You're a distraction, along with vast chunks of twentieth century pseudo-philosophy. And stop trying to channel me if you can't even read first. Though I do agree with you that there is a noncausality claim in the third premise. What the hell else does "insufficient for" mean if it is part of an independent clause within one premise whose other independent clause is supposed to be taken as a nonidentity claim = not constitutive of. Think of constitutive rules, Searle style. Such serve to identify conditions where some such actually is some such because of the constitutive rule--not that the constitutive rule is here a stand-in for an efficient physical cause. Wanna make a monkey of Searle? You're gonna have to do monkey shines! Shine, shine, shine, ... you crazy diamonds! Cheers, Budd ========================================= Need Something? Check here: http://ludwig.squarespace.com/wittrslinks/