> why the emitter follower output quiescent power is > P={(Vcc-Vh)(Vh-Vt)+(Vcc-Vl)(Vl-Vt)}/(2R). It is nothing but basic circuit theory, and a little algebra. When the output is high, P = V * I = (Vcc-Vh) * (Vh-Vt)/R. When the output is low, P = (Vcc-Vl) * (Vl-Vt)/R. Average them (i.e., 50% duty cycle) , and you get your formula. Regards, Andy ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List FAQ wiki page is located at: http://si-list.org/wiki/wiki.pl?Si-List_FAQ List technical documents are available at: http://www.si-list.org List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu