fh1vxjBA991_BkjJ7X02ZL6dLoQJyUG-0FoeLGrV4RCMgG2eY76HZ25UavPsQMtojR1qai5Kxs7muJCRY0gE-mHnsSyq6FUWb7rqbF0e4XUdF1C30g1BebXD3us/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h38/ZuNi28tjSScrHCDQbFStBTQ2mfx283umby1idTfaJlA>

[viii] Data For Progress, “The American People Agree: Cut the Pentagon’s
Budget,” July 20, 2020,
https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/7/20/cut-the-pentagons-budget ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/atcYNHk4Eh2YdGnwBh-YDBBEHqmhlk6EWgMb5JYLim1Pc6EfvxNmBZcJ2aQxhzXOyRmoZR6Jxy-3ZwWggnVr2lqlW-4PrTAN825UynHZjczhUq5jLpqRbl4qgEdSDm-FG6geA98tAkCzuelAey9pCEvoJoKBOANVmCQs62GamTyzuzlkrtNoKcYnYjWRvBNdP1hOW2V_V-7H7Y0jTDuUY017pNeUCfPY5M-UKYbiEAnN_YpQDoRz8T5lJlU_tq00VXVIeOevATZwSn51N4itmnxgJQRvNp0I77ZgI9EO0MnhLLl1qd1EG23TTEwxm89EMh8-E9aCjPFrGQ6dIn9ZVRy-BieI3rkZ_I3-tC6w_RJ0loM3ME46Byk3uezS3NNy/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h40/J21ztBsnqHKpT5rVeiHMSWyDhrMHcB2LhVFkkWpE5Cw>
  By 56% to 27% U.S. voters favored moving 10% of the military budget to human
needs. If told that some of the money would go to the Centers for Disease
Control, the public support was 57% to 25%.

[ix] In the House, the vote on Pocan of Wisconsin Amendment Number 9, Roll Call
148 on July 21, 2020, was 93 Yeas, 324 Nays, 13 Not Voting,
http://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=2020 ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/W-1Ift7sh-MAFn6eVdC7PmY-Bpt_AQC3kErsxHVln2RPyM5lm4HYBYlWucaAj6LOPOaqXZuYXqDjmj6m9mX3d-fUrrTKS_gYXN3rRCF3BwsCXpPb1EQEHAeEPzyDOwyAd5_Z1ObYu17c2v2nk4t02xv2vN2IZAx9BBmuQYxyRy_8pVKzfzxelNwlI51oBKZ5751Gtpsm2EorLGIr0KRuEIY8moppKzzV0ckOCSvdzYFNbXkiJLu3FNKynlFKF1ZqkdlEXGn6J74Zyu0HfZdJ2K95P5CM7nKvDZLTNCKdVZpcybCC4CemsbwJfP0UA8UiFVG4cozwwTqO4YFDUqReTdcIqdblT5UnCmMT1VWLbpTOLLd8L9a1FqzP0qy7OWz9/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h42/ZKgIcm_3wt368DCR8GwM-kCXX7nofqmXATM167vgkFY>
&rollnumber=148 In the Senate, the vote on Sanders Amendment 1788 on July 22,
2020, was 23 Yeas, 77 Nays,
https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=2&vote=00135

[x] Martin Gillens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American
Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” September 2014,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/testing-theories-of-american-politics-elites-interest-groups-and-average-citizens/62327F513959D0A304D4893B382B992B
Cited in BBC, “Study: US Is an Oligarchy, Not a Democracy,” April 17, 2014,
https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746 ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/atcYNHk4Eh2YdGnwBh-YDO8uxGJwPbt5vUWhV28VPRgadkgDNgC8JfItx6OvEV2US56bqItiOTYi8sMWQ2MpfrWiIu5bJiJljvJPNJtJCP_POBhCe7NPvjODkv7pNW6WZhVe4AH9SxC_3XYAT9-2bf8JoLqHaEOFk3TLmu5Hp8lXpAREO-TFttwwIx_QPkH4u5292yec_1LHWDAv7KLx90nmXcl2cD9ww0Lyt9bUWCl7bu649JWRBuKBbxRig_1L8bcByVC-Zpue0Cur0vIFOB8idDEq99PPi2cqs_N9-2TKoROC2de7hQC2xp2qlLREe8B9uwwr3bcqdYUTiZrK3vCFLoOLhHLUfd003MMSu_Q/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h46/WEtLe4js5KGMxL3GGStkqz99ToY3F25qQgSz7zmggSk>

[xi] In 2008, the United Nations said that $30 billion per year could end
hunger on earth. See the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, “The world only needs 30 billion dollars a year to eradicate the
scourge of hunger,” June 3, 2008,
http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2008/1000853/index.html This was reported ;
in the New York Times,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/news/04iht-04food.13446176.html and Los ;
Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/opinion/ed-food23 and ;
many other outlets. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
has told me that number is still up to date. As of 2019, the annual Pentagon
base budget, plus war budget, plus nuclear weapons in the Department of Energy,
plus the Department of Homeland Security, and other military spending totaled
well over $1 trillion, in fact $1.25 trillion. See William D. Hartung and Mandy
Smithberger, TomDispatch, “Boondoggle, Inc.,” May 7, 2019,
https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561 Three percent of a trillion is 30 ;
billion. More on this at https://worldbeyondwar.org/explained ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/atcYNHk4Eh2YdGnwBh-YDG7XrsA8qChq4YmTGY3gl8fa_aNHndCOfrKVaHCXhA6UhNgChPvMzBNS4-d-QO0t_087K_kin_J5Gfxnehql8pzjGZ_JKXKnpjaOeyoy0sHSTqXmkJVSbeffeJ_dnnTV-Ms-pqEF8gtgdZbDtA7L9apXFfP3CHibglSG-xaMSHC_nY0g0pUOqUieQfW2vAJGhBZxtcEhhL2D4OAZctPQrmoDN93CnuvZ6rxAsjKKMfmPbI_ULyJcTWLc1uWPIWk8A0V2BUzkxc5OTWFBA_RgnEKf_9waDzAo-k8AaGPTTYBtc5tvE73yRRrijZkZ7J59hg/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h48/Tcmi-Yrr3s5-zyOQpdmX72a8Icj6ZcxQoykjycbH8QA>

[xii] According to UNICEF, 291 million children under age 15 died from
preventable causes between 1990 and 2018. See
https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/starts-with-u/health-for-children ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/atcYNHk4Eh2YdGnwBh-YDHO3wClbUjecoqM-vYZx06Krta6fG7XecZVOXPqsxmsF3DU0ff8F7d5aIC6YBa0xcVwpao3vRgooDE37J-lX_lWT7mdiR2BWaJp3GIm6FN_hhNwBlxiwzjyXYHx9Kg_pR1xKKesmJs39_ui3iHlVDS9GExbPY9SbBKwCZpZN-svHNDfMHGE7-jP1jk9yOZ7LTRTvX5JzSex04pQhA4qZtkdtwua77ZhD2873NVUMZo1y2MQzftGwmJvqXmQs9MnjAcwBoBsXoCHyPzzZBteQ_D22IavQNwPqUaHunPm8xtC5HaFBp_1UhvSJcp3S00Zf-uKYxaAm9tNFAwr31hWavL5pwUb4jH9vEd-reLHgVSxI/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h50/U2GB-aYQGMEfBEku_4fhqDT2rNdSMXzeKM4FbXjOGKQ>

[xiii] According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), U.S. military spending, in constant 2018 dollars, was $718,690 in 2019
and $449,369 in 1999. See https://sipri.org/databases/milex ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/wehEm_vu1NBVXOKYSqOxTLWozSCg22Z9PnOXigQczV2Q-a3h5VOootKZ1voMaaqh-JoQ16LtQi61pezUO1t-aOeQZrn6RGS49V4Dh3-IbLunXGgL0OSObdzSNOwAwizW-eaaudRE6_Q95sjFg7XfQt3GfQIv6OfejCbYdu0g-SjykieCahexvjx9WwAOQ2PQZPwh-4dFStaBzT3wJSWBTgkasFgww6ELkMhXQ3q4MGLg34sxgTmmQqqr3zA_j7P3HEKelS3tc7PFra9m0dexWFRWNrtucc6iNOxXRf1pFcN7hOiOFq9kg0KFYtsSsTv0gRuu8IqU4TvIuRwL5U-8ow/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h52/p6-TqU-D2SWjh4Dl2rrMY-iVBGEHY7N4Jl2_e0kFNSM>

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.

Please support David Swanson's work by donating at
http://davidswanson.org/donate ;
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/EaMTO4YJH-GdmEKI-UZzAXSYW5tOlU4-gcoclO0PapOU4TfTiNFer30L9QorwhFGZMryNlBGSeu0JgYieGDRfCAM9IsMdBqaaooI_Fmqqyx1NjcJuuZm2gp-HwdmB20WzOMGEYQMP8PJ7PmbyqhqG1H9MMjGa4Nw0wGY19EtuCYsveIVwgxeyhROOLMzYKef17kpw7jW1SXR1c60VYdsVCH83Yz9jr85zqZEhxPZMzUL0dzPR6HS1clmzlet_g8Nv8imTcymAdL0mPcZCCIccnwjfJ144JW8onhY8384rkB9TXZrDdQcyoiR07MoTSHJibGY2LPgAk8ZJINchTuMnw/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h54/WGoWrcfqbfSScIQ2LuvnLtcD7ut3SHTUiEsi0XJPePs>
  or by check to David Swanson, 513 E Main St #1484, Charlottesville, VA 22902.

David Swanson is an author, activist, journalist, and radio host. He is
director of WorldBeyondWar.org
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/2dsQQKG3vGocRSzJkujhOwOTgLI3p3BxHf0pUh1Ra_RGLc-wbE2gTON8tTQ268e2pIIMEor8jeqI1tnLNAwO6j2-KRYastWi_E-DJEfE67G8o_d7nIun-0U9xxClw6lNOWiEEmioXYjlhXWM1ck0aj1YapjOIyMbB4m4dN58QxCx8n7GBWbiW1bH_yfxEtMh7V8AnHpp_s6Ohosk4bxwyYFj3Ei2Nu_AMUE73Vo0xzUD5xPsOsUPNVa_beYSMASdOpJPRhaSaTEPUoDye4LrItIUsISMgAd7H6RkMcK73PxNH3vqVtJh1Dc64m5SSFW-/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h55/RaEvSkNs8BZNmyHZGBIyUwnyfpBFvfdx_v69ozwFyu0>
  and campaign coordinator for RootsAction.org
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/lv8GsPKsbTpcJcudbJFSGH52LJTE8t4P5oM-uWwxq1_MfJ87tlA2yra77UtGrgmMt5FC5jzzltE1oj_VOD_BOrgQjiHUsbp3mGrla8E2Fx-Nl2wJp9JgsrzBEHI9hpx0ZeGh1fpfL8Cy6V3BmBUDMggFHUxW8GAejDdXNS-vX3qBdbnSXcBSuDcOQRfjNA2SHINvmrt9CBGJNMoB5OXzJG1vzWE1YUaePLOMp8Ns3SmdicS41BsvfbWI_LGPYkR5RUYIaidLF19gYWqlrg7bDp19pStxanvNEjq3NoRUcBgjYRdHoictS_LIFnvCTG3k/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h56/w1K0kkU3-e3vknDlhDePfqH3Opj0xUKI3QGTxCH4sj0>
. Swanson's books
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/EaMTO4YJH-GdmEKI-UZzAWubxzqVxA4uRDe0tO3d--xUjGbSteY_CLIGnO5o9-cvoB9Jz8oq3C522w4JwJKjASFvIRuJaZ7Ao0KPJkkEeztkmveEXqByxUTC8VuGIJKdTN6DoLiL5ZSv-giJGx15_mVExm7VzfB0a9u7HxAUV6YfiNy4uhZnHE7dSL_OOEqXAkqIUrSwdfUX7mS7_JxcFxzGjq_25BWj80kcgnCYpuhdfPx2w-Jq5ofvvCBOyvpAkbmh48HUUP3AuC-lCb86r-30wregmL5MJKUxP13WsPXte8TSX5rLOUcj67IpbzYqw_66f5xBFyt5wXh3q9CFIw/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h57/F06faOh_CfJyZei1uymcCWmujj-Q2Z2BDly7ZAOt42g>
  include War Is A Lie
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/JSkP-FJjtBGQEoIkSl-lAbsXbeILL8SEj7Soppada0MdYiMTZONIE2L9F3FSamnE_4pkZMht5KPL_jldSn-HHpU_nFgJQawh1XlwQDGhI_JY5flXzczVtAK0NFFlYm9Vt_YjOS4UQ_ync6jc4zfzu_SZ6XJb3HUD2U8ZjK_mcrqJ8PkXFe-HnHgeuO4zLAwiI90rLnYA3LBcNw2dAJoIbADXxD-NWTgiZeqGdslsdzmIIAEQSnePP6uTLf_nCIlzxLebhtsEaIeewwZSBWFCj4zoW22P0hXowiGP-DHdzMumUAtsOA-iRfgUuAxWIFn1/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h58/G7ivFF4C_6HhFZj4pUxPtLXjlD06aci7JR7osTct-po>
. He blogs at DavidSwanson.org
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/EaMTO4YJH-GdmEKI-UZzAVpC9pKmCyNOLulk4OQ48BkdP-Lf9Pj7P9cUVi7XjmhU8K5Smdmq5jgjMcmV5Q_dmyMpoIgs-wyE_NHME9u1JSQAWouMF-WN42HWYCR6g9ZdpzBrH6QXjzS1zZU3tI_m0W3n1ckftbactvZX8T7q2yRrMRQVUkIyXId3A0KCe_kkzjKc1h-0-xwimIQQSX3nmLjhKrYUP1LaHGwXD6wxROMde3T9AvZ2SZTGtP1nviz_tP-0DxTHFWZoCQkk071Want5FyORmlyxux5DCBiGKfr_15TYtfK6wkPZLhFya-Sd/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h59/0SKEuKOAsiPtGJ0rYrncIhWFUy2OUEPcgQ5bhERcLV8>
  and WarIsACrime.org
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/JSkP-FJjtBGQEoIkSl-lAe8TQEYdjXJ_oAmBpttnX9FVNax5I7zs3DzbDaz0Moc0-TvxDioaEJirJ9KWmzjSUrF-0kHDZFMbKZtPG6LBKWDAFpdV8JmhgnQB_nnkWhjYo4r-yiB_vy-APMYfS863wPUNsasBkhukDWVJ2IsAULYOi5IiegFrTlf1yBKVJG6ch0QcG2ngm3fv9reuxvP94AcfGx6GVj5Fl41ojlqCTXpOTWSx2zGsk7GCAem9ZhZqwbN_vrqnbrplo25dvg2uidXURZBTebIOBGPDFndVJicEcSwkQ2rruGaWIZni_rlb/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h60/GvkiGn2Tjm28UdbZLBrPsyzbGDF09l8B3oJ_i2zWC9g>
. He hosts Talk Nation Radio
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/EaMTO4YJH-GdmEKI-UZzAfuo1t4sY8d_Zdano5gBZukQRahb7iQs9WbdK7j8WmgOHO_XqroB2_k89SZPDI1WLJwTWKBpYOwMxNdRuLr9bufFSDf9ZCHo9ZVzOA2DiMZ4i3Wm7acxK8bKVDn8196GphQFiDGBKPTU1HqyTV5vG7OYorUWXuLCng_KZ3LcnEnAU8NebYIKQqO50PEpR8vzpoTjwLiXMQV_fK_DxlHTcdo-PPgxPi4utVcM5H9KKn-4qIMknLwKOqyhr7E4G_PMbd1m0Co4keWRQpJylMbNqReLUVcHi_nU7U6-QBIC1LYmY9_4jrggVuVceC2uac1L1w/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h61/g_5WlLp1F3LJCWknZFb_aN9Xm8ylpavNsCuX_dScFZk>
. He is a 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Nobel Peace Prize Nominee. Swanson was
awarded the 2018 Peace Prize
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/EaMTO4YJH-GdmEKI-UZzAXslFdo8xFLScXkleb2kyHxqhJuEIFhM-57wYw7Pwn-QSBwoJ3RFKmxs-KUsb46_7BB_7-l2yZwLkV9v3_suLJppG64JQRuZ3YePVCgVCLEMEALGGteXNFih9YJlabdbiVx9i8OroIurBGpBsOFOQGcfmxqdY7flbBc7sohcWxUUZ_DQoptjtK0dg60ACvft696ij3IxZw3gQrGplMZQ3Fw_h7pxBNZ9fGCN3JK-GHubcFDIp84lMDOiyFQoIJ97vbnicTK3WKcmUorbn09V_o14r1LMnhosNPuopKvzNmHtDROe_XpwBZZil60ZydxXgtOVWrgYEshIJGc7pdiI6vAnQ9BRjlT-THXqv0udxpJU/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h62/TJLqD1R4L2QThqjjH-2RBcRfc7hOlO2tPCcdyvMUI-k>
  by the U.S. Peace Memorial Foundation. Longer bio and photos and videos here
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/EaMTO4YJH-GdmEKI-UZzASU0R9un5_KaCyrsK067r8nRxSfljleLN1CMR3t9OP3Y1TfpEJGNriVsKfRtcRQ6jmiA6VfLFbMvwv0m_GbWLfGL3SvmPgh4ROrWhj2V72gOaBi4uCxlPub01rl2QnU9GtaqmuLu0qxl6riBgQsBWNOlFCcCrsgt8i1lufy1fQa1LL296ux8QZuod9N_NmowxnTZw_A6DgKlSKI4aNx9JQuoMdlL4wCDEnqfA9a8jN_PhnLWTzqMOA1x5Vt-d4u4CL6JQCKzY5L5MWz2STyQwOpi6rX3fVPPyd4wiAer0eDJ_GJng7MJPYjDEd4Ocpn5og/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h63/WpHpOwZMAcEmxLaexJKvoBBtO8onWWa6xFVkmOBpumI>
. Follow him on Twitter: @davidcnswanson
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/hYee4IZ6ZdaSvS-3WHR5B8nNqBwgckz9JjtmRSyjjdOxgyIet_Gc9N2zzQFyF6qN1o59zrW5Up7MiUsp4RLBYsIoiXr8cQQLcRx_CECurPSUy-xBeytj487WQJo5GrLQ5ZUL98OkDe_zmEr5sugomwnkEzAbgvJdWYhL5HLNQieEEHrKMGOcaBx9gXDE2XfP-2iLQHRcjmXntioLKJdjQOTWjRPCAZahNmuAVa7qP9ZdLdU49z02UUUmvH-6ByI872OrUlNlUZFfghf2RbR3_I6L1X7CrdCtVP6nCEF1UzgJyyHjTVP7uJAMQhMxkSS3XpZBpOSjEvXjR12riCrZtQ/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h64/BSRxNtr-y62IsfCJAwbi4E0T1eAH2m7ApWoaQcgsYGw>
  and FaceBook
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/mRshnjzLbfRUAJcmEcvG06cAvxNMsV8OBaLzm8zBSQ6V79VE7PtQAPmSz8FZFLL_tjm1MZzWM07zOe0Vv6fvv5a13GlcssD3jt27F2GwK6cOqfQ3IzAufcQEYktibSMaL2Ez9QPFy-PwOrRQyMvebg3PMUKCfuqMzIUP6MZY0IhSuwrt4Fm7M10S6KJ4ovKXODJ_qUmg3Cg_DRqHhFsM51mmZFUCC2w4a0kGwAxqX1gSZVsptQ1Wo6xvpyvm4UQ0rA6dyvB2Huh--C_r9G1vFvXYeSC6Ee_LlhySZRz0sEt2EAzdMBRvV-_Uz4f7gS5DckiVIyYVJi2_NDU8rlkNdtbCeG9WjQz60YFKzw8Ru9U/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h65/MCbtdKfff3277JJn_e4yvFwBtzbCrMcPGBzrICWDNLw>
, and sign up for: Activist alerts
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<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/P8Elou2Rvc0qoMPEUZrMXcOpy_XqN4R2ZGjoK-5zZnl2zHV-m6bL13KEvZnre-kHZBxLjlWa27V0ViGbZktH7dMf234BpCvQ2mPn3X2x8tTSocGk4aEjjuUDc4unJchaov4wWRbVyiJQ7xUdVlb7bxqibyQkBDGiMMZ9cWStdeH1RpIuTlxmr4G2Ne4wjhx-yJtI0n887sT3U0PPrRdRT1CYyP9IGN6tfb8Kjj_HXP5XG6Ds3rgu7_GpNBlLDjg6cVnoSOYF8wzPFPE1CrB7fmNi51L4qlPpK2qNU8zNUlVtKJh_sI1m9EP4-2YU7IBho9O5qde0nVsqWktoPU069ed1pFhom2OCpxf3ZvBmEUg/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h68/tBFvtHWW8ueWvghHz3GWzu6n8exG3NR0VQuUk_F7NQU>
. World Beyond War news
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/P8Elou2Rvc0qoMPEUZrMXcOpy_XqN4R2ZGjoK-5zZnlk-TxCxBM6PzkDIBzwrc-WoGeqAmg3hZZC-MEINuCiKcbMPgg9051WPJ2fz4sGkGFpmDBgNfJDj--xwFkJCLwpUtqg1PU9WfuyyUs1d0cDYt4MpHqfKWMhlcAHVPzB2VFSfgexoISyjF9aR46XOPKRisVVdqFzNa1wdu4deRB2OIAW5h4l8zwEXvpYFMuJ7dqpxYft7sKfg3Rllbm1UoPSTmRjkRerPF66jLqyKRwFN0ofAaLFVHfLQ_e8iuYXl39Qm9oOKbHawpcxV_R_umBrNqyibhlb0BBL5qlXhq1QWw9uiPKErlrhXkWpCH0ShTk/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h69/522rBybWUg88TpmAjCKs4j0ZyC_jpwBSDNrWj9QTXJ8>
. Charlottesville news
<https://u1584542.ct.sendgrid.net/ss/c/P8Elou2Rvc0qoMPEUZrMXcOpy_XqN4R2ZGjoK-5zZnlcT4il7NG0NbVNP565pLX9SdUv_YeZEnydyQ8p75Je_16exSEUiTa1T7WUo8ucQ1FVAbt75GOx4Tqc9ikKzaI56oxvQ_U8fPOcy1Woa5Y2H-5QQFmoc6sxKoYpi6K3gS09erSWqt1f20LzYEmp_REpYOFFjr58Rssgq9tYY6qZgyNMHzcvuwiv5I2A6yF3-U0Fm-dOU5yVZCyhjJiUyMJZVJoLoRVkcVKG-OTj2WyENmkTy2jceKKxc7lpdaee0djiSvxZbA6NqDa1LXVIPBWvhpzGhRtaqcE9sri7G1dYLNbFw5v6AL2elZCUJ1lnEPE/359/cCcVvhSiSjC1S0cx3xhmxg/h70/rdYz4EoC7BXhhR_iX4b-qFWgxXPpGrMrMO6AaEWw8OY>
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