*MEDICAL: DISEASES: ZIKA VIRUS : *
*GUIDES : *
*DIRECTORIES : *
*PUBLICATIONS : *
*MEDICAL: RESOURCES: *
*Zika Virus for Healthcare Providers *
*FROM Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *
*National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID). *
*Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) PART TWO*
*http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html* ;<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html>
Contents of the Posts for These Documents
Zika Virus Home <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html>
- About Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Prevention <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Transmission <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Symptoms, Testing, & Treatment
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Mosquito Control <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html>
[image: collapse]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Integrated Mosquito Management
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/integrated_mosquito_management.html>
- Zika Vector Control in the Continental US
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html>
- Potential Range in US <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html>
- For Professionals
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/for-professionals.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Information on Aerial Spraying
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html>
- Insecticide Resistance
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html>
- Resources <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html>
- Health Effects & Risks
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Pregnancy <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Information for Specific Groups
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/specific-groups.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- For Healthcare Providers
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- For Laboratories <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Resources & Publications <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html>
- Communication Resources
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/index.html>
[image: expand]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- What's New <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/whats-new.html>
CDC <http://www.cdc.gov/>Zika Virus Home
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html>Mosquito Control
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html>
Potential Range in US
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/range.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Frange.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Frange.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Estimated range of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the United States,
2016*
[image: Two maps of the United States showing Aedes aegypti and Aedes
albopictus mosquitoes are or have been previously found. Aedes aegypti
range is the southern half of the United States. Aedes albopictus range is
the eastern half of the United States as well as the southwest.]
*Maps have been updated from a variety of sources. These maps represent
CDC's best estimate of the potential range of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes
albopictus* in the United States. Maps are not meant to represent risk for
spread of disease.
Estimated range of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the United States,
2016 Maps[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-mosquito-maps.pdf>
The new estimated range maps have been updated from a variety of published
and unpublished sources. These maps show CDC’s best estimate of the
potential range of *Aedes aegypti *and* Aedes albopictus *in the United
States. These maps include areas where mosquitoes are or have been
previously found. Maps are not meant to represent risk for spread of
disease. *Aedes aegypti *mosquitoes are more likely to spread viruses like
Zika, dengue, chikungunya and other viruses than other types of mosquitoes
such as *Aedes albopictus* mosquitoes
These maps show
- The new estimated range maps have been updated from a variety of
published and unpublished sources.
- These maps show CDC’s best estimate of the potential range of *Aedes
aegypti *and*Aedes albopictus *in the United States.
- These maps include areas where mosquitoes are or have been previously
found.
- Maps are not meant to represent risk for spread of disease.
These maps DO NOT show
- Likelihood that these mosquitoes will spread viruses. Shaded areas on
the map do not necessarily mean that there are infected mosquitoes in that
area.
- Numbers of mosquitoes: These maps do not show how many mosquitoes are
living in an area. Mosquito population numbers vary widely across the
shaded areas on the map, from high numbers of mosquitoes in some parts of
Florida and Texas to rare reports of mosquitoes further north.
- Exact locations of mosquitoes: These maps are our best estimate of
where mosquitoes could potentially live. Actual mosquito populations will
vary by state and county. Mosquito populations may be found in an area that
is not shaded on the maps and may not be found in all shaded areas.
About these mosquitoes
*Aedes aegypti*
- [image: a female Aedes aegypti mosquito while in the process of
acquiring a blood meal from her human host.]
- These mosquitoes live in tropical, subtropical, and in some temperate
climates.
- They are the main type of mosquito that spread Zika, dengue,
chikungunya, and other viruses.
- Because *Aedes aegypti *mosquitoes live near and prefer to feed on
people, they are more likely to spread these viruses than other types of
mosquitoes.
*Aedes albopictus*
- [image: A female Aedes albopictus mosquito feeding on a human host]
- These mosquitoes live tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates,
but can live in a broader temperature range and at cooler
temperatures than *Aedes
aegypti.*
- Because these mosquitoes feed on animals as well as people, they are
less likely to spread viruses like Zika, dengue, chikungunya and other
viruses.
About outbreaks spread by mosquitoes
- Local mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission has been reported in the
continental United States.
- Many areas in the United States have the type of mosquitoes that can
become infected with and spread Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses.
- Recent outbreaks in the continental United States of chikungunya and
dengue, which are spread by the same type of mosquito, have been relatively
small and limited to a small area.
- Areas with past outbreaks of chikungunya and dengue are considered at
higher risk for Zika. These include U.S. territories like Puerto Rico, the
U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam. Local outbreaks have also been reported in
parts of Hawaii, Florida, and Texas.
- *Aedes aegypti* or *Aedes albopictus* mosquitoes can cause an
outbreak, if all of the following happens:
- People get infected with a virus (like Zika, dengue, or
chikungunya).
- An *Aedes aegypti *or *Aedes albopictus* mosquito bites an infected
person during the first week of infection when the virus can be found in
the person’s blood.
- The infected mosquito lives long enough for the virus to multiply
and for the mosquito to bite another person.
- The cycle continues multiple times to start an outbreak.
Protect yourself from Zika and other viruses spread by mosquitoes
- The best way to prevent Zika and other viruses spread through mosquito
bites is to take steps to prevent mosquito bites[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf>.
If you are pregnant, strictly follow these steps:
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
- Stay in places with air conditioning and use window and door
screens to keep mosquitoes outside.
- Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered
<http://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-insect-repellent-right-you>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> insect repellents with one
of the following active ingredients: DEET, picaridin, IR3535,
oil of lemon
eucalyptus, or para-menthane-diol. When used as directed, EPA-registered
insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and
breastfeeding women.
- Treat clothing with permethrin or purchase permethrin-treated items.
For more information about how to prevent mosquito bites, see Mosquito Bite
Prevention (United States)[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf>.
For Professionals
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/for-professionals.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/for-professionals.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/for-professionals.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Ffor-professionals.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Ffor-professionals.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/for-professionals.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
In the continental United States, vector control professionals use
integrated vector management strategies to control *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes
albopictus* mosquitoes.
- Before a locally-acquired case(s) of Zika, chikungunya, or dengue
virus infection occurs, professionals conduct surveillance to understand
local populations of mosquitoes and begin control efforts.
- If a travel-related case is reported or locally-acquired case is
suspected, vector control professionals enhance mosquito control activities
to reduce both larvae and adult mosquito densities. This can help keep
mosquitoes from biting infected people, which can break the transmission
cycle.
- Vector surveillance and control efforts should target mosquito species
that can transmit viruses. Control activities are generally similar for
both *Aedes aegypti* and*Aedes albopictus* mosquitoes.
- Surveillance and Control of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus* in
the United States[PDF – 16 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/surveillance-and-control-of-aedes-aegypti-and-aedes-albopictus-us.pdf>
- SURVEILLANCE & CONTROL
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/vector-control.html>
- INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html>
- DISINSECTION
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/disinsection.html>
For ELC Recipients
CDC’s Epidemiology & Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases (ELC)
Cooperative Agreement funds have been distributed to develop or enhance
mosquito vector surveillance and insecticide resistance testing and to
report results to CDC. Data compiled from ELC recipients will be used to
develop more accurate knowledge of where and during what time of the year
Zika virus mosquito vectors (*Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*) occur
in the United States, and when and where these mosquitoes are most
abundant. Additionally, data will be used to track insecticide resistance
in Zika virus mosquito vectors across space and time throughout the United
States.
In order to facilitate data collection and reporting, download the
following documents.
- Guidelines for *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*Surveillance and
Insecticide Resistance Testing in the United States[PDF – 9 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/guidelines-for-aedes-surveillance-and-insecticide-resistance-testing.pdf>
- Mosquito surveillance data collection spreadsheet[XLS - 170 KB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/mosquitosurveillancedata.xlsx>
- Insecticide resistance testing data collection spreadsheet[XLS - 125
KB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticideresistancetestingdata.xlsx>
[image: A pickup truck spraying insecticide]
[image: airplane]
Photos courtesy of Ed Freytag, City of New Orleans Mosquito & Termite
Control Board
Surveillance and Control of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus* in the
United States
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/vector-control.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/vector-control.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/vector-control.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Fvector-control.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Fvector-control.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/vector-control.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Surveillance of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*
Intended audience: ELC recipients conducting mosquito surveillance and
insecticide resistance testing
- Guidelines for *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus* Surveillance and
Insecticide Resistance Testing in the United States[PDF – 9 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/guidelines-for-aedes-surveillance-and-insecticide-resistance-testing.pdf>
- Mosquito surveillance data collection spreadsheet[XLS - 170 KB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/mosquitosurveillancedata.xlsx>
- Insecticide resistance testing data collection spreadsheet[XLS - 125
KB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticideresistancetestingdata.xlsx>
Control of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*
Intended audience: Vector control professionals
- Surveillance and Control of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus* in
the United States[PDF – 16 pages].
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/surveillance-and-control-of-aedes-aegypti-and-aedes-albopictus-us.pdf>
Disinsection
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/disinsection.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/disinsection.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/disinsection.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Fdisinsection.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Fdisinsection.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/disinsection.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Technical Statement on the Role of Disinsection of Airplanes or Ships in
the Context of Zika Outbreaks, 2016Key Points
- CDC does not recommend routine use of insecticides (disinsection)
inside commercial passenger airplanes or on ships to prevent the spread of
Zika virus.
- An infected person is the most common source for imported
mosquito-borne viruses with a human-mosquito-human transmission cycle.1
- Public health interventions for travelers should focus on preventing
mosquito bites while in areas with Zika virus outbreaks and on return from
those areas (for 3 weeks following return).
- Routine, established efforts to control or eliminate mosquitoes in and
around airports and seaports should be followed.
Use of Disinsection in Airplanes to Control the Spread of Zika Virus
- The World Health Organization (WHO) convened an Advisory Group on
aircraft disinsection in Geneva during April 2016 to discuss the role of
disinsection in the spread of Zika virus. In the context of Zika virus, WHO
stated: “Effectiveness of disinsection was considered low for preventing
pathogen importation, as there is a low risk of importation by mosquito
vectors compared to infected travelers.” However, WHO continues to
recognize a possible role for disinsection in certain circumstances and
advises countries to conduct a risk assessment before instating
requirements. It is therefore possible that individual countries may
require disinsection of aircraft originating from countries with Zika
outbreaks.2
- It is thought that the probability of any mosquito being on an
airplane is low (and perhaps even lower for an infected mosquito).3
- Given the use of air conditioning and the relatively brief period for
potential exposure, the risk of travelers becoming infected on board an
airplane through the bite of an infected mosquito is considered to be lower
than their risk of being bitten by an infected mosquito while they were in
affected areas.
- There is no evidence to show that using insecticide to kill mosquitoes
inside aircraft cabins is effective in preventing introduction and spread
of mosquito-borne diseases.
- Given lack of efficacy, drawbacks to consider include possible adverse
health effects (including allergic reactions) in crew members or
passengers, damage to aircraft materials, and objections by passengers and
crewmembers.4, 5 The issue of emerging resistance to insecticides among
mosquito species is another factor to weigh when considering disinsection.
6
- There are currently no products approved by the Environmental
Protection Agency for disinsection inside an occupied aircraft cabin.7
Use of Disinsection on Ships to Control the Spread of Zika Virus
- Inspection and disinsection of cargo containers are difficult and not
effective mechanisms to prevent importation of *Aedes aegypti* or *Aedes
albopictus*mosquitoes or Zika virus.8
- The most common way for *Aedes aegypti* or *Aedes albopictus* species
mosquitoes to travel long distances is as unhatched eggs. Disinsection with
conventional insecticides will not kill the eggs, which are resistant to
insecticides.
- Cargo containers are unloaded rapidly from ships and might not be
opened at the port but at other locations.
- These factors decrease the effectiveness of disinsection and in many
instances make it infeasible.
- Ship operators, seaports, and importers should collaborate to
eliminate sources of standing water that serve as places where mosquitoes
can lay eggs as part of routine operations, but this should not be
considered a significant countermeasure to prevent the spread of Zika virus.
Although CDC has the authority to require disinsection under parts 70 and
71 of title 42 of the Code of Federal Regulations, disinsection is not
currently required for airplanes or ships arriving at US ports of entry.9 For
more information, see Questions and Answers about Disinsection and Zika for
the Shipping Industry and Partners
<http://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/maritime/zika-qa.html> and Questions and
Answers about Zika for the Airline Industry and Partners
<http://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/air/managing-sick-travelers/commercial-aircraft/zika-qa.html>
.
Humans are the Most Common Way for Zika Virus to Enter a Country
- The most common way that Zika virus enters a country is by
introduction of the virus to the local mosquito population by an infected
traveler.
- Mosquito-borne viruses, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, spread
internationally primarily through infected people. This can occur when an
infected person goes to a different country and is bitten by uninfected
mosquitoes that then become infected. The newly infected mosquito
population can then spread the virus.
- Mosquito species that can transmit the Zika virus (*Aedes
aegypti* and *Aedes
albopictus*) are found in many parts of the United States, so infected
people arriving in the United States could be bitten in their homes or
residential areas by mosquitoes, which could result in local spread.
- For these reasons, areas where these mosquitoes are located or where
Zika virus is spreading should focus on local mosquito control and other
prevention efforts, such as encouraging returning travelers to take
measures to prevent mosquito bites.
Summary
CDC does not recommend disinsection inside commercial passenger aircraft or
on ships as an effective approach to control the movement of Zika virus
over long distances, such as from one country to another. CDC recommends
that other local public health interventions should be the primary focus to
prevent local transmission of Zika virus.
References
1. SM Ostroff. The Role of the Traveler in Translocation of Disease. CDC
Health Information for International Travel, 2016 Yellow Book.
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/introduction/perspectives-the-role-of-the-traveler-in-translocation-of-disease>
2. WHO Ad-hoc Advisory Group on aircraft disinsection for controlling
the international spread of vector-borne diseases, Geneva, Switzerland, 21
to 22 April 2016
<http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/WHO_HSE_GCR_2016_12/en/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>.
3. L Mier-y-Teran-Romero, AJ Tatem, and MA Johansson. Introduction of
mosquito-borne diseases into non-endemic locations: infected human
travelers versus mosquitoes. International Conference on Emerging
Infectious Diseases[PDF - 300 pages]
<http://www.iceid.org/images/2015/ICEID2015_web.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. August, 2015. Atlanta,
Georgia, p. 261.
4. CDC NIOSH. Aircrew Safety & Health. Pesticides – What you need to know
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aircrew/pesticides.html>.
5. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research & Development. Aircraft
disinsection: A guide for military & civilian air carriers. 1996
<http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?rep=rep1&type=pdf&doi=10.1.1.215.4945>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>.
6. N Liu. Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: Impact, mechanisms, and
research directions. Annual Review of Entomology. Vol. 60: 537-559 (Volume
publication date January 2015) DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020828
7. EPA PRN 96-3: Pesticide products used to disinsect aircraft
<https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/prn-96-3-pesticide-products-used-disinsect-aircraft>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. 1996.
8. EU SHIPSAN ACT. Interim guidance on maritime transport and Zika virus
disease.[PDF - 20 pages]
<http://www.shipsan.eu/Portals/0/docs/MaritimeZika_EUSHIPSAN_UPDATE_13.4.2016.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> 2016.
9.
Code of Federal Regulations; Title 42 Public Health; parts 70
<http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=fd928a74c1d7cbc23b1389f40cc73124&mc=true&node=pt42.1.70&rgn=div5>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> and 71
<http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=fd928a74c1d7cbc23b1389f40cc73124&mc=true&node=pt42.1.71&rgn=div5#se42.1.71_132>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>.
Information on Aerial Spraying
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Faerial-spraying.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Faerial-spraying.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
When people in a large area are getting sick or when large numbers of
mosquitoes are found, airplanes can be used to treat very large areas with
insecticides safely, quickly, and efficiently. This process is called
aerial spraying. Below is more information on aerial spraying.
Integrated Vector Management
Is aerial spraying an effective tool for killing mosquitoes?
Aerial treatment of areas with products that rapidly reduce both young and
adult mosquitoes can help to limit the number of mosquitoes that carry the
Zika virus. Repeated aerial applications of insecticide has reduced
mosquito populations as a part of an integrated vector management program.
Is aerial spraying alone the best way to control mosquitoes?
- Aerial spraying is only one part of the solution for controlling
mosquitoes, but it is the one method that can rapidly reduce the number of
mosquitoes spreading Zika in a large area.
- It is the most effective method when large areas must be treated
quickly.
- Aerial spraying is used as part of an integrated mosquito control
program to quickly reduce the number of mosquitoes responsible for
infecting people with viruses like Zika, dengue, or chikungunya.
- An integrated mosquito control program includes
- Source reduction. Eliminating mosquito habitats, such as discarded
containers and rain gutters.
- Structural barriers, such as screens and enclosed, air-conditioned
spaces, if possible.
- Larval mosquito control using the appropriate methods for the
habitat.
- Adult mosquito control using insecticides.
- Community education efforts related to preventing mosquito bites by
wearing EPA-registered insect repellents and protective clothing
(long-sleeved shirts and long pants).
Aerial Spraying and Insecticides
Is aerial spraying experimental?
- Aerial spraying is not experimental.
- EPA-registered insecticides are used for aerial spraying
EPA-registered insecticides have been studied for their effectiveness and
safety when used according to label instructions.
- Aerial spraying, using Naled and other insecticides, has been used in
many populated areas of the continental United States, including Miami,
Tampa, and New Orleans, to help control mosquitoes.
- In 2014, almost 6 million acres of land in Florida was aerial
sprayed with Naled by mosquito control programs.
Where has Naled been used?
- Naled has been extensively used since the 1950s and is currently
applied by aerial and ground spraying to an average of approximately 16
million acres of the continental United States annually.
- It is also used for mosquito control following natural disasters, such
as hurricanes and floods. (Human Exposure to Mosquito-Control Pesticides ―
Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia, 2002 and 2003, CDC, 2005)
- In 2004 and 2005, it was used as part of the emergency responses to
Hurricanes Charley, Jeanne, Frances, and Katrina.
- Naled is currently used in the United States by many local governments
and mosquito control districts, including the Florida Keys Mosquito Control
District, the Lee County Mosquito Control District, and Miami-Dade County.
- Historically, Naled has been used in Puerto Rico in attempts to
control dengue.
What happens to Naled once it is sprayed?
- Naled starts to degrade (break down) immediately on surfaces, in
water, and in sunlight.
- The chemical dichlorvos (DDVP) can be created when Naled degrades. It
also breaks down quickly.
- In small quantities DDVP has not been shown to cause health problems
in people.
- DDVP does not build up in breast milk or breast tissue.
What is Bti and how does it work?
- *Bacillus thuringiensis *subspecies *israelensis *(Bti) is a naturally
occurring bacteria found in soils.
- Bti produces toxins that kill the larvae of mosquitoes and blackflies
when swallowed. The toxins cause death by starvation and only begin
working when swallowed by certain insects (larvae of mosquitoes,
blackflies, and fungus gnats).
- There are several strains of *Bacillus thuringiensis *(Bt) that kill
other insect larva like caterpillars and beetles. These are not the same
as Bti.
Can Bti only be applied through aerial spraying?
- No, Bti is often applied using methods that are not aerial spraying.
- Bti can be applied using truck-mounted or backpack spraying. It can
also be found as dunks or briquettes that can be put in areas of standing
water that cannot be emptied, such as fountains and ornamental ponds,
septic tanks, and unchlorinated pools.
- Dunks are currently being distributed in Zika prevention kits.
Aerial Spraying and Human Health
Is aerial spraying of insecticides dangerous/harmful to human health?
- No, during aerial spraying, a small amount of insecticide is sprayed
over an area, about 1 ounce (two tablespoons) per acre or about the size of
a football field.
- This small amount does not pose a health risk to people or pets in the
area that is sprayed.
- When aerial spraying is done correctly, it does not cause asthma
attacks.
- There is a possibility that spraying of a larvicide, like Bti, can
cause eye irritation if a person is outside and looking up when spraying
takes place.
- EPA-registered products are used for aerial spraying. The label
instructions are followed by a licensed professional.
- If people prefer to stay inside and close windows and doors when
spraying takes place they can, but it is not necessary.
Does aerial spraying cause asthma attacks?
- No, when aerial spraying is done correctly, it does not cause asthma
attacks.
- When applied according to label instructions, EPA-registered
insecticides do not pose a risk to human health or the environment.
- Research shows that ultra-low volume (ULV) application for mosquito
control does not increase the risk of asthma for people living in treatment
areas (Karpati et al. 2004, Currier et al. 2005, Duprey et al. 2008).
Will Naled cause cancer?
- No, EPA has classified Naled as Group E “Evidence of
Non-carcinogenicity for Humans,” meaning that there is no evidence that it
causes cancer in people.
- During aerial spraying, a small amount of insecticide is sprayed over
an area, about 1 ounce (two tablespoons) per acre or about the size of a
football field.
- Droplets float in the air and kill adult mosquitoes on contact.
- Naled starts to degrade (break down) immediately on surfaces, in
water, and in sunlight.
- EPA conducted risk assessments for Naled and calculated risks under
different exposure scenarios.
- Because of the very small amount of active ingredient released per
acre of ground during aerial spraying, EPA found that for all scenarios and
exposures were hundreds or thousands of times below an amount that might
pose a health concern.
- In an evaluation of thousands of people who conducted agricultural
spraying using many types of insecticides, including organophosphates like
Naled, no increased risk of any type of cancer was found during the 7-11
years of follow up (Schinasi & Leon, 2008).
- However, at high doses, for example if the person doing the spraying
is exposed to Naled directly in amounts that are well above those for
normal labeled uses, Naled and other organophosphates can overstimulate the
nervous system, causing nausea, dizziness, or confusion. This is why it is
very important that those who actually work with Naled strictly follow
label instructions.
- Severe high-dose poisoning with any organophosphate can cause
convulsions, respiratory paralysis, and death.
- It is extremely unlikely that any person would come into contact
with this amount of Naled when it is applied by a licensed professional
according to label instructions.
Will Bti affect human health?
- Bti has not been found to pose a health risk to people or pets.
- There is a possibility that spraying larvicides, like Bti, can cause
eye irritation if a person is outside when spraying takes place.
- Bti is an EPA-registered insecticide. EPA-registered insecticides have
been studied for their effectiveness and safety when used according to
label instructions.
- Existing residential and area-wide uses, like aerial or truck
spraying, have been evaluated and found to be safe. Using Bti to kill
mosquito larvae may reduce the risk of getting infected with Zika virus.
- If people prefer to stay inside when spraying takes place they can,
but it is not necessary.
Aerial Spraying and Animals
Will aerial spraying hurt pets and other animals?
- No, when aerial spraying is done correctly, it does not harm animals.
- During aerial spraying, a small amount of insecticide is sprayed over
an area, about 1 ounce (two tablespoons) per acre, or about the size of a
football field.
- This small amount does not pose a health risk to people or pets in the
area that is sprayed.
- EPA-registered products are used for aerial spraying. The label
instructions are followed by a licensed professional.If people prefer to
bring pets inside when spraying takes place they can, but it is not
necessary.
- Aerial spraying will not harm fish or animals that live in the water.
People do not need to cover fish ponds when spraying takes place. If a
larvicide is sprayed, it is better if ponds are not covered.
Will aerial spraying kill bees?
- Aerial spraying can be done in ways that minimize risk to bees.
- Spraying Naled can kill bees outside of their hives at the time of
spraying; therefore, spraying is limited to dawn or dusk when bees are
inside their hives.
- Because Naled breaks down quickly, it does not pose a risk to the
honey bee populations.
- Studies show that honey production between hives in treated and
untreated sites did not show significantly different quantities of honey
over the course of a season.
- For additional protection, urban bee keepers inside the spray zone
can cover their hives when spraying occurs.
- Although significant exposure to bees would not occur with Naled
application at dawn and dusk, beekeepers can reduce potential exposure to
bee colonies even more by covering colonies and preventing bees from
exiting during designated treatment periods or, if possible, relocating
colonies to an untreated site.
- The spraying of mosquito larvicides will not impact bees.
Will aerial spraying kill birds or other animals?
- No, when aerial spraying is done correctly, it does not harm birds or
other animals.
- The insecticides used for aerial spraying do not pose risks to
wildlife or the environment.
- Aerial spraying does not cause long-term harm to the environment or
local ecosystem, even if spraying happens more than once.
- EPA-registered insecticides used for aerial spraying break down
rapidly in the environment, and it displays low toxicity to birds and
mammals.
- Aerial spraying will not harm coquis or fish or animals that live in
the water. People do not need to cover fish ponds when spraying takes
place. If a larvicide is sprayed, it is better if ponds are not covered.
Will Bti affect animals or wildlife?
- No, Bti does not pose a risk to other mammals, birds, or aquatic life,
including coqui frogs in Puerto Rico. The toxins it produces only begin
working once swallowed by certain insects (larvae of mosquitoes,
blackflies, and fungus gnats).
Aerial Spraying and the Environment
Will aerial spraying pollute water?
- No, when aerial spraying is done correctly, it does not pollute water.
- Research shows that, when applied according to label instructions,
EPA-registered insecticides sprayed in low levels (about two tablespoons
per acre [4,046 square meters]) does not cause long-term harm to the
environment or local ecosystem, even if spraying happens more than once.
Will chemicals from aerial spraying contaminate soil?
- No, when chemicals used in aerial spraying are used correctly, they
will not contaminate soil.
- Aerial spraying does not cause harm to the environment or local
ecosystem, even if spraying happens more than once.
- When applied according to label instructions, EPA-registered
insecticides do not pose a risk to human health or the environment.
More information can be found on the US Environmental Protection Agency’s
website. <http://www.epa.gov/> <http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Will Bti affect water sources?
- No. Because Bti has no toxic effect on people, it poses no risk of
contamination to water supplies.
Resources
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/resources.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Fresources.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fvector%2Fresources.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
- Guidance and Planning Resources
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html#tabs-1193864-1>
- Mosquito Information
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html#tabs-1193864-2>
- Mosquito Control
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html#tabs-1193864-3>
- Links <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html#tabs-1193864-4>
- Interim Guidance for Protecting Workers from Occupational Exposure to
Zika Virus
- English[PDF – 7 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3855_zika_virus_04-2016.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 9 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3856_zika_virus_04-2016_spanish.pdf>
- For state and local planning purposes – Interim CDC Recommendations
for Zika Vector Control in the Continental United States
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html>
- Surveillance and Control of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus* in
the United States <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/vector-control.html>
- Guideline for Evaluating Insecticide Resistance in Vectors Using the
CDC Bottle Bioassay
- English[PDF – 28 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/resources/pdf/fsp/ir_manual/ir_cdc_bioassay_en.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 28 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/resources/pdf/fsp/ir_manual/ir_cdc_bioassay_es.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF – 28 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/resources/pdf/fsp/ir_manual/ir_cdc_bioassay_pt.pdf>
- Mosquito Life Cycle
- English[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquitolifecycle.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47966.pdf>
- Estimated Range of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus* in the
United States, 2016
- English[PDF – 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-mosquito-maps.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48223.pdf>
- Controlling *Aedes aegypti *and *Aedes albopictus*
- English[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/vectorcontrolaedesmosquitoes.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48310.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What you need to know about using larvicides fact
sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about using larvicides
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicides-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53275.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicides-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Truck-Mounted
Spraying factsheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about truck-mounted spraying
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/truckmounted-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53277.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/truckmounted-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Aerial Spraying fact
sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about aerial spraying
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/aerialspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53279.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/aerialspraying-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Filling Tree Holes
fact sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about filling tree holes
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/treeholes-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53281.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/treeholes-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Indoor Spraying fact
sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about indoor spraying
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/indoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/indoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/indoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Outdoor Spraying fact
sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about outdoor spraying
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/outdoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/outdoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/outdoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Using Adulticides
factsheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about using adulticides
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/adulticide-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53287.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/adulticide-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What state and local mosquito control programs do
fact sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What state and local mosquito control programs do
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquito_control.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_55513.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquito_control.pdf>
[image: Did you know: Important information about aerial spraying for
mosquito control fact sheet thumbnail]
Did You Know: Important Information about Aerial Spraying for Mosquito
Control
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/dyk-aerial_spraying.pdf>
[image: CDCs Response to Zika: Larvicides kill young mosquitoes]
Larvicide Dunk Use Wallet Cards
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-english.pdf>
- Palau[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-palau.pdf>
- Tongan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-tongan.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-tagalog.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-spanish.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-samoan.pdf>
- Russian[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-russian.pdf>
- Marshallese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-marshallese.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-korean.pdf>
- Japanese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-japanese.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-chinese.pdf>
- Bengali[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-bengali.pdf>
Health Effects & Risks
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/healtheffects/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
What we know
- Zika infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects and is
associated with other pregnancy problems.
- Several countries that have experienced Zika outbreaks recently have
reported increases in people who have Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/gbs-qa.html>.
- Current CDC research suggests that GBS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/gbs-qa.html> is strongly
associated with Zika; however, only a small proportion of people with
recent Zika virus infection get GBS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/gbs-qa.html>.
[image: Graphic of doctor with a patient]
- MICROCEPHALY & OTHER BIRTH DEFECTSZika infection during pregnancy can
cause a birth defect called microcephaly, as well as other severe fetal
brain defects.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html>
- GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROMECDC is investigating the link between Zika
virus infection and GBS, an uncommon sickness of the nervous system.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/gbs-qa.html>
Microcephaly & Other Birth Defects
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Fbirth_defects.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Fbirth_defects.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Zika and microcephaly
[image: Graphic of doctor with a pregnant woman]
Microcephaly <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> is
a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected when compared
to babies of the same sex and age. Babies with microcephaly often have
smaller brains that might not have developed properly.
Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> and other severe
fetal brain defects and has been linked to problems in infants, including
eye defects, hearing loss, and impaired growth. Scientists are studying the
full range of other potential health problems that Zika virus infection
during pregnancy may cause.
*Other possible causes of microcephaly*
Microcephaly can happen for many reasons. Some babies have microcephaly
because of
1. Changes in their genes
2. Certain infections during pregnancy
3. A woman being close to or touching toxins during pregnancy
Zika and Other Pregnancy Problems
In addition to microcephaly, other problems have been detected among
fetuses and infants infected with Zika virus before birth, such as eye
defects, hearing loss, and impaired growth. Although Zika virus is a cause
of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects and has been linked
with these other problems in infants, there is more to learn. Researchers
are collecting data to better understand the extent Zika virus impact on
mothers and their children.
Future Pregnancies
Based on the available evidence, we think that Zika virus infection in a
woman who is not pregnant would not pose a risk for birth defects in future
pregnancies after the virus has cleared from her blood. From what we know
about similar infections, once a person has been infected with Zika virus,
he or she is likely to be protected from a future Zika infection.
Pregnancy
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/pregnancy/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
What we know
- Zika virus can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html>
- Zika primarily spreads through infected mosquitoes
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>. You
can also get Zika through sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
- There is no vaccine to prevent or medicine to treat Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/treatment.html>.
What we do not know
- If there’s a safe time during your pregnancy to travel to an area with
Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>.
- How likely it is that Zika infection will affect your pregnancy.
- If your baby will have birth defects if you are infected while
pregnant.
Zika & Pregnancy in Puerto Rico
Right now, Zika is spreading rapidly in Puerto Rico and pregnant women are
at risk for becoming infected with Zika. If current trends continue, at
least 1 in 4 people, including women who become pregnant, may become
infected with Zika. Since Zika causes microcephaly and other birth defects,
it is more important than ever to consider if now is the right time for you
to get pregnant. If you decide that now isn’t the right time for you to
have a baby, there are contraceptive methods
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/preventing-pregnancy.html> that are safe
and effective. If you decide to get pregnant, there are important steps you
should take <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/protect-yourself.html> to
try to protect yourself from getting Zika.
- PREGNANT WOMENLearn how to protect yourself and your pregnancy from
Zika.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/protect-yourself.html>
- TRYING TO BECOME PREGNANT?Talk to your doctor or other healthcare
provider to plan for a healthy and safe pregnancy.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html>
- PREVENTING PREGNANCYIf you decide that now is not the right time to
have a baby, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/preventing-pregnancy.html>
- MICROCEPHALY & OTHER BIRTH DEFECTSZika infection during pregnancy can
cause a birth defect called microcephaly, as well as other severe fetal
brain defects.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html>
- PREGNANCY OUTCOMESOutcomes of pregnancies with laboratory evidence of
possible Zika virus infection in the United States.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregnancy-outcomes.html>
If you have questions about a possible infection or diagnosis
If families would like to speak to someone about a possible Zika virus
infection or diagnosis during pregnancy and risk to the baby, please
contact MotherToBaby. MotherToBaby experts are available to answer
questions in English or Spanish by phone or chat. The free and confidential
service is available Monday-Friday 8am-5pm (local time). To reach
MotherToBaby:
- Call 1-866-626-6847
- Chat live or send an email through the MotherToBaby
<http://mothertobaby.org/> <http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
website
Information for Specific Groups
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/specific-groups.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/specific-groups.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/specific-groups.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fspecific-groups.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fspecific-groups.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/specific-groups.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
[image: Collage of images: Healthcare provider speaking to a male patient,
Laboratory scientist using a microscope and reporting results, pregnant
woman and husband in living room, map with a stethoscope on it, Traveler at
an airport looking at airplane, and a female Aedes aegypti mosquito while
she was in the process of acquiring a blood meal from her human host.]
- TRAVELERS
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information>
- MEDIA
<http://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/2016/dpk-zika-virus.html>
- STATE & LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/index.html>
- INFORMATION FOR PARENTS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html>
- WOMEN TRYING TO BECOME PREGNANT
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html>
- LAW & POLICYMAKERS
<http://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/zika.html>
- WORKERS
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/zika.html>
- BLOOD AND TISSUE COLLECTION CENTERS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/blood-tissue-collection-centers.html>
- SCHOOLS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/schools.html>
Zika Partner Call Information
- CDC Zika Update Call for the Private Sector
*A private sector call held on 2/19/16 to discuss Zika travel, impact
and communication. *
Audio file
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/emergencypartners/audio/zika-call-audio-2-19-16.mp3>
Transcript
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/emergencypartners/pdf/zika-call-transcript-2-19-16-english.pdf>
- CDC’s Zika Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA)
Calls/Webinars <http://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/calls/zikaresources.asp>
For more information on Zika announcements, online resources, facts, and
guidance, please subscribe to our Emergency Partners newsletterhere
<https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USCDC/subscriber/new?topic_id=USCDC_964>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
State and Local Health Departments
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/index.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/public-health-partners/index.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpublic-health-partners%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpublic-health-partners%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Prepare for Zika
- CDC Zika Interim Response Plan
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/cdc-zika-interim-response-plan.html>
- Top 10 Response Planning Tips
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/tips.html>
- Partner Presentations & Conference Calls
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/partner-presentations.html>
- Interim CDC Recommendations for Zika Vector Control in the Continental
United States
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html>
- CDC Emergency Vector Control Request Form[XLS - 47 KB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zika-vector-control-arf-2yearcontract.xlsx>
Have a Communication Plan
- Communication Planning Guide
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/comm-planning-guide.html>
- Community Action Response Toolkit (Z-CART)
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/z-cart.html>
Monitor the Situation
- Areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
- US Zika Pregnancy Registry
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html>
- Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html>
Laboratory Information
- Lab Guidance <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/lab-guidance.html>
- Diagnostic Tests
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/types-of-tests.html>
- Training <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/training.html>
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html>
Clinical Information
- Clinical Guidance
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance.html>
- Congenital Microcephaly Case Definitions
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/microcephaly-case-definitions.html>
- Understanding Zika Virus Test Results
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testresults.html>
- Training <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/training/training.html>
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html>
Communication Resources
CDC offers many free resources like fact sheets and door hangers to help
communicate with the public about Zika.
[image: Mosquito Control: What you need to know about using larvicides fact
sheet thumbnail]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html#mosquitocontrol>
Mosquito Control
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html#mosquitocontrol>
[image: Mosquitoes carry viruses and can make you sick door hanger
thumbnail] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html#prevention>
Mosquito Bite Prevention
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html#prevention>
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/index.html>
Key Health Department Actions
[image: Marking a check list]
State and local public health agencies can:
- Test <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html> for Zika virus
or work with CDC’s Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory to test for Zika virus
when indicated.
- Report <https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbonet/> laboratory-confirmed cases to
CDC through ArboNET, the national surveillance system for arboviral disease.
- Participate <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html> in
the US Zika Pregnancy Registry.
- Activate or enhance <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html> mosquito
surveillance and control activities.
Get the Zika Action Sheet
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-whatcanbedone.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47785.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/img/cdc/PT_47863.pdf>
Women Trying to Become Pregnant
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Fwomen-and-their-partners.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Fwomen-and-their-partners.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
How to protect yourself
CDC recommends special precautions for women and their partners thinking
about pregnancy.
- Do not travel to areas with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>.
- If you must travel, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider
first and take steps toplan for travel
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/plan-for-travel.html>.
- If your partner travels to an area with Zika, protect yourself from
getting Zika during sex.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
[image: Graphic: Doctor with a woman]
What to do if you live in or travel to an area with Zika
If you aren’t pregnant, but you’re thinking about having a baby, here’s
what you can do
- Take steps to prevent mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>.
- Take steps to prevent getting Zika through sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
- Talk with your doctor or healthcare provider.
Talk with your doctor or other healthcare provider
Women and their partners who are thinking about pregnancy should talk with
their doctor or healthcare provider about
- Their plans for having children
<https://www.cdc.gov/preconception/planning.html>
- The potential risk of getting Zika during pregnancy
- Their partner’s potential exposures to Zika
The table below shows the suggested timeframes for waiting to get pregnant
after possible exposure to Zika:
Suggested timeframe to wait before trying to get pregnant
Possible exposure via recent travel or sex without a condom with a man
infected with Zika
WomenMen
Zika symptoms <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> Wait at least 8
weeks after symptoms start Wait at least 6 months after symptoms start
No Zika symptoms Wait at least 8 weeks after exposure
Wait at least 8 weeks after exposure.
Talk with your healthcare provider
People living in areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
Women Men
Zika symptoms Wait at least 8 weeks after symptoms start Wait at least 6
months after symptoms start
No Zika symptoms Talk with doctor or healthcare provider Talk with doctor
or healthcare provider
Decisions about pregnancy planning are personal and complex, and the
circumstances for women and their partners will vary. Women and their
partners should discuss pregnancy planning with a trusted doctor or
healthcare provider. As part of counseling with healthcare providers, some
women and their partners living in areas with active Zika virus
transmission might decide to delay pregnancy.
- PREVENTING PREGNANCYIf you decide that now is not the right time to
have a baby, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/preventing-pregnancy.html>
Related Resources
[image: Thinking about having a baby? Plan your pregnancy fact sheet
thumbnail]
For Women in Areas with Zika: Plan Your Pregnancy
- zika-plan-your-pregnancy[PDF, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-plan-your-pregnancy.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_50177.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/img/cdc/PT_50179.pdf>
Factsheets & posters
Learn more about Zika with our fact sheets and posters.
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html>
Pregnant Women
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/protect-yourself.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/pregnancy/protect-yourself.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/protect-yourself.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Fprotect-yourself.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Fprotect-yourself.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/protect-yourself.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
How to protect yourself
Until we know more, CDC recommends special precautions for pregnant women.
Do not travel to an area with Zika
- Do not travel to areas with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>.
- If you must travel, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider
first and take steps toplan for travel
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/plan-for-travel.html>.
- If your sex partner travels to an area with Zika, protect yourself
from getting Zika during sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
What to do if you live in or travel to an area with Zika
If you live in an area with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>, or if you or your
sexual partner travel to an area with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>, follow the steps below
to protect your pregnancy.
- Take steps to prevent mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>.
- Take steps to prevent getting Zika through sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
- Talk with your doctor or healthcare provider.
[image: Graphic of Doctor with a patient]
If you…When to talk with a doctorWhen to be tested
Traveled to an area with Zika Talk to a doctor or other healthcare provider
about your travel even if you don’t feel sick. If you have symptoms
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> of Zika within 2 weeks of
traveling, you should betested for Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html>.
If you do not develop symptoms of Zika within 2 weeks of traveling, you
should be tested for Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html>.
Live in an area with Zika Talk to a doctor or other healthcare provider
throughout your pregnancy.
You may be at risk of getting Zika throughout your pregnancy. For this
reason, doctors or other healthcare providers can offer testing
- At the first prenatal visit and
- A second test in the second trimester.
If you have symptoms <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> of Zika
at any time during your pregnancy, you should be tested for Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html>.
Items to discuss with your doctor or other healthcare provider
See your doctor or other healthcare provider if you have the symptoms
described above and have visited or live in an area with Zika.
[image: Doctors visit checklist: For pregnant women who traveled to an area
with Zika fact sheet thumbnail]
Doctor’s Visit Checklist: For Pregnant Women Who Traveled to an Area with
Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/docvisit-checklist-travelpreg.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48249.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/docvisit-checklist-travelpreg.pdf>
[image: Doctors visit checklist: For pregnant women living in an area with
Zika factsheet thumbnail]
Doctor’s Visit Checklist: For Pregnant Women Living in an Area with Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-clinicvisit-checklist.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48250.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-clinicvisit-checklist.pdf>
[image: Zika virus testing for pregnant women living in an area with Zika
factsheet thumbnail.]
Zika virus testing for pregnant women living in an area with Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-fs.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48244.pdf>
Zika Virus Testing for Any Pregnant Woman Not Living in an Area With Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnanttestnotinarea.pdf>
If you test positive for Zika
A positive test result might cause concerns, but it doesn’t mean your baby
will have birth defects.
[image: For Parents: A Positive Zika Virus Test: What does it mean for my
child?]
For Pregnant Women: A Positive Zika Virus Test: What does it mean for me?
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-positive-test.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48245.pdf>
If you test positive for Zika and live in the U.S.
To understand more about Zika virus infection, CDC established the US Zika
Pregnancy Registry <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html> and
is collaborating with state, tribal, local, and territorial health
departments to collect information about pregnancy and infant outcomes
following laboratory evidence of Zika virus.
[image: US Zika Pregnancy Registry Healthcare Providers: How to Register
Patients infographic thumbnail]
Fact Sheet for Pregnant Women
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-registry-what-pregnant-women-need.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47796.pdf>
Related Resources
[image: Infographic thumbnail: Pregnant? Read this before you travel.]
Pregnant? Read this before you travel
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancytravel.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancytravel-sp.pdf>
[image: Infographic: Pregnant and living in an area with Zika?]
Pregnant and living in an area with Zika?
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg_areaswithzika.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47649.pdf>
- Arabic[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg-areaswithzika-arabic.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg-areaswithzika-tagalog.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg-areaswithzika-vietnamese.pdf>
- Mandarin[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg-areaswithzika-chinese.pdf>
- Creole[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg-areaswithzika-creole.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg-areaswithzika-korea.pdf>
[image: Pregnant? Protect your pregnancy infographic thumbnail]
For pregnant women in areas with Zika: Protect your pregnancy
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protect-your-pregnancy.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47641.pdf>
- Arabic[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protect-your-pregnancy-arabic.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protect-your-pregnancy-tagalog.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protect-your-pregnancy-vietnamese.pdf>
- Mandarin[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protect-your-pregnancy-chinese.pdf>
- Creole[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protect-your-pregnancy-creole.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protect-your-pregnancy-korea.pdf>
[image: Poster - Pregnant? Warning: Zika might be linked to birth defects.
There is no vaccine to prevent Zika virus infection. Protect yourself from
mosquito bites]
Pregnant? Protect yourself from mosquito bites
- English[PDF - 1 page] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-sp.pdf>
- Arabic[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-arabic.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-tagalog.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-vietnamese.pdf>
- Mandarin[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-chinese.pdf>
- Creole[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-creole.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-korea.pdf>
- Japanese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-jpn.pdf>
- Russian[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-russian.pdf>
- Bengali[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-bengali.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-samoan.pdf>
[image: Zika and Sex: Information for Pregnant Women living in Areas with
Zika factsheet thumbnail]
Zika and Sex: Information for pregnant women living in areas with Zika
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregsextransmission.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47787.pdf>
[image: Zika and Sex: Information for men with pregnant partners living in
areas with Zika infographic thumbnail]
Zika and Sex: Information for men who have pregnant partners and live in or
recently traveled to areas with Zika
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mensexwithpregpartners.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47786.pdf>
Factsheets & posters
Learn more about Zika with our fact sheets and posters.
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html>
Preventing Unintended Pregnancy during the Zika Virus Outbreak
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/preventing-pregnancy.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/pregnancy/preventing-pregnancy.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/preventing-pregnancy.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Fpreventing-pregnancy.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Fpreventing-pregnancy.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/preventing-pregnancy.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
CDC is providing this information because Zika virus infection during
pregnancy can cause a birth defect of the brain called microcephaly
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> and other severe
fetal brain defects.
How to Prevent Unintended Pregnancy
If you decide that now is not the right time to have a baby, talk to your
doctor or other healthcare provider. The best way to prevent unintended
pregnancy if you are sexually active is to use an effective form of birth
control
<https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/pdf/contraceptive_methods_508.pdf>
the
right way, every time you have sex. It is important to find a type of
birth control that is safe, effective, and works for you.
Types of Birth Control
There are many different types of birth control; some have hormones and
some don’t. Also, some methods are permanent while others are reversible.
The most effective reversible birth control is long-acting reversible
contraception (LARC), which includes intrauterine devices (IUDs) and
implants. LARC are highly effective for years and once correctly in place,
require no action on your part, but can be removed at any time if you
decide you want to become pregnant.
For other types of birth control, the effectiveness depends on using them
correctly and consistently—so these methods have lower effectiveness with
typical use. These methods include
- Hormonal methods (contraceptive shot, pills, patch, and ring)
- Barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms, spermicides)
- Methods based on understanding your monthly fertility pattern
<http://bit.ly/2aazv4V> <http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
You can use this chart
<http://caiglobal.co/j_cap/index.php/tools-and-resources-menu-item/cap-birth-control-options-grid>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> (Spanish version
<http://caiglobal.co/j_cap/index.php/tools-and-resources-menu-item/cap-birth-control-options-grid-4>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>) to look at the full range of
birth control options and understand which one best fits your lifestyle and
needs.
*PUBLIC HEALTH LAW PROGRAM*
Zika Resources
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fphlp%2Fpublications%2Ftopic%2Fzika.html&title=CDC%20-%20Zika%20Resources%20-%20Publications%20by%20Topic%20-%20Public%20Health%20Law&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fphlp%2Fpublications%2Ftopic%2Fzika.html&title=CDC%20-%20Zika%20Resources%20-%20Publications%20by%20Topic%20-%20Public%20Health%20Law&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/zika.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
[image: Thumbnail image of Mainland United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and
Puerto Rico]
[image: Legal Developments]
- Legislative Report for Zika
<http://www.cqstatetrack.com/texis/statetrack/insession/viewrpt/main.html?event=56bc9eec625&run=y&sync=y>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Report compiled by CQ StateTrack
<http://www.cqstatetrack.com/what-is-statetrack.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> of recently introduced
federal, state, and territorial bills that discuss Zika.
- Regulatory Report for Zika
<http://regs.cqstatetrack.com/reports/view?event_id=%3Fo%0B%CA%0A%D1O%8F%AFNl%D3Z%0D%C8%5C>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Report compiled CQ StateTrack
<http://www.cqstatetrack.com/what-is-statetrack.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> of recently introduced
federal, state, and territorial regulations, administrative rules, and
executive orders that discuss Zika.
Response to the Zika virus disease (Zika) requires an understanding of
complex public health issues, including the role of law in controlling the
spread of infectious diseases. This page provides resources and information
developed by the Public Health Law Program to address potential questions
from responders and the public about Zika-related legal issues.
- Presentation: Using Policy to Increase Public Understanding and
Enhance State and Community Readiness
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Sn8Z9pHFYo>
Zika Action Plan Summit <http://www.cdc.gov/zap/index.html> session on
using policy to increase public understanding and enhancing state and
community readiness. Download[PDF - 1.90MB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zap/pdfs/using-policy-to-increase-public-understanding.pdf>
the
presentation slides.
- Webinar: The Zika Virus: Current Public Health Considerations and What
You Need to Know <https://goto.webcasts.com/starthere.jsp?ei=1096500>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
This webinar provides analysis of the ever-changing state of the Zika
virus, including the most prevalent locations and common causes leading the
virus to spread, and the latest best practice approach to diagnosing,
preventing, and controlling the virus. The webinar also includes legal
frameworks for responding to the Zika virus, such as proper disease
reporting, vector control, and emergency declarations, and up-to-date
domestic and international policy response.
- Webinar: Zika Preparedness and Response: A Public Health and Legal
Perspective
<http://www.apha.org/events-and-meetings/apha-calendar/webinar-events/2016/zika-preparedness-and-response>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
This webinar, co-sponsored by the Partnership for Public Health Law, the
American Public Health Association, the Association of State and
Territorial Health Officials, the National Association of County and City
Health Officials, and the National Association of Local Boards of Health,
provides an overview of the public health problem posed by Zika, discusses
the domestic legal framework for addressing the virus, and highlights ways
to coordinate health care and public health legal preparedness. (03/18/2016)
- Executive Orders and Emergency Declarations for the West Nile Virus:
Applying Lessons from Past Outbreaks to Zika[PDF - 416KB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/phlp/docs/zika-brief.pdf>
A brief analysis of select uses of local, state, and federal executive
powers to combat the West Nile virus. Examining the use of executive powers
to address the West Nile virus may inform actions taken to address the
threats posed by other mosquito-borne diseases, such as the Zika virus.
- Zika Virus Microsite
<https://tools.cdc.gov/medialibrary/index.aspx#/microsite/id/234558>
CDC has created the Zika Virus Microsite, an easily embeddable
collection of Zika virus information about developments in the current
outbreak, including prevention, symptoms, treatment, and materials for
travelers and pregnant women.
*MEDIA*
CDC Newsroom
Zika Virus
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/2016/dpk-zika-virus.html#>
- Español (Spanish)
<http://www.cdc.gov/spanish/mediosdecomunicacion/dpk/dpk-zika-virus.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmedia%2Fdpk%2F2016%2Fdpk-zika-virus.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20virus%20can%20be%20spread%20from%20a%20pregnant%20woman%20to%20her%20fetus.%20Learn%20prevention%20tips,%20signs%20and%20symptoms%20of%20Zika%20in%20this%20DPK.%20&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/media/images/dpk/2016/dpk-zika/zika-pregnancy-twitter-600x300px.jpg>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmedia%2Fdpk%2F2016%2Fdpk-zika-virus.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20virus%20can%20be%20spread%20from%20a%20pregnant%20woman%20to%20her%20fetus.%20Learn%20prevention%20tips,%20signs%20and%20symptoms%20of%20Zika%20in%20this%20DPK.%20&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/media/images/dpk/2016/dpk-zika/zika-pregnancy-twitter-600x300px.jpg>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/2016/dpk-zika-virus.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Zika virus spreads to people primarily through the bite of an infected
*Aedes* species mosquito (*Ae. aegypti* and *Ae. albopictus)*, but can also
be spread during sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html> by a person
infected with Zika to his or her sex partners. Many people infected with
Zika won't have symptoms, but for those who do, the illness is usually mild
with symptoms lasting from several days to a week. The most common symptoms
of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes). Severe
disease requiring hospitalization is uncommon. However, Zika infection
during pregnancy can cause a serious birth defect of the brain called
microcephaly <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> and
other severe fetal brain defects. Until more is known, CDC recommends that
pregnant women avoid traveling to areas with Zika.
Outbreaks of Zika are occurring in many countries and territories
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>, and because the mosquitoes that
spread Zika virus are found throughout the world, it is likely that
outbreaks will spread to new countries. On Feb. 1, 2016 the World Health
Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International
Concern because of clusters of microcephaly and other neurological
disorders in some areas affected by Zika. lLab tests have confirmed Zika
virus in travelers returning to the United States and in some non-travelers
who got Zika through sex with a traveler. Local transmission of Zika virus
has been reported in the United
States(http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html)
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html>. Additionally, local
transmission of Zika has been reported in US territories, including the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and American Samoa.
What CDC is doing
CDC's Emergency Operations Center <http://www.cdc.gov/phpr/eoc.htm> is
activated at Level 1, its highest level, to respond to the Zika outbreak.
CDC is working with public health partners and with state, local, and
territorial health departments to alert healthcare providers and the public
about Zika; post travel notices and other travel-related guidance; provide
state health laboratories with diagnostic tests; monitor and report cases
of Zika; publish guidelines to inform testing and treatment of people with
suspected or confirmed Zika; study what might be responsible for the
reported rise in microcephaly; and working with partners around the world
to develop a better understanding of Zika virus.
Related Links
Most Relevant
- Vital Signs: Preparing for Local Mosquito-Borne Transmission of Zika
Virus — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6513e1er.htm?s_cid=mm6513e1er_w>
| PDF[107KB] <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/pdfs/mm6513e1er.pdf>
- Vital Signs: Home <http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/index.html> | April
2016 Vital Signs <http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/zika/index.html> | Fact
Sheet PDF[1.5MB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/pdf/2016-04-vitalsigns.pdf> | Topics
<http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/topics.html>
- Vital Signs (Spanish): Home
<http://www.cdc.gov/spanish/signosvitales/index.html> | April 2016 Vital
Signs <http://www.cdc.gov/spanish/signosvitales/zika/> | Fact Sheet PDF
[1.55MB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/spanish/signosvitales/pdf/2016-04-vitalsigns.pdf> |
Topics <http://www.cdc.gov/spanish/signosvitales/topics.html>
- CDC Zika Website <http://www.cdc.gov/zika>
- MMWR Zika Reports <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
- CDC’s Zika Virus: Areas with Zika Website
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
- CDC Travelers’ Health: Avoid Bug Bites Website
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites>
- CDC Zika Virus: Zika and Sexual Transmission Website
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html>
- CDC Birth Defects: Facts about Microcephaly
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html>
Science Behind the Issue
- MMWR <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index.html>
- Science Clips <http://www.cdc.gov/library/>
Multimedia
- Vital Signs: Zika and Pregnancy English
<http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8640962> | Spanish
<http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8640965>
- Vital Signs: Zika and Pregnancy [PSA - 0:60 seconds]
<http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8640964>
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.htm>
*http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/zika.html*
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/zika.html>
Zika Virus
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Ftopics%2Foutdoor%2Fmosquito-borne%2Fzika.html&title=CDC%20-%20NIOSH%20-%20Mosquito-Borne%20Illnesses%20-%20Zika%20Virus&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Ftopics%2Foutdoor%2Fmosquito-borne%2Fzika.html&title=CDC%20-%20NIOSH%20-%20Mosquito-Borne%20Illnesses%20-%20Zika%20Virus&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/zika.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Key Worker Resources
OSHA/NIOSH Interim Guidance for Protecting Workers from Occupational
Exposure to Zika Virus <https://www.osha.gov/zika/index.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
NIOSH Zika: Protecting Outdoor Workers
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/zika_outdoorworker_factsheet.pdf>
NIOSH Zika: Protecting US Businesses and Business Travelers
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/zika_businesses_factsheet.pdf>
NIOSH Zika: Protecting Healthcare and Laboratory Workers
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/zika_healthcareworker_factsheet.pdf>
Reminder about Preventing Sharps Injuries and the Zika Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/preventing.html>
Zika virus disease (Zika) is caused by the Zika virus and is spread to
people primarily from the bite of an infected *Aedes* species mosquito.
These mosquitoes bite most actively in the daytime but also bite at night.
There is currently no vaccine to prevent Zika infection.
NIOSH and OSHA developed guidance for protecting workers
<https://www.osha.gov/zika/index.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> from occupational exposure to
Zika virus. NIOSH has also developed fact sheets for outdoor workers, U.S.
businesses and business travelers, healthcare and laboratory workers, and a
fact sheet and poster for cruise ship workers. For updated Zika information
visit CDC Zika <https://www.cdc.gov/zika/>.
What are the symptoms?[image: expand]
Where are workers at risk?[image: collapse]
Workers at risk include those who work in or travel to areas with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html> . Local transmission of Zika virus
has been reported in two areas of Miami, Florida
<https://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/intheus/maps-zika-us/local-fl-1500px.jpg>,
three U.S. territories: the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin
Islands, and American Samoa, and multiple countries
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html> . For the most current
information about where Zika is found, visit the CDC Areas with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html> and Zika Travel Information
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information>.
Those who work or travel in an area with Zika should take steps to prevent
Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
Are pregnant women at special risk?[image: collapse]
- Pregnant women should NOT travel to an area with active Zika virus
transmission.
- Pregnant women, women who may become pregnant, and people with sexual
partners who are or may become pregnant should talk to their healthcare
providers about the risk of Zika.
- For additional updated information visit CDC Zika pregnancy
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>.
USAID Zika Grand Challenge for Development
The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) launched "Combating
Zika and Future Threats: A Grand Challenge for Development
<https://www.usaid.gov/grandchallenges/zika>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>" to encourage ideas and
innovations to help reduce the spread and impact of Zika virus and other
infectious disease outbreaks. Initial results of the Grand Challenge
<https://www.usaid.gov/grandchallenges/zika/nominees>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> are available.
Resources
- [image: Image preview for CDC Zika information page]CDC Zika Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/>
About Zika virus, areas with Zika, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment,
prevention, transmission, surveillance, and more.
- [image: Cover page for OSHA/NIOSH Fact Sheet]OSHA/NIOSH Interim
Guidance for Protecting Workers from Occupational Exposure to Zika Virus
<https://www.osha.gov/zika/index.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Provides employers and workers with information about preventing
workplace exposure.
Español <https://www.osha.gov/zika/index_sp.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- [image: outdoor worker factsheet cover]NIOSH Zika: Protecting Outdoor
Workers
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/Zika_OutdoorWorker_Factsheet.pdf>
Fact sheet for outdoor workers.
- [image: business traveler factsheet cover]NIOSH Zika: Protecting US
Businesses and Business Travelers
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/Zika_Businesses_Factsheet.pdf>
Fact sheet for businesses and business travelers.
- [image: healthcare lab worker factsheet cover]NIOSH Zika: Protecting
Healthcare and Laboratory Workers
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/Zika_HealthcareWorker_Factsheet.pdf>
Fact sheet for healthcare and laboratory workers.
- [image: Thumbnail of Zika cruise ship fact sheet] NIOSH Fact Sheet
for Cruise Line Employees: Prevent Mosquito-borne Diseases
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/finalniosh-zika-factsheet-cruise-ship-workers_06132016_wshclean.pdf>
Fact sheet for cruise line workers.
- [image: Thumnail of Zika cruise ship poster] NIOSH Poster for Cruise
Line Employees: Prevent Mosquito Bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/final-zika-cruise-ship-poster-008_060916_wshclean.pdf>
Poster for cruise line workers.
- [image: Bronze, silver and gold medals from the 2016 Olympics] NIOSH
Science Blog:
Zika and Olympic Work
<https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2016/08/11/olympic-work/>
- [image: Cover page for OSHA zika virus guidance for workers]OSHA Zika
Virus <https://www.osha.gov/zika/index.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Provides workplace information for employers and workers.
- [image: Screenshot of OSHA Quick Card for Zika virus]OSHA QuickCard:
Zika Virus Protection for Outdoor Workers
<https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3880.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Information for outdoor workers and employers in card format.
Español <https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3881.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- [image: Screenshot of CDC Statement on Disinsection]CDC Statement on
Disinsection <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/disinsection.html>
CDC does not recommend the routine use of insecticides (disinsection)
inside commercial passenger airplanes to prevent the spread of Zika virus.
- [image: Preview image for Zika virus information relevant to pregnancy]CDC
Zika Virus – For Pregnant Women
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>
Zika virus can be spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus and has been
linked to a serious birth defect of the brain called microcephaly.
- [image: This is a digitally-colorized transmission electron micrograph
(TEM) of Zika virus, which is a member of the family Flaviviridae. Virus
particles, here colored red, are 40 nm in diameter, with an outer envelope,
and an inner dense core.]Biosafety Guidance for Transportation of
Specimens and for Work with Zika Virus in the Laboratory
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/state-labs/biosafety-guidance.html>
Provides laboratory safety recommendations for transport and handling of
diagnostic specimens and laboratory work.
- [image: Gloved hand disposing of blood-stained gauze pad]NIOSH
Needlestick and Sharps Injuries Information: Bloodborne Infectious Diseases
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/default.html>
Provides prevention, management, and emergency information for
needlestick and sharps injuries.
- [image: An individual looking out an airplane window]CDC Zika Travel
Information <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information>
Travel notices, information for travelers and clinicians.
- [image: Preview image for traveler information sheets]CDC Zika Virus –
Fact Sheets and Posters <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html>
Fact sheets and posters available as PDFs.
- [image: Preview image for NIOSH Fast Facts, Protecting yourself from
ticks and mosquitoes]NIOSH Fast Facts: Protecting Yourself from Ticks
and Mosquitoes <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2010-119/pdfs/2010-119.pdf>
Print <http://wwwn.cdc.gov/pubs/CDCInfoOnDemand.aspx?ProgramID=147> or
order <http://wwwn.cdc.gov/pubs/niosh.aspx> this free card for easy
access to important safety information.
- [image: Healthcare advisor at an exam]CDC Zika Virus – For Healthcare
Providers <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/>
Provides information about clinical evaluation and testing.
- [image: Logo for MMWR and Zika information]MMWR Zika Reports
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
Comprehensive resource for CDC Zika reports.
- [image: Logo of the World Health Organization]World Health
Organization Zika Virus <http://www.who.int/topics/zika/en/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Provides global updates and recommendations.
Workplace Safety and Health Topics <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/>
- Mosquito-Borne Diseases
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/default.html>
[image: collapse]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/zika.html#>
- West Nile Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/westnile.html>
- Zika Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/zika.html>
- Insect Repellent Safety
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/repellents.html>
- Other Mosquito-Borne Diseases
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/other.html>
Hazards to Outdoor Workers <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/>
- *Physical Hazards*
- Heat Stress <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/>
- Cold Stress <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/coldstress/>
- Sun Exposure <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/uvradiation/>
- Noise <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/noise/default.html>
- *Biological Hazards*
- Insects and Scorpions <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/insects/>
- Poisonous Plants <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/plants/>
- Venomous Spiders <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/spiders/>
- Venomous Snakes <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/snakes/>
- *Vector-Borne Diseases*
- Mosquito-Borne Diseases
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/default.html>
- Tick-Borne Diseases
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/tick-borne/default.html>
- Lyme Disease <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lyme/default.html>
Related Topics
- Agricultural Safety and Health
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/>
- All Mining Topics <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/>
- Asphalt Fumes <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/asphalt/>
- Asthma and Allergies <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/asthma/>
- Carbon Monoxide <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/co-comp/>
- Construction Safety and Health
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/construction/>
- Fighting Wildfires <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/firefighting/>
- Highway Work Zones <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/highwayworkzones/>
- Logging Safety (Injury) <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/logging/>
- Pesticide Illness & Injury Surveillance
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/pesticides/>
- Protective Clothing
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/protclothing/default.html>
- Skin Exposures and Effects <http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/>
State and Local Health Departments
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/index.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/public-health-partners/index.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpublic-health-partners%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpublic-health-partners%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Prepare for Zika
- CDC Zika Interim Response Plan
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/cdc-zika-interim-response-plan.html>
- Top 10 Response Planning Tips
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/tips.html>
- Partner Presentations & Conference Calls
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/partner-presentations.html>
- Interim CDC Recommendations for Zika Vector Control in the Continental
United States
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html>
- CDC Emergency Vector Control Request Form[XLS - 47 KB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zika-vector-control-arf-2yearcontract.xlsx>
Have a Communication Plan
- Communication Planning Guide
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/comm-planning-guide.html>
- Community Action Response Toolkit (Z-CART)
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/z-cart.html>
Monitor the Situation
- Areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
- US Zika Pregnancy Registry
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html>
- Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html>
Laboratory Information
- Lab Guidance <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/lab-guidance.html>
- Diagnostic Tests
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/types-of-tests.html>
- Training <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/training.html>
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html>
Clinical Information
- Clinical Guidance
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance.html>
- Congenital Microcephaly Case Definitions
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/microcephaly-case-definitions.html>
- Understanding Zika Virus Test Results
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testresults.html>
- Training <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/training/training.html>
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html>
Communication Resources
CDC offers many free resources like fact sheets and door hangers to help
communicate with the public about Zika.
[image: Mosquito Control: What you need to know about using larvicides fact
sheet thumbnail]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html#mosquitocontrol>
Mosquito Control
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html#mosquitocontrol>
[image: Mosquitoes carry viruses and can make you sick door hanger
thumbnail] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html#prevention>
Mosquito Bite Prevention
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html#prevention>
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/index.html>
Key Health Department Actions
[image: Marking a check list]
State and local public health agencies can:
- Test <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html> for Zika virus
or work with CDC’s Arbovirus Diagnostic Laboratory to test for Zika virus
when indicated.
- Report <https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbonet/> laboratory-confirmed cases to
CDC through ArboNET, the national surveillance system for arboviral disease.
- Participate <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html> in
the US Zika Pregnancy Registry.
- Activate or enhance <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html> mosquito
surveillance and control activities.
Get the Zika Action Sheet
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-whatcanbedone.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47785.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/img/cdc/PT_47863.pdf>
Blood & Tissue Collection Centers
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/blood-tissue-collection-centers.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/blood-tissue-collection-centers.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/blood-tissue-collection-centers.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fblood-tissue-collection-centers.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fblood-tissue-collection-centers.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/blood-tissue-collection-centers.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
- ZIKA & BLOOD TRANSFUSION
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/blood-transfusion.html>
- AREAS AT RISK
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/areasatrisk.html>
Guidance
- FDA – Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Zika Virus
Transmission by Blood and Blood Components (August 26, 2016)[PDF - 17
pages]
<http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/UCM518213.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- FDA - Donor Screening Recommendations to Reduce the Risk of
Transmission of Zika Virus by Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and
Tissue-Based Products[PDF - 10 pages]
<http://www.fda.gov/downloads/biologicsbloodvaccines/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/tissue/ucm488582.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- FDA - Recommendations for Donor Screening, Deferral, and Product
Management to Reduce the Risk of Transfusion-Transmission of Zika Virus
(February 16, 2016)[PDF - 16 pages]
<http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/UCM486360.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- FDA - Questions and Answers Regarding “Recommendations for Donor
Screening, Deferral, and Product Management to Reduce the Risk of
Transfusion-Transmission of Zika Virus: Guidance for Industry”[PDF - 11
pages]
<http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/UCM490435.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Additional Resources
- MMWR: Survey of Blood Collection Centers and Implementation of
Guidance for Prevention of Transfusion-Transmitted Zika Virus Infection –
Puerto Rico, 2016
<https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6514e1.htm?s_cid=mm6514e1_w>
- CSTE Proposal for Blood Bank Notification of Zika Virus Transmission
Areas May 5, 2016[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/PDFs/PDFs2/CSTEProposalforBloodBankNoti.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- AABB – American Association of Blood Banks
<http://www.aabb.org/Pages/default.aspx>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
CDC is working with our partners to learn more about Zika and blood/tissue
safety
- AABB – American Association of Blood Banks
<http://www.aabb.org/Pages/default.aspx>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- FDA – US Food and Drug Administration
<http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/default.htm>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- State and territorial health departments
- Blood collection centers
- HCT/P collection centers
Just for Kids
[image: Mosquito bites are bad infographic thumbnail]
Zika Activity Book: For kids in areas with Zika
- English[PDF - 16 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-activity-book.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 16 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48977.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 16 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-activity-book-samoan.pdf>
Zika Activity Book: For kids in the US
- English[PDF - 16 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-activity-book-us.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 16 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49824.pdf>
Parents
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/parents/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fparents%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fparents%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
- WHAT PARENTS SHOULD KNOW
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/what-parents-should-know.html>
- MICROCEPHALY
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html>
- ZIKA AND PREGNANCY
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/question-answers.html>
- TRAVEL INFORMATION
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information>
Planning a pregnancy?
See CDC’s recommendations for couples thinking about pregnancy
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/thinking-about-pregnancy.html>
Additional Resources
- American Academy of Pediatrics
<https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Children-and-Disasters/Pages/ZikaVirus.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Build Your Own Zika Prevention Kit
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevention-kit.html>
- US Zika Pregnancy Registry
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html>
- Controlling Mosquitoes at Home
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>
Areas with Zika
[image: World map showing countries and territories that have reported
active Zika virus transmissison]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>
[image: Ideas for talking to your children about Zika infographic thumbnail]
Ideas for Talking to your Child About Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-ttykids.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49232.pdf>
[image: Protecting children in Puerto Rico from Zika fact sheet thumbnail]
Protecting Children in Puerto Rico from Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protectingchildren.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_55233.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/img/cdc/PT_53477.pdf>
What Parents Should Know about Zika
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/what-parents-should-know.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/parents/what-parents-should-know.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/parents/what-parents-should-know.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fparents%2Fwhat-parents-should-know.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fparents%2Fwhat-parents-should-know.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/what-parents-should-know.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
What we know about Zika
- Infants and children can be infected with Zika.
- The primary way that infants and children get Zika is through bites
of two types of mosquitoes. Information on safely preventing
mosquito bites
can be found below
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/what-parents-should-know.html#prevention>
or
at CDC's Avoid Mosquito Bites page
<http://www.cdc.gov/features/stopmosquitoes/index.html>.
- To date, no cases of Zika have been reported from breastfeeding.
Because of the benefits of breastfeeding, mothers are encouraged to
breastfeed, even in areas where Zika virus is found.
- Common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes.
Symptoms usually go away within a few days to one week. Many people
infected with Zika don’t have symptoms.
- There is no vaccine or medicine for Zika. For more information
about treatment and prevention
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>.
- Birth defects, including microcephaly, and other problems have been
reported in babies born to women infected with Zika during pregnancy.
- Zika virus can be passed from a woman to her fetus during pregnancy
or around the time of birth. We are studying how Zika virus affects
pregnancies.
- Since May 2015, Brazil has had a large outbreak of Zika. During
this outbreak, Brazilian officials reported an increase in the number of
babies born with microcephaly in areas with Zika. Recently, CDC concluded
that Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and
other severe fetal brain defects.
- Pregnancy loss and other pregnancy problems have been reported in
women infected with Zika during pregnancy. Zika has been linked
with other
birth defects, including eye defects, hearing loss, and impaired growth.
- Not all babies whose mothers had Zika during pregnancy are born
with health problems. Researchers are working to better understand how
often having Zika during pregnancy causes problems.
- Infection with Zika virus at later times, including around the time
of birth or in early childhood, has not been linked to microcephaly.
- Microcephaly happens for many reasons, and many times the cause is
unknown.
- Genetic conditions, certain infections, and toxins can cause
microcephaly. If your child has microcephaly, his or her doctor or other
healthcare provider will look for the underlying reason.
However, for about
half of children with microcephaly, the underlying cause is never
discovered.
- If you have a child with microcephaly, it is unlikely that it had
to do with Zika if you did not travel to an area with Zika
during pregnancy.
- Although head size reflects brain size, head size does not always
predict short- or long-term health effects. While some children with
microcephaly can have seizures, vision or hearing problems, and
developmental disabilities, others do not have health problems.
What we don’t know about Zika
- We do not know how often Zika is passed from a woman to her fetus
during pregnancy or around the time of birth.
- We do not know whether the timing of the woman’s Zika virus infection
during pregnancy, or the severity of a woman’s symptoms, affect her
pregnancy.
- We do not know the long-term health outcomes for infants and children
with Zika virus infection.
What CDC is doing to learn more
- Developing laboratory tests to diagnose Zika as quickly as possible.
- Conducting research on the link between Zika and microcephaly.
- Identifying new areas with Zika and establishing a US Zika Pregnancy
Registry to improve our understanding of the how Zika affects mothers and
their children.
- Testing different mosquito species to find out whether they carry Zika.
- Providing advice to US travelers returning from areas with current
outbreaks; and, supporting US states and territories already affected by
Zika.
- Preparing states and Americans with prevention actions in advance of
mosquito season.
What parents can do
- Prevent mosquito bites.
To protect your child from mosquito bites
- Dress your child in clothing that covers arms and legs.
- Cover crib, stroller, and baby carrier with mosquito netting.
- Do not use insect repellent on babies under 2 months of age.
- Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or
para-menthane-diol on children younger than 3 years old.
- In children older than 2 months, do not apply insect repellent onto
a child’s hands, eyes, mouth, or to irritated or broken skin.
- Never spray insect repellent directly on a child’s face. Instead,
spray it on your hands and then apply sparingly, taking care to avoid the
eyes and mouth.
- Control mosquitoes inside and outside your home
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>.
- If your child has symptoms, take him or her to see a doctor or other
healthcare provider.
For children with Zika symptoms of fever, rash, joint pain, or red eyes
who have traveled to or resided in an affected area, contact your child’s
health care provider and describe where you have traveled.
- Fever (≥100.4° F) in a baby less than 2 months old always requires
evaluation by a medical professional. If your baby is less than 2 months
old and has a fever, call your health care provider or get medical care.
Additional Resources
- CDC Zika Virus Home Page <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html>
- Zika and Pregnancy
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/question-answers.html>
- CDC Travel Notices
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information>
- CDC Mosquito Protection
<http://www.cdc.gov/features/stopmosquitoes/index.html>
- American Academy of Pediatrics: Zika Virus
<https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Children-and-Disasters/Pages/ZikaVirus.aspx>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- CDC: Facts about Microcephaly
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html>
Facts about Microcephaly
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html#>
- Español (Spanish)
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/spanish/birthdefects/microcephaly.html>
- Português (Portuguese)
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/portuguese/microcephaly.html>
- français (French)
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/french/microcephaly.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Fbirthdefects%2Fmicrocephaly.html&title=Facts%20about%20Microcephaly%20%7C%20Birth%20Defects%20%7C%20NCBDDD%20%7C%20CDC&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Fbirthdefects%2Fmicrocephaly.html&title=Facts%20about%20Microcephaly%20%7C%20Birth%20Defects%20%7C%20NCBDDD%20%7C%20CDC&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
[image: Microcephaly comparison]
Click here to view a larger image
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html#MicrocephalyCompareModal2>
Microcephaly is a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected
when compared to babies of the same sex and age. Babies with microcephaly
often have smaller brains that might not have developed properly.
What is microcephaly?
Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than
expected. During pregnancy, a baby’s head grows because the baby’s brain
grows. Microcephaly can occur because a baby’s brain has not developed
properly during pregnancy or has stopped growing after birth, which results
in a smaller head size. Microcephaly can be an isolated condition, meaning
that it can occur with no other major birth defects, or it can occur in
combination with other major birth defects.
What is severe microcephaly?
Severe microcephaly is a more serious, extreme form of this condition where
a baby’s head is much smaller than expected. Severe microcephaly can result
because a baby’s brain has not developed properly during pregnancy, or the
brain started to develop correctly and then was damaged at some point
during pregnancy.
Other Problems
Babies with microcephaly can have a range of other problems, depending on
how severe their microcephaly is. Microcephaly has been linked with the
following problems:
- Seizures
- Developmental delay, such as problems with speech or other developmental
milestones <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html> (like
sitting, standing, and walking)
- Intellectual disability (decreased ability to learn and function in
daily life)
- Problems with movement and balance
- Feeding problems, such as difficulty swallowing
- Hearing loss
- Vision problems
These problems can range from mild to severe and are often lifelong.
Because the baby’s brain is small and underdeveloped, babies with severe
microcephaly can have more of these problems, or have more difficulty with
them, than babies with milder microcephaly. Severe microcephaly also can be
life-threatening. Because it is difficult to predict at birth what problems
a baby will have from microcephaly, babies with microcephaly often need
close follow-up through regular check-ups with a healthcare provider to
monitor their growth and development.
Occurrence
Microcephaly is not a common condition. State birth defects tracking
systems have estimated that microcephaly ranges from 2 babies per 10,000
live births to about 12 babies per 10,000 live births in the Unites States.1
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html#ref>
Causes and Risk Factors
The causes of microcephaly in most babies are unknown. Some babies have
microcephaly because of changes in their genes
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/genetics/basics.html>. Other causes of
microcephaly, including severe microcephaly, can include the following
exposures during pregnancy:
- Certain infections during pregnancy, such as rubella
<http://www.cdc.gov/rubella/index.html>, toxoplasmosis
<http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/pregnant.html>, or
cytomegalovirus <http://www.cdc.gov/cmv/congenital-infection.html>
- Severe malnutrition, meaning a lack of nutrients or not getting enough
food
- Exposure to harmful substances, such as alcohol, certain drugs, or
toxic chemicals
- Interruption of the blood supply to the baby’s brain during development
Some babies with microcephaly have been reported among mothers who were
infected with Zika virus while pregnant. CDC scientists announced that
enough evidence has accumulated to conclude that Zika virus infection
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html> during pregnancy is a cause of
microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects.
CDC continues to study birth defects, such as microcephaly, and how to
prevent them. If you are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant, talk
with your doctor about ways to increase your chances of having a healthy
baby.
Zika Virus and Pregnancy
For information about the effects of Zika virus infection during
pregnancy, visit
CDC's Zika and Pregnancy web page
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index_bckp.html>.
Diagnosis
Microcephaly can be diagnosed during pregnancy or after the baby is born.
During Pregnancy
During pregnancy, microcephaly can sometimes be diagnosed with an
ultrasound test (which creates pictures of the body). To see microcephaly
during pregnancy, the ultrasound test should be done late in the 2nd
trimester or early in the third trimester. For more information about
screening and confirmatory tests during pregnancy, visit CDC’s birth
defects diagnosis web page
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/diagnosis.html>.
After the Baby is Born
To diagnose microcephaly after birth, a healthcare provider will measure
the distance around a newborn baby’s head, also called the head
circumference, during a physical exam. The provider then compares this
measurement to population standards by sex and age. Microcephaly is defined
as a head circumference measurement that is smaller than a certain value
for babies of the same age and sex. This measurement value for microcephaly
is usually less than 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the average. The
measurement value also may be designated as less than the 3rd percentile.
This means the baby’s head is extremely small compared to babies of the
same age and sex.
Head circumference growth charts for newborns, infants, and children up to
age 20 years in the United States can be found on CDC’s growth charts
website <http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm>. Head
circumference growth charts based on gestational age at birth (in other
words, how far along the pregnancy was at the time of delivery) are also
available from INTERGROWTH 21st
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/microcephaly-case-definitions.html>.
CDC recommends that health care providers use the WHO growth charts to
monitor growth for infants and children ages 0 to 2 years of age in the
United States.
Often, healthcare providers should take the head circumference measurement
when the newborn baby is at least 24 hours old. This helps make sure that
compression due to delivery through the birth canal has resolved. If the
healthcare provider suspects the baby has microcephaly, he or she can
request one or more tests to help confirm the diagnosis. For example,
special tests like a CT scan or an MRI can provide critical information on
the structure of the baby’s brain that can help determine if the newborn
baby had an infection during pregnancy. They also can help the healthcare
provider look for other problems that might be present.
Webinar on Surveillance
[image: Microcephaly Webinar Thumbnail]
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/documents/surveillance-microcephaly-webinar.pdf>
Download slides
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/documents/surveillance-microcephaly-webinar.pdf>
| Download transcript
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/documents/surveillance-microcephaly-webinar-transcript.pdf>
Treatments
Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard
treatment for microcephaly. Because microcephaly can range from mild to
severe, treatment options can range as well. Babies with mild microcephaly
often don’t experience any other problems besides small head size. These
babies will need routine check-ups to monitor their growth and development.
For more severe microcephaly, babies will need care and treatment focused
on managing their other health problems (mentioned above). Developmental
services early in life will often help babies with microcephaly to improve
and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities. These services,
known as early intervention
<http://www.parentcenterhub.org/repository/ei-overview/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>, can include speech,
occupational, and physical therapies. Sometimes medications also are needed
to treat seizures or other symptoms.
Other Resources
*The views of these organizations are their own and do not reflect the
official position of CDC.*
Mother To Baby <https://www.mothertobaby.org/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> (on behalf of the Organization
of Teratology Information Specialists)
This website provides comprehensive information to mothers, healthcare
professionals, and the general public about exposures during pregnancy.
References
1. National Birth Defects Prevention Network. Major birth defects data
from population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United
States, 2006-2010. Birth Defects Research (Part A): Clinical and Molecular
Teratology. 2013;97:S1-S172.
Health Effects & Risks
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/healtheffects/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
What we know
- Zika infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects and is
associated with other pregnancy problems.
- Several countries that have experienced Zika outbreaks recently have
reported increases in people who have Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/gbs-qa.html>.
- Current CDC research suggests that GBS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/gbs-qa.html> is strongly
associated with Zika; however, only a small proportion of people with
recent Zika virus infection get GBS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/gbs-qa.html>.
- MICROCEPHALY & OTHER BIRTH DEFECTSZika infection during pregnancy can
cause a birth defect called microcephaly, as well as other severe fetal
brain defects.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html>
Microcephaly & Other Birth Defects
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Fbirth_defects.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Fbirth_defects.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Zika and microcephaly
[image: Graphic of doctor with a pregnant woman]
Microcephaly <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> is
a birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected when compared
to babies of the same sex and age. Babies with microcephaly often have
smaller brains that might not have developed properly.
Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> and other severe
fetal brain defects and has been linked to problems in infants, including
eye defects, hearing loss, and impaired growth. Scientists are studying the
full range of other potential health problems that Zika virus infection
during pregnancy may cause.
*Other possible causes of microcephaly*
Microcephaly can happen for many reasons. Some babies have microcephaly
because of
1. Changes in their genes
2. Certain infections during pregnancy
3. A woman being close to or touching toxins during pregnancy
Zika and Other Pregnancy Problems
In addition to microcephaly, other problems have been detected among
fetuses and infants infected with Zika virus before birth, such as eye
defects, hearing loss, and impaired growth. Although Zika virus is a cause
of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects and has been linked
with these other problems in infants, there is more to learn. Researchers
are collecting data to better understand the extent Zika virus impact on
mothers and their children.
Future Pregnancies
Based on the available evidence, we think that Zika virus infection in a
woman who is not pregnant would not pose a risk for birth defects in future
pregnancies after the virus has cleared from her blood. From what we know
about similar infections, once a person has been infected with Zika virus,
he or she is likely to be protected from a future Zika infection.
Zika and Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Fgbs-qa.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhealtheffects%2Fgbs-qa.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/gbs-qa.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an uncommon sickness of the nervous system
in which a person’s own immune system damages the nerve cells, causing
muscle weakness, and sometimes, paralysis.
- Several countries that have experienced Zika outbreaks recently have
reported increases in people who have Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).
- Current CDC research suggests that GBS is strongly associated with
Zika; however, only a small proportion of people with recent Zika virus
infection get GBS.
CDC is continuing to investigate the link between GBS and Zika to learn
more.
Symptoms of GBS
GBS symptoms include weakness of the arms and legs and, in severe cases,
can affect the muscles that control breathing.
These symptoms can last a few weeks or several months. Most people fully
recover from GBS, though some people have permanent damage. Very few
people die from GBS.
Causes of GBS
Researchers do not fully understand what causes GBS. Most people with GBS
report an infection before they have GBS symptoms. Rarely, vaccination has
also been associated with the onset of GBS (for example, the 1976 Swine
influenza vaccine).
GBS is rare
An estimated 3,000 to 6,000 people, or 1-2 cases for every 100,000 people,
develop GBS each year in the US. Most cases of GBS tend to occur for no
known reason, and true “clusters” of cases of GBS are very unusual.
What to do if you are concerned
If you want to know more about the number of GBS cases in a certain area,
contact the state or local health department in the state where the cases
happen. CDC collaborates with state and local health departments to
investigate reports of possibly unusually large numbers or “clusters” of
GBS cases.
Additional Resources
Vaccine Safety Concerns- Guillain-Barré Syndrome
<http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/guillain-barre-syndrome.html>
Guillain-Barré syndrome and Flu Vaccine: Questions and Answers
<http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/guillainbarre.htm>
Travelers' Health <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/>
Zika Travel Information
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwnc.cdc.gov%2Ftravel%2Fpage%2Fzika-information&title=Zika%20Travel%20Information%20%7C%20Travelers%27%20Health%20%7C%20CDC&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwnc.cdc.gov%2Ftravel%2Fpage%2Fzika-information&title=Zika%20Travel%20Information%20%7C%20Travelers%27%20Health%20%7C%20CDC&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>[image:
Share]
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information#socialMediaShareContainer>
Language:
Select <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information#>
- Español
Note: The information on this page is for travelers to *international
destinations and US territories*. For information on Zika in US states,
visit Areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>. For the
most current information about Zika virus, please visit CDC’s Zika website
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika>.
Traveling soon? Get Zika info on-the-go.
Sign up to receive Zika updates for your destination with CDC's new text
messaging service. Text PLAN to 855-255-5606 to subscribe.
Zika Travel Notices
- Zika Virus in Cape Verde
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-cape-verde>
- Zika Virus in Mexico
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-mexico>
- Asia
Currently includes: Singapore
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-singapore>
- The Caribbean
Currently includes: Anguilla
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-anguilla>; Antigua
and Barbuda
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-antigua-and-barbuda>
; Aruba <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-aruba>; The
Bahamas
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-the-bahamas>;
Barbados <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-barbados>
; Bonaire <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-bonaire>
; British Virgin Islands
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-british-virgin-islands>
; Cayman Islands
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-cayman-islands>;
Cuba <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-cuba>; Curaçao
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-curacao>; Dominica
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-dominica>; Dominican
Republic
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-dominican-republic>
; Grenada <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-grenada>
; Guadeloupe
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-guadeloupe>;Haiti
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-haiti>; Jamaica
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-jamaica>;
Martinique
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-martinique>; the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, a US territory
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-puerto-rico>; Saba;
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-in-saba> Saint
Barthelemy
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-saint-barthelemy>;
Saint
Lucia <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-saint-lucia>
; Saint Martin
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-saint-martin>; Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines>
; Sint Eustatius
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-sint-eustatius>; Sint
Maarten
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-sint-maarten>;
Trinidad
and Tobago
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-trinidad-and-tobago>
; Turks and Caicos Islands
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-turks-and-caicos>; US
Virgin Islands
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-us-virgin-islands>
- Central America
Currently includes: Belize
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-belize>, Costa Rica
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-costa-rica>, El
Salvador
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-el-salvador>,
Guatemala
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-guatemala>,Honduras
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-honduras>,
Nicaragua
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-nicaragua>, Panama
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-panama>
- The Pacific Islands
Currently includes: American Samoa
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-american-samoa>,
Fiji <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-fiji>, Marshall
Islands
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-marshall-islands>,
Micronesia
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-kosrae-micronesia>,New
Caledonia
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-new-caledonia>, Papua
New Guinea
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-papua-new-guinea>,
Samoa <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-samoa>, Tonga
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-tonga>
- South America
Currently includes: Argentina
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-argentina>, Bolivia
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-bolivia>, Brazil
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-brazil>, Colombia
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-colombia>, Ecuador
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-ecuador>, French
Guiana
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-french-guiana>,
Guyana <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-guyana>,
Paraguay <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-paraguay>
, Peru <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-peru>,
Suriname <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-suriname>
, Venezuela
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-venezuela>
- 2016 Summer Olympics (Rio 2016)
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/2016-summer-olympics-rio>
Countries with Endemic Zika
Some countries in Africa, the Pacific Islands, and Asia have reported Zika
in the past and may continue to occasionally report new cases. The risk to
travelers in these endemic
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/epidemic-vs-endemic-zika>countries is
likely much lower than it is in countries with Zika epidemics (see Q&A:
Zika Risk in Countries with Endemic Zika
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/q-a-zika-risk-endemic>). Because Zika
infection in a pregnant woman causes severe birth defects, pregnant women
should consult with their health care provider and, if they decide to
travel, strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites>. Travel notices have not
been issued for these destinations but would be considered if the number of
cases rises to the level of an outbreak. Check this page for the most
up-to-date information before you make travel plans.
Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina-Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic,
Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali,
Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Tanzania, Togo,
Uganda, Zambia
Asia: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan,
Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam
The Pacific Islands: Easter Island, Vanuatu
- Zika Virus Health Advisory Infographics
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/infographics-travelers>
- Questions and Answers: Zika risk at high elevations
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/q-a-zika-risk-high-elevations>
Special Populations
- Guidelines for Travelers Visiting Friends and Family in Areas with
Chikungunya, Dengue, or Zika
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travelers-vfr-chikungunya-dengue-zika>
- Guidelines for US Citizens and Residents Living in Areas with Ongoing
Zika Virus Transmission
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/us-citizens-living-in-areas-with-zika>
[image: World map showing reported active transmission of Zika]
Countries and territories with travel notices reporting active mosquito
transmission of Zika virus. Click to enlarge
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/images/zika-map-world.png>
For Clinicians
- Zika: For Healthcare Providers
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html> on CDC's Zika site
- Zika
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/zika>
in *CDC Health Information for International Travel *- “Yellow Book”
- Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika
Virus — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e3.htm?s_cid=mm6512e3_w.htm>
- Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Women of
Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e2.htm?s_cid=mm6512e2_w.htm>
Empaca para prevenir el Zika (video en español)
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ya1oLNU2-fY>
[image: #ZIKA Team USA’s Prevention Playbook]
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/infographic-team-usa-prevention-playbook>
Infographic: #ZIKA Team USA’s Prevention Playbook.
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/infographic-team-usa-prevention-playbook>
Home <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/>
- Destinations <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list>
- Travel Notices <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices>
- Zika Travel Information
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information>
[image: expand] <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information#>
- Travel to the Olympics
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/2016-rio-olympics>
[image: expand] <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information#>
- Find a Clinic <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/find-clinic>
[image: expand] <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information#>
- Disease Directory <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases>
- Resources <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travel-information-centers>
[image: expand] <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information#>
- Yellow Book <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/yellowbook-home>
[image: expand] <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information#>
- Partners <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/partners>
[image: expand] <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information#>
- Mobile Apps <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/apps-about>
- RSS Feeds <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/rss>
For Healthcare Providers
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/hc-providers/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Zika virus disease is a nationally notifiable condition. Healthcare
providers should report suspected Zika virus disease cases to their state,
local, or territorial health department to facilitate diagnosis and
mitigate risk of local transmission. State, local, and territorial health
departments should report laboratory-confirmed and probable cases to CDC.
Clinical Guidance
- Pregnant Women
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/pregnant-woman.html>
- Infants & Children
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/infants-children.html>
- Women of Reproductive Age
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/women-reproductive-age.html>
- Sexual Transmission
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance/sexualtransmission.html>
- HIV Infection & Zika Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance/hivzika.html>
Testing for Zika
- Test Specimens - At Time of Birth
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/test-specimens-at-time-of-birth.html>
- Diagnostic Tests
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/types-of-tests.html>
- Understanding Zika Virus Test Results
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testresults.html>
Overview & Training
- Clinical Evaluation & Disease
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html>
- Training <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/training/training.html>
Key Considerations for Healthcare Settings
[image: Key Zika Considerations For Healthcare Settings fact sheet
thumbnail]
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/key-zika-considerations.pdf>
More Resources
- Facts about Microcephaly
<https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html>
- Congenital Microcephaly Case Definitions
<https://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/microcephaly-case-definitions.html>
- MMWR Zika Reports <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
- CDC's Health Alert Network (HAN)
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2016.asp>
- EID Journal: Zika Spotlight
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/zika-spotlight>
- Protecting Workers from Occupational Exposure to Zika Virus Including
Healthcare Settings
- English[PDF - 7 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3855_zika_virus_04-2016.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 9 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3856_zika_virus_04-2016_spanish.pdf>
- CDC Expert Commentary on Medscape: 10 Questions About Zika
<https://login.medscape.com/login/sso/getlogin?urlCache=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5tZWRzY2FwZS5jb20vdmlld2FydGljbGUvODU5MDE0&ac=401>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Clinical Evaluation & Disease
Language:
English
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Fpreparing-for-zika%2Fclinicalevaluationdisease.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Fpreparing-for-zika%2Fclinicalevaluationdisease.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Modes of Transmission
Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the *Flaviviridae* family,
genus *Flavivirus*. Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through
the bite of an infected *Aedes* species mosquito (*Ae. aegypti* and *Ae.
albopictus)*. The mosquito vectors typically breed in domestic
water-holding containers; they are aggressive daytime biters and feed both
indoors and outdoors near dwellings. Nonhuman and human primates are likely
the main reservoirs of the virus, and anthroponotic
(human-to-vector-to-human) transmission occurs during outbreaks.
Perinatal, in utero, and possible sexual and transfusion transmission
events have also been reported. Zika virus RNA has been identified in
asymptomatic blood donors during an ongoing outbreak.
Clinical Signs & Symptoms
Many people infected with Zika virus are asymptomatic. Characteristic
clinical findings are acute onset of fever with maculopapular rash,
arthralgia, or conjunctivitis. Other commonly reported symptoms include
myalgia and headache. Clinical illness is usually mild with symptoms
lasting for several days to a week. Severe disease requiring
hospitalization is uncommon and case fatality is low. However, there have
been cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome reported in patients following
suspected Zika virus infection. Recently, CDC concluded that Zika virus
infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe
fetal brain defects. Due to concerns of microcephaly caused by maternal
Zika virus infection, fetuses and infants of women infected with Zika virus
during pregnancy should be evaluated for possible congenital infection and
neurologic abnormalities.
Diagnosis & Reporting
Based on the typical clinical features, the differential diagnosis for Zika
virus infection is broad. In addition to dengue, other considerations
include leptospirosis, malaria, rickettsia, group A streptococcus, rubella,
measles, and parvovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus, and alphavirus infections
(e.g., chikungunya, Mayaro, Ross River, Barmah Forest, o’nyong-nyong, and
sindbis viruses).
Preliminary diagnosis is based on the patient’s clinical features, places
and dates of travel, and activities. Laboratory diagnosis is generally
accomplished by testing serum or plasma to detect virus, viral nucleic
acid, or virus-specific immunoglobulin M and neutralizing antibodies.
As an arboviral disease, Zika virus is a nationally notifiable condition.
Healthcare providers are encouraged to report suspected cases to their
state or local health departments to facilitate diagnosis and mitigate the
risk of local transmission. State or local health departments are
encouraged to report laboratory-confirmed cases to CDC through ArboNET, the
national surveillance system for arboviral disease.
Treatment
No specific antiviral treatment is available for Zika virus disease.
Treatment is generally supportive and can include rest, fluids, and use of
analgesics and antipyretics. Because of similar geographic distribution and
symptoms, patients with suspected Zika virus infections also should be
evaluated and managed for possible dengue or chikungunya virus infection.
Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be
avoided until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of hemorrhage.
People infected with Zika, chikungunya, or dengue virus should be protected
from further mosquito exposure during the first few days of illness to
prevent other mosquitoes from becoming infected and reduce the risk of
local transmission.
Clinical Guidance
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Fclinical-guidance.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Fclinical-guidance.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
In this Section
- Pregnant Women
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/pregnant-woman.html>
- Infants & Children
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/infants-children.html>
- Women of Reproductive Age
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/women-reproductive-age.html>
- Sexual Transmission
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance/sexualtransmission.html>
- HIV Infection & Zika Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance/hivzika.html>
Updated Clinical Guidance
- UPDATE: Interim Guidance for the Evaluation and Management of Infants
with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection – United States, August 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6533e2.htm?s_cid=mm6533e2_w> (MMWR,
August 19, 2016)
- UPDATE: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika
Virus - United States, July 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e2.htm?s_cid=mm6529e2_e> (MMWR,
July 25, 2016)
- UPDATE: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Pregnant
Women with Possible Zika Virus Exposure - United States, July 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e1.htm?s_cid=mm6529e1_e> (MMWR,
July 25, 2016)
Key Considerations for Healthcare Settings
[image: Key Zika Considerations For Healthcare Settings fact sheet
thumbnail]
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/key-zika-considerations.pdf>
More Resources
- Facts about Microcephaly
<https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html>
- Congenital Microcephaly Case Definitions
<https://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/microcephaly-case-definitions.html>
- MMWR Zika Reports <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
- CDC's Health Alert Network (HAN)
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2016.asp>
- EID Journal: Zika Spotlight
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/zika-spotlight>
- Protecting Workers from Occupational Exposure to Zika Virus Including
Healthcare Settings
- English[PDF - 7 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3855_zika_virus_04-2016.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF 9 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3856_zika_virus_04-2016_spanish.pdf>
- CDC Expert Commentary on Medscape: 10 Questions About Zika
<http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/859014?src=par_cdc_stm_mscpedt&faf=1>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
US Zika Pregnancy Registry
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/hc-providers/registry.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Fregistry.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Fregistry.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
If you have questions about a possible infection or diagnosis
If families would like to speak to someone about a possible Zika virus
infection or diagnosis during pregnancy and risk to the baby, please
contact MotherToBaby
<http://mothertobaby.org/news-press/zika-virus-pregnancy-answers/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. MotherToBaby experts are
available to answer questions in English or Spanish by phone or chat. The
free and confidential service is available Monday - Friday from 8am - 5pm
(local time). To reach MotherToBaby:
- Call 1-866-626-6847
- Chat live or send an email through theMotherToBaby
<http://mothertobaby.org/> <http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
website
Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other
severe fetal brain defects. Infection during pregnancy has also been linked
to adverse outcomes including pregnancy loss, and eye defects, hearing
loss, and impaired growth in infants. Despite these observations, many
questions remain about the risks of Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
Information about the timing, absolute risk, and spectrum of outcomes
associated with Zika virus infection during pregnancy is needed to direct
public health action related to Zika virus and guide testing, evaluation,
and management.
To understand more about Zika virus infection, CDC established the US Zika
Pregnancy Registry and is collaborating with state, tribal, local, and
territorial health departments to collect information about pregnancy and
infant outcomes following laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection
during pregnancy. The data collected through this registry will be used to
update recommendations for clinical care, to plan for services for pregnant
women and families affected by Zika virus, and to improve prevention of
Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
- If you are a healthcare provider or health department and you have
questions about the registry, please email <ZikaMCH@xxxxxxx> or call
770-488-7100 and ask for the Zika Pregnancy Hotline.
Eligibility for the Registry
People who are eligible for inclusion in the Registry include
- Pregnant women in the United States with laboratory evidence of Zika
virus infection (positive or equivocal test results, regardless of whether
they have symptoms) and periconceptionally, prenatally or perinatally
exposed infants born to these women.
- Infants with laboratory evidence of congenital Zika virus infection
(positive or equivocal test results, regardless of whether they have
symptoms) and their mothers.
Health Departments: How to Participate
State, tribal, local, and territorial health departments can participate in
the US Zika Pregnancy Registry. They can
- Identify pregnant women and infants eligible for Zika virus testing in
accordance with state or CDC guidelines.
- Coordinate testing at a state public health laboratory or CDC for
those eligible.
- Report information about pregnant women in the United States with
laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection (positive or equivocal test
results, regardless of whether they have symptoms) and information about
periconceptionally, prenatally or perinatally exposed infants born to these
women, including infants with congenital Zika virus infection
- Collect enhanced surveillance data about pregnant women and their
infants who are eligible for the Registry.
- Work with CDC to determine state-specific methods for collecting and
sharing data.
Healthcare Providers: How to Participate
CDC and state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments request
that healthcare providers participate in the US Zika Pregnancy Registry.
*Obstetric healthcare providers can:*
- Report information about pregnant women with laboratory evidence of
Zika virus to their state, tribal, local, or territorial health department.
- Collect pertinent clinical information about pregnant women and their
infants on the Pregnancy and Zika Virus Disease Surveillance forms.
- Provide the information to state, tribal, local or territorial health
departments or directly to CDC registry staff if asked to do so by local
health officials.
- Notify state, tribal, local, or territorial health department staff or
CDC registry staff of adverse events (e.g., spontaneous abortion,
termination of pregnancy).
*Pediatric healthcare providers can:*
- Identify and report suspected congenital Zika virus exposure to their
state, tribal, local, or territorial health department for possible testing.
- Collect pertinent clinical information about infants born to women
with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection or infants with congenital
Zika virus infection.
- Provide the information to state, tribal, local or territorial health
departments or directly to CDC registry staff if asked to do so by local
health officials.
- Notify state, tribal, local, or territorial health department staff or
CDC registry staff of adverse events (e.g., perinatal or infant deaths).
Healthcare providers practicing in Puerto Rico should report information to
the Puerto Rico Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System (ZAPSS)
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html> rather than to
the US Zika Pregnancy Registry.
Fact Sheets
[image: US Zika Pregnancy Registry Healthcare Providers: How to Register
Patients infographic thumbnail]
Fact Sheet for Obstetric Healthcare Providers
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-registry-hcp.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47795.pdf>
[image: US Zika Pregnancy Registry Healthcare Providers: How to Register
Patients infographic thumbnail]
Fact Sheet for Pregnant Women
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-registry-what-pregnant-women-need.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47796.pdf>
[image: US Zika Pregnancy Registry Pediatric Healthcare Providers: How to
Contribute factsheet thumbnail]
Fact Sheet for Pediatric Healthcare Providers
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregregistry-pediatricians-fs.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48309.pdf>
[image: US Zika Preganancy Registry Health Departments: How to Participate
fact sheet thumbnail]
Fact Sheet for Health Departments
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregreg-health-depts.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48457.pdf>
[image: US Zika Pregnancy Registry: What Parents Need to Know]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregreg-parents.pdf>
Fact Sheet for Parents
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregreg-parents.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/pdfs/pregreg-parents.pdf>
[image: US Zika Pregnancy Registry - Tribal Healthcare Providers: How to
contribute]
Fact Sheet for Tribal Healthcare Providers
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika_pregnancyregistry_tribal.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika_pregnancyregistry_tribal.pdf>
- Portuguese [PDF - 2 pages]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika_pregnancyregistry_tribal.pdf>
Additional Resources
- Congenital microcephaly case definitions
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/microcephaly-case-definitions.html>
- Update: Interim Guidelines for Health Care Providers Caring for
Pregnant Women and Women of Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus
Exposure – United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6505e2er.htm?s_cid=mm6505e2er.htm_w>
(Feb.
5, 2016)
- Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus
Outbreak—United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6502e1er.htm?s_cid=mm6502e1er_e>
(Jan.
22, 2016)
- Questions and Answers for Healthcare Providers Caring for Pregnant
Women and Women of Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus Exposure
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pregnant-women.html>
- Zika Virus: Collection and Submission of Fetal Tissues for Zika Virus
Testing
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/tissue-collection-submission.html>
- Collection and Submission of Body Fluids for Zika Virus Testing
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/body-fluids-collection-submission.html>
Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System (ZAPSS)/Sistema de Vigilancia
Activa de Zika en Embarazos (SVAZE)
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpublic-health-partners%2Fzapss.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpublic-health-partners%2Fzapss.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Summary
The Puerto Rico Department of Health and Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention have developed a surveillance system called Zika Active
Pregnancy Surveillance System (ZAPSS)/Sistema de Vigilancia Activa de Zika
en Embarazos (SVAZE). The surveillance system will be used to evaluate the
association between Zika virus infection during pregnancy and adverse
outcomes during pregnancy, birth, and early childhood up to 3 years old.
Pregnant women in Puerto Rico with laboratory evidence of Zika virus
infection (positive or inconclusive test results, regardless of whether
they have symptoms) and prenatally or perinatally exposed infants born to
these women will be actively monitored. This information will be used to
inform best practices in care for women infected with Zika virus during
pregnancy and their infants.
Where to get more information
For general information, go to CDC’s Zika webpage for pregnant women
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index_bckp.html>. For clinical inquiries
only, please e-mail ZikaMCH@xxxxxxx or call 770-448-7100 (24/7).
To notify the Puerto Rico Department of Health Birth Defects Surveillance
and Prevention System’s staff of any pregnancy outcomes among Zika positive
pregnant women, please call: (787) 765-2929 ext. 4571, or 4572.
[image: Zika Activity Pregnancy Surveillance System (ZAPSS) in Puerto Rico]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-puerto-rico-handouts.pdf>
Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System (ZAPSS) in Puerto Rico Fact Sheet
(English and Spanish)
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-puerto-rico-handouts.pdf>
Testing for Zika Virus
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testing-for-zikavirus.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/hc-providers/testing-for-zikavirus.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testing-for-zikavirus.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Ftesting-for-zikavirus.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Ftesting-for-zikavirus.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testing-for-zikavirus.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
In this Section
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/test-specimens-at-time-of-birth.html>
- Test Specimens – At Time of Birth
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/test-specimens-at-time-of-birth.html>
- Diagnostic Tests
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/types-of-tests.html>
- Understanding Zika Virus Test Results
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testresults.html>
Testing Information
[image: Fact Sheet: What happened when I am tested for Zika and when will I
get my results?]
What happens when I am tested for Zika and when will I get my results?
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/what-happens-tested-for-zika.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_55233.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page <http://portugues.cdc.gov/img/cdc/PT_53477.pdf>
[image: Only some people need Zika testing fact sheet thumbnail]
Only Some People Need Zika Testing
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/tested_for_zika_flyer.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/tested_for_zika_flyer.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/tested_for_zika_flyer.pdf>
[image: When to test Zika infographic]
When to test for Zika Virus
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/when-to-test-zika.pdf>
[image: Make sure to get your Zika test results fact sheet thumbnail]
Make sure to get your Zika test results
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/testresultscard.pdf>
Zika Training for Healthcare Providers
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/training/training.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/hc-providers/training/training.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/training/training.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Ftraining%2Ftraining.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fhc-providers%2Ftraining%2Ftraining.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/training/training.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Zika Education
[image: Preparing for Zika Transmission in the U.S. video thumbnail]
CDC/AMA Webinar: Preparing for Zika Transmission in the US
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1csVKfquoM>
CDC Medical Epidemiologist Susan Hills, MBBS, MTH, presents an update on
the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of the Zika outbreak. CDC Medical
Officer Kiran Perkins, MD, MPH, also presents on the implications for
pregnant women, including CDC's updated interim clinical guidance.
[image: Photo of a newborn]
Webcast: Clinical Evaluation & Management of Infants with Congenital Zika
Infection
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/webcast-clinicalevalution.html>(July
21 and July 22, 2016)
During this meeting, pediatric health specialists, non-governmental
partners, and federal officials gathered at CDC to discuss clinical
evaluation and management of infants with congenital Zika virus infection
in the United States. CDC considered discussions on clinical evaluation and
management when developing interim guidance for healthcare providers.
[image: Mosquito]
Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA) Calls/Webinars
During COCA Calls/Webinars, subject matter experts present key emergency
preparedness and response topics, followed by meaningful Q&A with
participants. Each COCA Call/Webinar will offer the most up to date
information and guidance for clinicians. Continuing Education is available
for most calls/webinars.
- Zika Update: Clinical Laboratory Testing and Care of Infants with
Congenital Zika Virus Infection (August 23, 2016)
<https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/calls/2016/callinfo_082316.asp>
- Updated Interim Zika Clinical Guidance for Pregnant Women and Data on
Contraceptive Use to Decrease Zika-affected Pregnancies (August 9, 2016)
<https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/calls/2016/callinfo_080916.asp>
- Updated Interim Zika Clinical Guidance for Reproductive Age Women and
Men, Sexual Transmission, and the U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry (April 12,
2016) <http://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/calls/2016/callinfo_041216.asp>
- Update on Interim Zika Virus Clinical Guidance and Recommendations
(Feb. 25, 2016)
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/calls/2016/callinfo_022516.asp>
- Zika Virus – What Clinicians Need to Know (Jan. 26, 2016)
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/calls/2016/callinfo_012616.asp>
[image: MMWR - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR)]
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports (MMWR)
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
A list of all published Zika-related reports. Continuing education is
available for all MMWR reports.
[image: Zika Virus: Information for Clinicians]
Zika Virus: Information for Clinicians
Information for clinicians on Zika virus epidemiology, diagnoses and
testing, case reporting, and clinical guidance and patient management.
- English[PPT - 56 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/clinicianppt.pptx>
- Spanish[PPT - 56 pages]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/clinicianppt.pptx>
[image: CDC TRAIN - Zika Training Activities]
<https://cdc.train.org/DesktopShell.aspx?tabId=62&goto=browse&browse=advanced&keyword=%22Zika%22+OR+Dengue+OR+chikungunya+OR+malaria&keyoption=Both&clinical=both&local=all&ByCost=0>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
CDC TRAIN - Zika Training Activities
<https://cdc.train.org/DesktopShell.aspx?tabId=62&goto=browse&browse=advanced&keyword=%22Zika%22+OR+Dengue+OR+chikungunya+OR+malaria&keyoption=Both&clinical=both&local=all&ByCost=0>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
CDC TRAIN provides free access to thousands of courses, more than 1,000 of
which were developed by CDC programs and funded partners. Courses in CDC
TRAIN are available on a wide array of public health and health care topics
and in a variety of formats, including classroom training, webinars, and
online self-study options. Many offer free continuing education. These
links do not constitute an endorsement by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). Only courses offered by CDC Course Providers have been
verified and approved by CDC.
Patient Care
[image: Doctor Cono's interview on Platform Q Health: A CDC Update for
Clinicians on Zika Virus Disease]
A CDC Update for Clinicians on Zika Virus Disease (video)
<http://www.idcarelive.com/en_CA/blankPage/CDCZika>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Dr. Joanne Cono, MD, ScM, Director of the Office of Science Quality of the
CDC gave a live presentation regarding the latest Zika information
available and answered a myriad of questions from your fellow health care
practitioners.
[image: Screenshot of Matt Karwowski, MD MPH]
Zika for Pediatricians: Critical Update (video)
<http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/859635>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Dr. Matt Karwowski, a pediatrician with the Pregnancy and Birth Defects
Team for CDC's 2016 Zika Virus Response, reviews what we know about Zika
virus and congenital microcephaly and other birth defects. He also
discusses CDC's guidelines for healthcare providers caring for infants and
children with possible Zika virus infection.
[image: Screenshot of a medscape video featuring Dr. Obuyebo.]
Medscape Expert Commentary: Advising Pregnant Women About Zika (video)
<http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/858892>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Dr. Titilope Oduyebo, an obstetrician-gynecologist from CDC’s Pregnancy and
Birth Defects team, gives key insight into the Zika virus. She discusses
what we know about Zika virus infection during pregnancy, and reviews CDC’s
current recommendations for screening, testing, and management of women
with possible Zika virus exposure.
[image: Margaret Lampe, RN, MPH]
US Zika Pregnancy Registry: How to Participate
<http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/866032?src=par_cdc_stm_mscpedt&faf=1>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Margaret Lampe, RN, MPH, a nurse scientist with the Pregnancy and Birth
Defects Task Force for CDC's 2016 Zika virus response shares an overview of
the US Zika Pregnancy Registry and how to participate.
- LABORATORY TRAINING RESOURCESTraining resources for laboratories .
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/training.html>
For Laboratories
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/laboratories/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Flaboratories%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Flaboratories%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
In this Section
- Lab Guidance <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/lab-guidance.html>
- Lab Safety <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/lab-safety.html>
- Diagnostic Tests
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/types-of-tests.html>
- Test Specimens - Body Fluids
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/test-specimens-bodyfluids.html>
- Test Specimens - Tissues
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/test-specimens-tissues.html>
- Training <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/training.html>
What’s New
[image: a laboratory technician testing samples]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/lab-guidance.html>
New Lab Guidance <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/lab-guidance.html>
CDC, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases and Dengue
Branches have updated diagnostic testing guidance for Zika, chikungunya,
and dengue viruses.
More Resources
- Facts about Microcephaly
<https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html>
- Congenital Microcephaly Case Definitions
<https://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/microcephaly-case-definitions.html>
- MMWR Zika Reports <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
- CDC's Health Alert Network (HAN)
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2016.asp>
- EID Journal: Zika Spotlight
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/zika-spotlight>
- Protecting Workers from Occupational Exposure to Zika Virus Including
Healthcare Settings
- English[PDF - 7 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3855_zika_virus_04-2016.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF 9 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3856_zika_virus_04-2016_spanish.pdf>
- CDC Expert Commentary on Medscape: 10 Questions About Zika
<http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/859014?src=par_cdc_stm_mscpedt&faf=1>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Interim Guidance for Interpretation of Zika Virus Antibody Test Results
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6521e1.htm> (MMWR, Feb. 5, 2016)
Resources & Publications
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/resources/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fresources%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fresources%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Links to Zika Information Collections by Publisher
- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Zika Reports
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
- Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Zika Spotlight
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/zika-spotlight>
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors
contributing to EID do not necessarily reflect the official position of the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Public Health
Service (PHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), or the
authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification
only and does not imply endorsement by PHS or by HHS.
- New England Journal of Medicine, Zika Virus Collection
<http://www.nejm.org/page/zika-virus>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- BMJ, Zika Virus <http://www.bmj.com/freezikaresources>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Elsevier Zika Virus Resource Center
<https://www.elsevier.com/connect/zika-virus-resource-center>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Lancet Zika Virus Resource Centre
<http://www.thelancet.com/campaigns/zika>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Oxford University Press (including Journal of Infectious Diseases,
Clinical Infectious Diseases, and American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene), Special Collection on Aedes aegypti and Zika Virus Research
<http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/our-journals/medicine-and-health/aedes-aegypti-zika-virus.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- PLOS Collections, Zika <http://collections.plos.org/zika>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- John Wiley & Sons, Latest Zika Research <http://gms.sg/zika-research/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Emergency Bulletins
- Health Alert Network- Update: Interim Guidelines for Prevention of
Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — United States, 2016
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00388.asp>
- FDA Zika Virus Emergency Use Authorizations (Zika MAC-ELISA and
Trioplex Real-time RT-PCR Assay)
<http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/EmergencySituations/ucm161496.htm#zika>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Links to U.S. and International Governmental Resources
- Zika Virus Response Updates from FDA
<http://www.fda.gov/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMIssues/ucm485199.htm>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus Health Information Resource Guide (NIH Disaster Information
Management Research Center)
<https://disasterinfo.nlm.nih.gov/dimrc/zikavirus.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus and Complications (World Health Organization)
<http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/en/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus Infection (European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control)
<http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/zika_virus_infection/Pages/index.aspx>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus Infection (Pan American Health Organization)
<http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11585%3Azika-virus-infection&catid=8424%3Acontents&Itemid=41688&lang=en>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus (Australian Department of Health)
<http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-zika.htm>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika virus (New Zealand Ministry of Health)
<http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/zika-virus>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Search the Biomedical Literature
PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 15
million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950's. These
citations are from MEDLINE and additional life science journals. PubMed
includes links to many sites providing full text articles and other related
resources.
Search Pub Med: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Notice: You are leaving the CDC website. We have provided a link to this
site because it has information that may be of interest to you. CDC does
not necessarily endorse the views or information presented on this site.
Furthermore, CDC does not endorse any commercial products or information
that may be presented or advertised on the site that is about to be
displayed.
Communication Resources
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/comm-resources/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fcomm-resources%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fcomm-resources%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
CDC offers free resources including video, fact sheets, and posters. Below
are links to current communication tools and resources available for use
and distribution. For information and resources for specific audiences,
click the “Information for Specific Groups” tab in the navigation bar to
the left.
- [image: Screenshot of Dr. Anne Schuchat]Video Resources
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/video.html>
- [image: Pregnant? Read this before you travel infographic thumbnail]
Infographics <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/infographics.html>
- [image: Protect yourself from mosquito bites poster thumbnail]Print
Resources <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html>
- [image: illustration of a megaphone]Toolkits
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/toolkits.html>
Podcasts
[image: Zika update podcast logo]Zika Update
<http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/browse.asp?c=537> – This podcast series is
designed to highlight the most important need to know information about
Zika virus and its effects.
[image: Mosquito]Zika Prevention: Do Your Part
<http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8642718> – This podcast series,
available in English and Spanish, is a special novella series about Zika
prevention and protection against mosquitoes.
[image: Pregnant woman holding her stomach]Zika and Pregnancy: What
Pregnant Women Need to Know
<http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8642324>– Learn more about what
Zika is, what it means for pregnant women, and how you can protect your
pregnancy..
Public Health Image Library (PHIL)
[image: digitally-colorized transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of Zika
virus]Public Health Image Library (PHIL) <http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp> -
The Public Health Image Library, or PHIL, was designed to share CDC public
health images. CDC welcomes public health professionals, the media,
laboratory scientists, educators, students, and the public to use this
material for reference, teaching, presentations, and public health messages.
Press Information
[image: Aedes mosquito feeding on its human host]The Zika Virus Digital
Press Kit <http://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/2016/dpk-zika-virus.html> contains
videos, photos, spokesperson biographies, releases, MMWR reports, and other
relevant information for members of the media.
[image: Vital Signs: Zika and Pregnancy fact sheet thumbnail]Vital Signs
Issue: Zika and Pregnancy <http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/zika/>
Digital Resources
Widget
- Zika Widget <http://www.cdc.gov/widgets/zika/index.html> – Add the
Zika Widget to your web site!
Blogs
- CDC Director Blog <http://blogs.cdc.gov/cdcdirector> – Thoughts from
CDC Director Tom Frieden, MD, MPH
- Public Health Matters <http://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters> – A
collective blog about the exciting public health work of preventing and
controlling infectious diseases that result from the interaction of people,
animals, and the environment.
- NIOSH Science Blog <http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog> – A
scientific look at workplace safety and health issues from the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Social Media
Facebook
- CDC <http://www.facebook.com/CDC>
- CDC Travelers Health <https://www.facebook.com/CDCTravelersHealth>
- CDC Emergency <http://www.facebook.com/CDCemergency>
- CDC MMWR <http://www.facebook.com/CDCMMWR>
- CDC en Español <https://www.facebook.com/CDCespanol>
Twitter
- Dr. Tom Frieden <https://twitter.com/DrFriedenCDC>
- CDC <https://twitter.com/CDCgov>
- CDC Travelers Health <https://twitter.com/CDCtravel>
- CDC Emergency <https://twitter.com/CDCemergency>
- CDC MMWR <https://twitter.com/CDCMMWR>
- CDC en Español <https://twitter.com/CDCespanol>
Latest Tweets
Dr. Tom Frieden Tweets <https://twitter.com/drfriedencdc>
<https://twitter.com/drfriedencdc>
With the right resources, we can develop better ways to combat the mosquito
that spreads #Zika <https://twitter.com/search?q=%23Zika&src=hash> & other
diseases.https://t.co/5KWn3rDG2z ;<http://wapo.st/2bEqRBs>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Why the #Zika <https://twitter.com/search?q=%23Zika&src=hash> virus
presents an unprecedented threat to the people of our nation, especially
pregnant women. https://t.co/5KWn3rDG2z ;<http://wapo.st/2bEqRBs>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Zika 101 Presentation
[image: Zika 101 slide presentation cover slide]
- English[PPT - 3.7 MB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/zika101slides.pptx>
- Spanish[PPT - 3.7 MB]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/zika101slides.pptx>
Zika Virus: Information for Clinicians
[image: Zika Virus: Information for Clinicians slideset cover thumbnail]
- English[PPT - 56 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/clinicianppt.pptx>
- Spanish[PPT - 56 pages]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/clinicianppt.pptx>
Zika Virus Microsite
[image: image of mosquito in flight]
Add real-time Zika virus information to your web site!
<https://tools.cdc.gov/medialibrary/index.aspx#/collection/id/234559>
Images
[image: Prevent Zika: Avoid Zika by preventing mosquito bites.]
- English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/mens-health-zika_english.zip>
- Spanish <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/mens-health-zika_spanish.zip>
Timeline of "What's New"
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/whats-new.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/whats-new.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/whats-new.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fwhats-new.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fwhats-new.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/whats-new.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Keep up with CDC updates on Zika by signing up for email updates
<https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USCDC/subscriber/new?topic_id=USCDC_1106>
, subscribing to RSS
<http://tools.cdc.gov/api/v2/resources/media/279735.rss>, and syndicating
available content
<https://tools.cdc.gov/medialibrary/index.aspx#/results/language/english/page/1/sort/desc/group/0/query/zika>
about
Zika. The Top 5 items are available for syndication.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/whats-new-rss5.html>
- LGBT Community: How to protect yourselves from Zika[PDF - 2 pages]
<https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/lgbt-zika-fact-sheet.pdf>THURSDAY,
SEPTEMBER 01, 2016
- UPDATE: Areas of Active Transmission for the Purpose of Blood and
Tissue Safety Intervention
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/areasatrisk.html>THURSDAY,
SEPTEMBER 01, 2016
- Revised FDA Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Zika Virus
Transmission by Blood and Blood Components
<https://www.cdc.gov/zika/areasatrisk.html>SATURDAY, AUGUST 27, 2016
- Key Considerations for Healthcare Settings[PDF - 2 pages]
<https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/key-zika-considerations.pdf>TUESDAY,
AUGUST 23, 2016
- When to Test for Zika Virus[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/when-to-test-zika.pdf>TUESDAY, AUGUST 23,
2016
- Zika Virus Testing for Any Pregnant Woman Not Living in an Area With
Zika[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnanttestnotinarea.pdf>TUESDAY, AUGUST
23, 2016
- HAN- CDC Expands Guidance for Zika Related to Mosquito-borne
Transmission in Miami-Dade, Florida
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00394.asp>MONDAY, AUGUST 22, 2016
- Update: Advice for People Living in or Traveling to South Florida
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html>FRIDAY, AUGUST 19,
2016
- Support for Families of Newborns Affected by Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/families-of-newborns-affected-zika.html>FRIDAY,
AUGUST 19, 2016
- Resources and Guidance for Healthcare Providers Caring for Infants
Affected by Zika Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/infants-children/resources-hc-providers-caring-for-infants.html>FRIDAY,
AUGUST 19, 2016
- Collection and Submission of Specimens for Zika Virus Testing at Time
of Birth
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/collection-submission-specimens-zika-testing-at-birth.pdf>FRIDAY,
AUGUST 19, 2016
- Collection and Submission of Fetal Tissues for Zika Virus Testing
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/collection-submission-fetal-tissues-zika-testing.pdf>FRIDAY,
AUGUST 19, 2016
- UPDATE: Interim Guidance for the Evaluation and Management of Infants
with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection - United States, August 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6533e2.htm?s_cid=mm6533e2_w>FRIDAY,
AUGUST 19, 2016
- UPDATE: Webcast Recordings for Clinical Evaluation & Management of
Infants with Congenital Zika Infection
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/webcast-clinicalevalution.html>THURSDAY,
AUGUST 18, 2016
- Contraceptive Use Among Nonpregnant and Postpartum Women in the
Context of Zika Preparedness - United States
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6530e2.htm?s_cid=mm6530e2_e>TUESDAY,
AUGUST 02, 2016
- Contraception to Prevent Unintended Pregnancy during the Zika Virus
Outbreak <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/contraception.html>TUESDAY,
AUGUST 02, 2016
- Update: Women & Their Partners
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/thinking-about-pregnancy.html>TUESDAY,
AUGUST 02, 2016
- Press release: Travel guidance related to Miami neighborhood
<http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0801-zika-travel-guidance.html>MONDAY,
AUGUST 01, 2016
- Zika is in Your Area: What to Do
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/what-to-do.html>MONDAY, AUGUST 01, 2016
- Advice for people living in or traveling to Wynwood, a neighborhood in
Florida <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html>MONDAY,
AUGUST 01, 2016
- Zika Community Action Response Toolkit
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/z-cart.html>MONDAY,
AUGUST 01, 2016
- Updated: CDC Interim Zika Response Plan[PDF - 57 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-draft-interim-conus-plan.pdf>SUNDAY,
JULY 31, 2016
- Update: Ongoing Zika Virus Transmission - Puerto Rico, November 1,
2015-July 7, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6530e1.htm?s_cid=mm6530e1_w>SATURDAY,
JULY 30, 2016
- Florida investigation links four recent Zika cases to local
mosquito-borne virus transmission
<http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0729-florida-zika-cases.html>FRIDAY,
JULY 29, 2016
- FDA Statement: Advice to Blood Collection Establishments on Non-Travel
Related Cases of Zika Virus in Florida
<http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/SafetyAvailability/ucm513583.htm>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>THURSDAY, JULY 28, 2016
- Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Pregnant
Women with Possible Zika Virus Exposure
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e1.htm?s_cid=mm6529e1_w>TUESDAY,
JULY 26, 2016
- Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika
Virus - United States, July 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e2.htm?s_cid=mm6529e2_w>TUESDAY,
JULY 26, 2016
- New FDA Donor Screening Recommendations to Prevent Zika Transmisison[76
KB, 10 Pages]
<http://www.fda.gov/downloads/biologicsbloodvaccines/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/tissue/ucm488582.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>FRIDAY, JULY 22, 2016
- Zika: Protecting Camp Staff and Campers[682 KB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/camp-administrators.pdf>WEDNESDAY, JULY
20, 2016
- Zika: Protecting Children from Mosquito Bites at Camp[539 KB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protecting-children-camp.pdf>WEDNESDAY,
JULY 20, 2016
- CDC assisting Utah investigation of Zika virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0718-zika-utah-investigation.html>TUESDAY,
JULY 19, 2016
- Clinical Evaluation & Management of Infants with Congenital Zika
Infection
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/webcast-clinicalevalution.html>TUESDAY,
JULY 19, 2016
- Pregnancy Registry Factsheet for Tribal Healthcare Providers[752 KB, 2
Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika_pregnancyregistry_tribal.pdf>THURSDAY,
JULY 14, 2016
- Guidance for District and School Administrators
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/schools.html>THURSDAY, JULY 14, 2016
- Country Classification Technical Guidance
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/country-classification.html>WEDNESDAY, JULY
13, 2016
- "Prevención del zika: Colabore" Novella Podcast: Controle los
mosquitos que están en el exterior (Spanish)
<http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8642718>TUESDAY, JULY 12,
2016
- Information on Aerial Spraying in Puerto Rico
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying-puertorico.html>TUESDAY,
JULY 12, 2016
- Zika Response & Success Stories
<http://www.cdc.gov/about/24-7/cdcresponders-zika/index.html>TUESDAY,
JULY 12, 2016
- CDC Emergency Vector Control Request Form[47 KB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zika-vector-control-arf-2yearcontract.xlsx>THURSDAY,
JUNE 30, 2016
- CDC Zika Update Podcast: A Summary of the Outbreak 6/30/2016
<http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=8642672>THURSDAY, JUNE 30,
2016
- Travel to Puerto Rico Flyer[2.5 MB, 1 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zikahotelflyers_pr.pdf>MONDAY, JUNE 27,
2016
- Zika Virus: Information for Clinicians[6.6 MB, 56 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/clinicianppt.pptx>THURSDAY, JUNE
23, 2016
- NIOSH Poster for Cruise Line Employees[187 KB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/final-zika-cruise-ship-poster-008_060916_wshclean.pdf>FRIDAY,
JUNE 17, 2016
- NIOSH Fact Sheet for Cruise Line Employees[571 KB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/finalniosh-zika-factsheet-cruise-ship-workers_06132016_wshclean.pdf>FRIDAY,
JUNE 17, 2016
- US Citizens Living in Areas with Zika Transmission
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/us-citizens-living-in-areas-with-zika>THURSDAY,
JUNE 16, 2016
- Travelers Visiting Friends and Family in Areas with Chikungunya,
Dengue, or Zika
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/guidelines-vfr-chikungunya-dengue-zika>THURSDAY,
JUNE 16, 2016
- CDC Draft Interim Zika Response Plan[974 KB, 58 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-draft-interim-conus-plan.pdf>TUESDAY,
JUNE 14, 2016
- Fact Sheet for Outdoor Activities[2.59 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-outdoors.pdf>MONDAY, JUNE 13, 2016
- ZAP Follow-Up Teleconference- Zika Diagnostic Tools, Testing,
Algorithms, and Interpretations Guidance
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zap-teleconferences.html>MONDAY,
JUNE 13, 2016
- ZAP Follow-Up Teleconference - Zika Surveillance in US States
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zap-teleconferences.html>WEDNESDAY,
JUNE 08, 2016
- "Zika Activity Book" For kids in the US[1.4 MB, 9 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-activity-book-us.pdf>FRIDAY, JUNE 03,
2016
- MMWR Interpretation of Zika Virus Antibody Test Results
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6521e1.htm>FRIDAY, JUNE 03, 2016
- For Parents: A positive Zika virus test: What does it mean for my
child?[439 KB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/testresults-children-fs.pdf>THURSDAY, JUNE
02, 2016
- ZAP Follow-Up Teleconference - Pregnancy Planning in Areas with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zap-teleconferences.html>WEDNESDAY,
JUNE 01, 2016
- ZAP Follow-Up Teleconference - Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zap-teleconferences.html>WEDNESDAY,
JUNE 01, 2016
- Zika Training Resources
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/training-resources.html>TUESDAY,
MAY 31, 2016
- How to Protect Yourself Against Mosquito Bites (For Puerto Rico)[516
KB, 2 Pages] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-puertorico.pdf>FRIDAY,
MAY 27, 2016
- For Men: A Positive Zika Test- What Does it Mean for me?[393 KB, 2
Pages] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/testresults-men-fs.pdf>FRIDAY, MAY
27, 2016
- Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System (ZAPSS) in Puerto Rico Fact
Sheet (English and Spanish)[5.6 MB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-puerto-rico-handouts.pdf>FRIDAY, MAY
27, 2016
- HAN: 389 Diagnostic Testing of Urine Specimens
<https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00389.asp>WEDNESDAY, MAY 25, 2016
- Technical Statement on the Role of Disinsection in the Context of Zika
Outbreaks <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/disinsection.html>TUESDAY, MAY
24, 2016
- MMWR Possible Zika Virus Infection Among Pregnant Women
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6520e1.htm>FRIDAY, MAY 20, 2016
- Cases in Pregnant Women
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregwomen-uscases.html>FRIDAY, MAY 20, 2016
- Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html>FRIDAY, MAY
20, 2016
- How to Protect Against Mosquito Bites[589 KB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosqprevinus.pdf>THURSDAY, MAY 19, 2016
- Zika: The Basics and How to Protect Against it[2 MB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-basics.pdf>TUESDAY, MAY 17, 2016
- UPDATED Diagnostic Testing
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/diagnostic.html>SUNDAY, MAY 15,
2016
- UPDATED Collection and Submission of Body Fluids
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/body-fluids-collection-submission.html>SUNDAY,
MAY 15, 2016
- MMWR: Comparison of Test Results for Zika Virus RNA in Urine, Serum,
and Saliva Specimens
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6518e2.htm>WEDNESDAY,
MAY 11, 2016
- MMWR: Interim Guidance for Zika Virus Testing of Urine
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6518e1.htm>WEDNESDAY, MAY 11,
2016
- Zika and Sexual Transmission: What we know and what we don't know[2.8
MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zikasex-whatweknowinfographic.pdf>TUESDAY,
MAY 10, 2016
- How Zika Spreads[5.4 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-transmission-infographic.pdf>MONDAY,
MAY 09, 2016
- Prevention: Controlling Mosquitoes at Home
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>FRIDAY,
APRIL 29, 2016
- Zika Activity Book: For kids in areas with Zika[1.4 MB, 9 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-activity-book.pdf>FRIDAY, APRIL 29,
2016
- HIV Infection and Zika Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/hiv-zika.html>TUESDAY, APRIL 26,
2016
- Interim Guidance for Protecting Workers from Occupational Exposure to
Zika Virus[475 KB, 7 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3855_zika_virus_04-2016.pdf>FRIDAY,
APRIL 22, 2016
- US Zika Pregnancy Registry: What Parents Need to Know[1.6 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregreg-parents.pdf>FRIDAY, APRIL 22, 2016
- Male-to-Male Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - Texas, January 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6514a3.htm>FRIDAY, APRIL 15,
2016
- Survey of Blood Collection Centers and Implementation of Guidance for
Prevention of Transfusion-Transmitted Zika Virus Infection - Puerto Rico,
2016 <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6514e1.htm>FRIDAY, APRIL
15, 2016
- Vital Signs: Preparing for Local Mosquito-Borne Transmission of Zika
Virus - United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6513e1.htm>FRIDAY, APRIL 08,
2016
- Doctor's visit checklist: For Pregnant Women who Travel to an area
with Zika[1.7 MB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/docvisit-checklist-travelpreg.pdf>FRIDAY,
APRIL 01, 2016
- Zika Action Plan Summit <http://www.cdc.gov/zap/index.html>FRIDAY,
APRIL 01, 2016
- Doctor's visit checklist: For Pregnant Women Living in an Area with
Zika[1.7 MB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-clinicvisit-checklist.pdf>FRIDAY,
APRIL 01, 2016
- Zika Virus Testing for Pregnant Women Living in an Area with Zika
(fact sheet)[1.7 MB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-fs.pdf>FRIDAY, APRIL 01,
2016
- For Pregnant Women: A Positive Zika Virus Test, What Does it Mean for
me? (fact sheet)[237 KB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-positive-test.pdf>FRIDAY, APRIL 01,
2016
- Congenital Microcephaly Case Definitions
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/microcephaly-case-definitions.html>THURSDAY,
MARCH 31, 2016
- Preconception counseling guide for men and women living in areas with
Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/tools.html>SATURDAY, MARCH
26, 2016
- UPDATE: QA: Pregnant Women and Women of Reproductive Age
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/question-answers.html>SATURDAY, MARCH
26, 2016
- Women and their partners who are thinking about pregnancy
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/thinking-about-pregnancy.html>SATURDAY,
MARCH 26, 2016
- MMWR: UPDATE Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of
Zika Virus - United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e3er.htm>FRIDAY, MARCH 25,
2016
- MMWR: UPDATE: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for
Women of Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus Exposure - United
States, 2016 <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e2er.htm>FRIDAY,
MARCH 25, 2016
- MMWR: Estimating Contraceptive Needs and Increasing Access to
Contraception in Response to the Zika Virus Disease Outbreak - Puerto Rico,
2016 <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e1er.htm>FRIDAY, MARCH
25, 2016
- Zika Communication Planning Guide for States
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/comm-planning-guide.html>MONDAY,
MARCH 21, 2016
- Tools for Health Care Providers
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/tools.html>MONDAY, MARCH 21, 2016
- US Zika Pregnancy Registry
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html>MONDAY, MARCH 21,
2016
- Information for Parents
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html>SUNDAY,
MARCH 20, 2016
- Interim CDC Recommendations for Zika Vector Control in the Continental
United States
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html>FRIDAY,
MARCH 18, 2016
- Biosafety Guidance for Transportation of Specimens and for Work with
Zika Virus in the Laboratory
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/state-labs/biosafety-guidance.html>WEDNESDAY,
MARCH 16, 2016
- College Spring Break fact sheet[2.2 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/springbreak-colleges.pdf>WEDNESDAY, MARCH
16, 2016
- Family Spring Break fact sheet[2.2 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/springbreak-families.pdf>WEDNESDAY, MARCH
16, 2016
- Zika and Sex: Information for men with pregnant partners living in
areas with Zika fact sheet[1.8 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mensexwithpregpartners.pdf>WEDNESDAY,
MARCH 16, 2016
- Zika and Sex: Information for pregnant women living in areas with Zika
fact sheet[1.6 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregsextransmission.pdf>WEDNESDAY, MARCH
16, 2016
- For pregnant women in areas with Zika: Protect your pregnancy fact
sheet[1.6 MB, 1 Page
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/protect-your-pregnancy.pdf>WEDNESDAY,
MARCH 16, 2016
- Zika Virus Risk-Based Preparedness and Response Guidance for States
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/risk-based-prep.html>WEDNESDAY,
MARCH 09, 2016
- MMWR: Increase in Reported Prevalence of Microcephaly in Infants Born
to Women Living in Areas with Confirmed Zika Virus Transmission During the
First Trimester of Pregnancy - Brazil, 2015
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6509e2er.htm>TUESDAY, MARCH 08,
2016
- Top 10 Zika Response Planning Tips: Brief Information for State,
Tribal, and Territorial Health Officials
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/tips.html>FRIDAY, MARCH
04, 2016
- Build your own Zika prevention kit
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevention-kit.html>THURSDAY, MARCH
03, 2016
- MMWR: Transmission of Zika Virus Through Sexual Contact with Travelers
to Areas of Ongoing Transmission - Continental United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e2er.htm>SUNDAY, FEBRUARY
28, 2016
- MMWR: Zika Virus Infection Among U.S. Pregnant Travelers - August
2015-February 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e1er.htm>SUNDAY,
FEBRUARY 28, 2016
- Zika MAC-ELISA Emergency Use Authorization
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/state-labs/index.html>SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2016
- Collection and Submission of Body Fluids for Zika Virus Testing
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/body-fluids-collection-sumbission.html>FRIDAY,
FEBRUARY 26, 2016
- Update: Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of
Zika Virus - United States, 2016
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00388.asp>WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 24, 2016
- Update: Interim Guidelines for Healthcare Providers Caring for Infants
and Children with Possible Zika Virus Infection - United States, February
2016 <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6507e1er.htm>SATURDAY,
FEBRUARY 20, 2016
- QA: Healthcare Providers Caring for Infants and Children with Possible
Zika Virus Infection
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pediatrician.html>SATURDAY,
FEBRUARY 20, 2016
- Pregnant? Read this before you travel[3.4 MB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancytravel.pdf>THURSDAY,
FEBRUARY 18, 2016
- Zika: What we know and what we don't know[4.4 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-what-we-know-infographic.pdf>THURSDAY,
FEBRUARY 18, 2016
- Pregnant and living in an area with Zika?[2.1 MB, 2 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg_areaswithzika.pdf>WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY
17, 2016
- Pregnant? Read this before you travel[3.4 MB, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zikapregnancyinfographic.pdf>SATURDAY,
FEBRUARY 13, 2016
- Fetal Tissue Collection and Submission
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/tissue-collection-submission.html>FRIDAY,
FEBRUARY 12, 2016
- Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus
- United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6505e1er.htm>FRIDAY, FEBRUARY
12, 2016
- Zika Virus Disease Q&A <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/disease-qa.html>FRIDAY,
FEBRUARY 12, 2016
- Travelers' Health: Practice enhanced precautions
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/travel-health-notices.html>THURSDAY,
FEBRUARY 11, 2016
- Questions and Answers for Healthcare Providers Caring for Pregnant
Women and Women of Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus Exposure
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pregnant-women.html>TUESDAY,
FEBRUARY 09, 2016
- QA: Guillain-Barre Syndrome
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pregnant-women.html>MONDAY,
FEBRUARY 08, 2016
- Revised diagnostic testing for Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses
in US Public Health Laboratories[973 KB, 6 Pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/denvchikvzikv-testing-algorithm.pdf>SUNDAY,
FEBRUARY 07, 2016
- QA: Zika and Sexual Transmission
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-sexual-transmission.html>FRIDAY,
FEBRUARY 05, 2016
- Zika and Pregnancy <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>SATURDAY,
JANUARY 30, 2016
- Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with
Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection - United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e3er.htm>THURSDAY, JANUARY
28, 2016
- Questions and Answers for Pediatric Healthcare Providers: Infants and
Zika Virus Infection
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-pediatrician.html>TUESDAY,
JANUARY 26, 2016
- Surveillance and Control of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the
United States
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/resources/vector-control.html>MONDAY,
JANUARY 25, 2016
- Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus Outbreak
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6502e1er.htm>THURSDAY, JANUARY
21, 2016
- CDC Health Alert Network advisory for Zika virus
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00385.asp>FRIDAY, JANUARY 15, 2016
Zika Virus Response Planning: Interim Guidance for District and School
Administrators in the Continental United States and Hawaii
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/schools.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/schools.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/schools.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fschools.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fschools.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/schools.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Summary
What is already known about this topic?
Zika virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected
*Aedes* species
mosquitoes. Zika virus is not transmitted directly from one person to
another through casual contact. There is no evidence that risk for
transmission on school properties will be higher than in other areas of the
local community.
What is added by this report?
If suspected or confirmed Zika virus infection occurs in a student or staff
member, schools should continue to prioritize strategies to prevent
mosquito bites on school grounds, to prevent further transmission through
infected mosquitoes. Because Zika virus is not transmitted from person to
person by casual contact, it is not necessary to issue a schoolwide
notification, and students or staff members with travel-related Zika virus
exposure or confirmed Zika virus infection do not need to be removed from
school. Isolation of persons with Zika virus disease or quarantine of
exposed persons is neither recommended nor appropriate. Schools should
maintain privacy and nondiscrimination protections for all students and
employees. In the case of local Zika virus transmission, it is not
necessary to cancel school-related activities.
What are the implications for public health practice?
School, local, and public health authorities should work together to
implement mosquito control activities and mosquito bite prevention measures
in schools to decrease risk of Zika virus transmission, to apply
appropriate policies for educating students and staff members, and for
continuation of school operations.
CDC has developed interim guidance for kindergarten through grade 12 (K–12)
district and school administrators for public health actions pertaining to
Zika virus infection. This guidance is intended to address concerns about
the risk for Zika virus infection in K–12 schools in the continental United
States and Hawaii, provide school districts with information for planning
school-related activities, and recommend actions that can be taken, in
consultation with local public health authorities and government officials,
to reduce the potential risk for Zika virus transmission on school premises
and among students. This guidance provides an overview of the potential
roles and responsibilities of public health authorities and school
officials, describes prevention measures that schools can take to reduce
mosquito exposure, and provides information on responding to a case of
travel-associated Zika virus infection or confirmed local mosquito-borne
transmission of Zika virus (See Key Points
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/schools.html#key-points>). Considerations for
child care, camp, and higher education settings also are addressed. This
guidance will be updated as needed when new information becomes available.
The latest available Zika virus information, including answers to commonly
asked questions, can be found online <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html>.
Related relevant resources are summarized in Additional Resources
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/schools.html#additional-resources> below.
General Information about Zika Virus
Since 2007, Zika virus disease outbreaks have been reported in the South
Pacific, and since 2015, Zika virus has rapidly spread in the Western
Hemisphere.1,2 Zika virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of
infected *Aedes* species mosquitoes.3 Mosquitoes become infected when they
consume blood from a person infected with the virus. Infected mosquitoes
can then spread the virus to other persons through bites. Direct
human-to-human transmission of Zika virus can occur through sexual contact
and from a pregnant woman to her fetus.4,5 Zika virus infection during
pregnancy can cause severe birth defects, including microcephaly.5 Zika
virus is not transmitted directly from one person to another through casual
contact.
The signs and symptoms of Zika virus infection in children are similar to
those in adults.6 Most persons infected with Zika virus will not have
symptoms; among those who do become ill, the most common signs and symptoms
are fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis, and these usually occur
within a week of infection.6 The illness is typically mild, with symptoms
lasting for several days to a week. Most children and adults infected with
Zika virus do not become ill enough to seek medical care or require
hospitalization, and death from Zika virus infection is rare. Cases of
Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare autoimmune condition manifested by muscle
weakness (occasionally leading to temporary paralysis), have been reported
among persons who have had Zika virus infection. 7 It is not known how
often Guillain-Barré syndrome has occurred in children after Zika virus
infection. There is currently no vaccine or specific drug to prevent or
treat Zika virus infection.
Zika virus infection in childhood has not currently been linked to
developmental delays or impaired growth. Because symptoms of Zika virus
disease are similar to symptoms of other viral infections that commonly
occur among school children, as well as less common infections such as
measles, it is important that educators remain vigilant in recognizing
signs and symptoms of more easily transmissible infections while planning
specific interventions related to Zika virus disease.
Local mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission has been reported in the
continental United States. However, there is no evidence that risk for
transmission on school properties will be higher than in other areas of the
local community
Roles and Responsibilities of School Officials and Public Health Authorities
Public health authorities play a pivotal role in identifying the risk for
Zika virus exposure in different settings and providing advice on actions
to reduce the risk. Schools, functioning both as educational settings and
as employers, have a critical role in sharing information from public
health authorities, as well as in addressing concerns and questions raised
by students, families, and staff members about Zika virus, and implementing
public health authorities’ recommendations for schools in a timely fashion.
School administrators should understand the roles and responsibilities of
public health authorities and consult with them regarding questions or
issues related to Zika virus infection.
Public health authorities and school districts should proactively and
collaboratively establish direct communication channels and clearly define
each partner’s roles and responsibilities. Initial efforts should include
identifying points of contact for communication and developing protocols
for implementing public health recommendations. School authorities, working
collaboratively with local public health authorities, should review and
ensure compliance with public health codes and applicable Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards, including OSHA guidance
for protecting workers from occupational exposure to Zika virus.10 OSHA
recommends that employers provide insect repellents for outdoor workers and
consider modifying work responsibilities, if requested by the employee, of
women who are pregnant or who might become pregnant, and men who have a
sexual partner who is pregnant or might become pregnant.10
Planning for Possible Zika Virus Transmission in K–12 Schools
Outside of their homes, children and adolescents spend much of their time
at school. Accordingly, district and school administrators play an
important role in efforts to prevent possible Zika virus transmission among
students and their families, particularly in schools that open their
facilities to the community for events, extracurricular programs, and
recreational use.
Prevention of mosquito bites through an integrated vector management plan
is of paramount importance for avoiding Zika virus infections.11 Schools
can help to reduce risk for students, families, and the community by
implementing mosquito control measures on school grounds, such as
identifying and removing sources of standing water that can serve as
mosquito breeding sites. Common sources on school grounds can include
buckets, trash cans, planters, tires, tall grasses, playground equipment,
and spaces beneath temporary modular structures. Adjustments can be made to
ensure these do not become mosquito breeding areas, including regularly
cleaning, turning over, tightly covering, or completely removing (if
appropriate) these sources; sweeping away pools of water; and keeping all
grassy areas mowed (including less-traveled and hard-to-access areas such
as under bleachers). In addition, efforts should be made to prevent
mosquitoes from entering classrooms by placing new screens or replacing
damaged screens in windows and doors, or by using air conditioning when
available.
The use of other methods of mosquito control in a school or community,
including insecticide spraying, is decided upon by the local and state
jurisdictions. The public health and school partnership can work with local
government officials to learn which approaches are available and
appropriate to prevent transmission of Zika and other mosquito-borne
viruses, such as West Nile, dengue, and chikungunya.12 If presence of
mosquitoes at a school appears to remain high despite taking recommended
steps, including removing sources of standing water, this might indicate
unrecognized breeding sites, which can be a considerable source of
mosquitoes. Local mosquito control authorities or licensed pest control
contractors should be contacted to facilitate remediation.
When possible, students, staff members, and family members participating in
outdoor activities in areas with mosquito activity should be advised to
follow CDC Zika virus prevention guidelines, including wearing long pants
and sleeves and using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency–registered
insect repellents, all of which are considered safe for school-aged
children and pregnant women.13,14 Schools should review and, if necessary,
update their policies regarding student possession and application of
insect repellent, and inform students, their caregivers, and staff members
of updated plans or policies. Administrators might also need to consider
logistical issues involved, including purchasing responsibilities for
repellents and the processes for applying them to large groups of children
when necessary. Schools should consider risk for potential exposure to
mosquito-borne diseases when planning field trips and other
school-sponsored travel. Although the mosquitoes that transmit Zika virus
are more active during the day, they can bite and spread infection at any
time.13 If travel outside the continental United States and Hawaii is
planned, risk for exposure to Zika virus might exist. CDC’s Travel
Information website includes information about the current Zika virus
situation in specific countries.15
Zika virus can also be transmitted sexually.4 Nationwide, 41% of high
school–aged students report having had sexual intercourse at least
once.16Therefore,
age-appropriate sexual health education should include information
regarding the risk for Zika virus during pregnancy and the potential for
sexual transmission of Zika virus, including that correct and consistent
condom use can reduce the likelihood of sexual transmission of Zika virus,
other sexually transmitted infections, and unintentional pregnancy, and
that abstinence can eliminate these risks.4,17
Responding to a Case of Zika Virus Infection in K–12 Schools
While planning for possible cases of Zika virus infection in schools,
educators should maintain provision of a safe, consistent, and effective
learning environment. If a case of Zika virus infection is suspected or
confirmed in a student or staff member, schools should continue to
prioritize strategies to prevent mosquito bites on school grounds, to
prevent further transmission through infected mosquitoes. Administrators,
educators, and school health professionals can disseminate accurate Zika
virus information to students and families, and prevent stigma related to
perception of a student’s risk for Zika virus through efforts such as
dispelling of myths and ensuring no particular students or groups are
targeted for social exclusion.
In the event of a case of Zika virus disease in a student or staff member
at a K–12 school, medical privacy and confidentiality should be maintained.
Because Zika virus is not transmitted from person to person by casual
contact, it is not necessary to issue a schoolwide notification, and
students or staff members with travel-related Zika virus exposure or
confirmed Zika virus infection do not need to be removed from school.
Isolation of persons with Zika virus disease or quarantine of exposed
persons is neither recommended nor appropriate. Patients with symptomatic
illness should receive appropriate supportive medical management.
Children with fever or symptoms that might be associated with Zika virus
infection, including rash, conjunctivitis, or joint pain, should be managed
according to school illness policies, regardless of potential for Zika
virus infection.18 School nurses and other staff members should continue to
adhere to OSHA bloodborne pathogen standard precautions for any potential
body fluid contact in the course of their duties.19
Responding to Mosquito-Borne Transmission of Zika Virus in the Local Area
If local mosquito-borne transmission of Zika virus occurs, state and local
jurisdictions and public health authorities will inform school districts of
the range of the affected areas, provide recommendations based on cases
reported in the local community, and guide schools and school districts in
the implementation of enhanced measures, if required.12 This might include
providing options, if requested by the employee, to limit outdoor duties or
activities of students and staff members who are pregnant, who might be
pregnant, or who are trying to conceive. While implementing these measures,
schools should continue to maintain privacy and nondiscrimination
protections for all students and employees. Zika virus testing might be
offered by health authorities for pregnant staff members and students, and
for persons exhibiting symptoms consistent with Zika virus disease.20
School administrators, in close coordination with local officials, will
need to consider local factors, such as climate, landscape of school
grounds and their surroundings, and proximity of Zika virus transmission to
the school, to determine what additional measures to undertake.12 It is not
necessary to suspend or cancel classes (including physical education
classes), outdoor recess or outdoor activities, outdoor sporting events, or
extracurricular activities.
Considerations for Child Care, Camp, and Higher Education Settings
In addition to schools, locations where children and adolescents routinely
gather, such as child care facilities, camps (including day camps and
overnight camps), and institutions of higher education (colleges and
universities), should also consider strategies for preventing Zika virus
transmission. In these settings, interventions to prevent and prepare for
Zika virus infection should, at minimum, be consistent with the
recommendations for K–12 schools. Administrators should act in accordance
with regulations concerning public health issues relevant to their specific
settings. The Administration for Children and Families has developed
informational resources for child care providers to prepare for Zika virus21,
and CDC has developed Zika virus communication toolkits for day camp and
overnight camp settings, as well as for colleges and universities.22 College
and university administrators should pay particular attention to issues
relevant to students in this age group, including sexual transmission,
guidance for pregnant women and their male sexual partners, and travel
advisories.
Key Points
- Zika virus is spread primarily through the bite of an infected
*Aedes* species
mosquito, through sexual contact, or from a pregnant woman to her fetus.
Zika virus is not passed directly from person to person through casual
contact.
- For most children and adults, Zika virus infection will not cause
symptoms or will only cause mild symptoms.
- Zika virus infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse
pregnancy outcomes and certain birth defects; therefore, special
considerations for preventing exposure might be needed for pregnant women,
women trying to conceive, and their male sexual partners.
- School jurisdictions should proactively establish effective channels
of communication with local government and public health authorities
regarding response plans for local transmission of Zika virus disease.
- School administrators can help provide safe school environments
through mosquito bite prevention efforts and sharing of accurate Zika virus
information with staff members, students, and families.
- It is not recommended for schools to remove students or staff members
who have Zika virus disease or who were exposed to Zika virus, or to cancel
school-related activities because of Zika virus concerns.
- Nondiscrimination and privacy and confidentiality measures should be
maintained for all students and staff members.
Authors
Eric J. Dziuban, MD, Division of Human Development and Disability, National
Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC; Jessica L.
Franks, MPH, Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center
on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC; Marvin So, MPH,
Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth
Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC; Aron J. Hall, DVM, Division of
Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases,
CDC; Heather J. Menzies, MD, Division of Global Health Protection, Center
for Global Health, CDC; Susan L. Hills, MBBS, Division of Vector-Borne
Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases,
CDC; Marc Fischer, MD, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center
for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
Acknowledgments
American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois (Committee on
Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Council on Environmental Health, Council on
School Health, Disaster Preparedness Advisory Council); Association of
State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, Virginia; National
Association of County and City Health Officials, Washington, D.C.; National
Association of School Nurses, Silver Spring, Maryland; American Federation
of Teachers, Washington, D.C.; Administration for Children and Families,
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.; Amra
Uzicanin, MD, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, CDC; Lisa
Barrios, DrPH, Division of Adolescent and School Health, CDC; Georgina
Peacock, MD, Division of Human Development and Disability, CDC.
Corresponding author: Eric J. Dziuban, edziuban@xxxxxxx, 404-718-8394.
References
1. Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, et al. Zika virus outbreak on Yap
Island, Federated States of Micronesia
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805715%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. *N Engl J Med*
2009;360:2536–43.
2. CDC. Zika virus: Areas with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>. Atlanta, GA: US Department of
Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
3. CDC. Zika virus: About estimated range of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes
albopictus* in the United States, 2016 Maps
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html>. Atlanta, GA: US Department
of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
4. Oster AM, Russell K, Stryker JE, et al. Update: Interim guidance for
prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus—United States, 2016
<http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6512e3%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>.*MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*
2016;65:323–5.
5. Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Petersen LR. Zika virus and
birth defects—reviewing the evidence for causality
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1604338%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. *N Engl J Med*
2016;374:1981–7.
6. CDC. Zika virus: What parents should know about Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/what-parents-should-know.html>.
Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
7. Cao-Lormeau VM, Blake A, Mons S, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome
outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a
case-control study
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00562-6%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. *Lancet* 2016;387:1531–9.
8. CDC. Zika virus disease in the United States, 2015–2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html>. Atlanta, GA: US
Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
9. Hahn MB, Eisen RJ, Eisen L, et al. Reported distribution of
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>*Aedes
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>* (
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>*Stegomyia
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>*)
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>*aegypti
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>* and
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>*Aedes
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>* (
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>*Stegomyia
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>*)
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>*albopictus
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>* in the United States,
1995–2016 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw072%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> (Diptera: Culicidae). *J Med
Entomol* 2016. Epub June 9, 2016.
10. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Interim guidance for
protecting workers from occupational exposure to Zika virus
<https://www.osha.gov/zika/index.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. Washington, DC: US
Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; 2016.
11. CDC. Controlling mosquitoes at home
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>.
Atlanta, GA. US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
12. CDC. Draft interim CDC Zika response plan (CONUS and Hawaii):
Initial response to Zika virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-draft-interim-conus-plan.pdf>.
Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
13. CDC. Zika virus: Prevention
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>. Atlanta, GA. US
Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
14. US Environmental Protection Agency. Find the insect repellent that
is right for you. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency
<https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-insect-repellent-right-you>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>; 2016.
15. CDC. Zika travel information
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information>. Atlanta, GA.
US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
16. Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, et al. Youth risk behavior
surveillance—United States, 2015
<http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6506a1%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. *MMWR Surveill Summ* 2016;65(No.
SS-6).
17. CDC. Zika virus: Pregnant women: how to protect yourself
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/protect-yourself.html>. Atlanta, GA.
US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
18. Aronson SS, Shope T, editors. Managing infectious diseases in child
care and schools. 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: *American Academy of Pediatrics*;
2013.
19. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Bloodborne pathogens
and needlestick prevention
<https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/bloodbornepathogens/index.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. Washington, DC: US
Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; 2016.
20. Oduyebo T, Petersen EE, Rasmussen SA, et al. Update: interim
guidelines for health care providers caring for pregnant women and women of
reproductive age with possible Zika virus exposure—United States, 2016
<http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6505e2%20PubMed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. *MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep*
2016;65:122–7.
21. Administration for Children and Families. Zika virus resources
<http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ohsepr/resource-library/search?tag=6214>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. Washington, DC: US
Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and
Families; 2016.
22. CDC. Zika communication toolkits
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/toolkits.html>. Atlanta, GA. US
Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.
Additional Resources
- Zika communication toolkits.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/toolkits.html> Toolkit for
public and private schools serving prekindergarten through high school
students.
- Ideas for talking to your children about Zika[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-ttykids.pdf>
- Mosquito bites are bad![PDF - 9 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-activity-book.pdf> Children’s
activity book on mosquitoes.
- Interim guidance for protecting workers from occupational exposure to
Zika virus[PDF - 7 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/pdfs/osha-niosh_fs-3855_zika_virus_04-2016.pdf>.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration/National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health
- Keeping students and staff safe from infectious diseases
<http://rems.ed.gov/KeepSchoolsSafeFromDiseases.aspx>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. U.S. Department of
Education, Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools Technical
Assistance Center
- Zika virus: Areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
- Travelers’ Health: Zika Travel Information
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information>
- Zika virus: Controlling mosquitoes at home
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>
- Zika virus: Prevention <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
- Zika and Guillain-Barré syndrome
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/gbs-qa.html>
- Zika virus: how to protect against mosquito bites[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosqprevinus.pdf>
- Zika virus: Help control mosquitoes that spread dengue, chikungunya,
and Zika viruses[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control_mosquitoes_chikv_denv_zika.pdf>
- How you can prevent sexually transmitted diseases
<http://www.cdc.gov/std/prevention/default.htm>
- Condom effectiveness: Male condom use
<http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/male-condom-use.html>
- Adolescent and school health <http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth>
- Caring for children in a disaster
<http://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/index.html>
Women Trying to Become Pregnant
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Fwomen-and-their-partners.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fpregnancy%2Fwomen-and-their-partners.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
How to protect yourself
CDC recommends special precautions for women and their partners thinking
about pregnancy.
- Do not travel to areas with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>.
- If you must travel, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider
first and take steps toplan for travel
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/plan-for-travel.html>.
- If your partner travels to an area with Zika, protect yourself from
getting Zika during sex.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
[image: Graphic: Doctor with a woman]
What to do if you live in or travel to an area with Zika
If you aren’t pregnant, but you’re thinking about having a baby, here’s
what you can do
- Take steps to prevent mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>.
- Take steps to prevent getting Zika through sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
- Talk with your doctor or healthcare provider.
Talk with your doctor or other healthcare provider
Women and their partners who are thinking about pregnancy should talk with
their doctor or healthcare provider about
- Their plans for having children
<https://www.cdc.gov/preconception/planning.html>
- The potential risk of getting Zika during pregnancy
- Their partner’s potential exposures to Zika
The table below shows the suggested timeframes for waiting to get pregnant
after possible exposure to Zika:
Suggested timeframe to wait before trying to get pregnant
Possible exposure via recent travel or sex without a condom with a man
infected with Zika
WomenMen
Zika symptoms <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> Wait at least 8
weeks after symptoms start Wait at least 6 months after symptoms start
No Zika symptoms Wait at least 8 weeks after exposure
Wait at least 8 weeks after exposure.
Talk with your healthcare provider
People living in areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
Women Men
Zika symptoms Wait at least 8 weeks after symptoms start Wait at least 6
months after symptoms start
No Zika symptoms Talk with doctor or healthcare provider Talk with doctor
or healthcare provider
Decisions about pregnancy planning are personal and complex, and the
circumstances for women and their partners will vary. Women and their
partners should discuss pregnancy planning with a trusted doctor or
healthcare provider. As part of counseling with healthcare providers, some
women and their partners living in areas with active Zika virus
transmission might decide to delay pregnancy.
- PREVENTING PREGNANCYIf you decide that now is not the right time to
have a baby, talk to your doctor or other healthcare provider.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/preventing-pregnancy.html>
Related Resources
[image: Thinking about having a baby? Plan your pregnancy fact sheet
thumbnail]
For Women in Areas with Zika: Plan Your Pregnancy
- zika-plan-your-pregnancy[PDF, 1 Page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-plan-your-pregnancy.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_50177.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/img/cdc/PT_50179.pdf>
Factsheets & posters
Learn more about Zika with our fact shee
Resources & Publications
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/resources/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fresources%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fzika%2Fresources%2Findex.html&title=Zika%20Virus&description=Zika%20is%20spread%20mostly%20by%20the%20bite%20of%20an%20infected%20Aedes%20species%20mosquito.%20The%20best%20way%20to%20prevent%20Zika%20is%20to%20protect%20yourself%20from%20mosquito%20bites.&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=http://www.cdc.gov/zika/images/zika-fb.png>[image:
Share]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
Links to Zika Information Collections by Publisher
- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Zika Reports
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
- Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Zika Spotlight
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/zika-spotlight>
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors
contributing to EID do not necessarily reflect the official position of the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Public Health
Service (PHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), or the
authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification
only and does not imply endorsement by PHS or by HHS.
- New England Journal of Medicine, Zika Virus Collection
<http://www.nejm.org/page/zika-virus>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- BMJ, Zika Virus <http://www.bmj.com/freezikaresources>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Elsevier Zika Virus Resource Center
<https://www.elsevier.com/connect/zika-virus-resource-center>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Lancet Zika Virus Resource Centre
<http://www.thelancet.com/campaigns/zika>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Oxford University Press (including Journal of Infectious Diseases,
Clinical Infectious Diseases, and American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene), Special Collection on Aedes aegypti and Zika Virus Research
<http://www.oxfordjournals.org/en/our-journals/medicine-and-health/aedes-aegypti-zika-virus.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- PLOS Collections, Zika <http://collections.plos.org/zika>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- John Wiley & Sons, Latest Zika Research <http://gms.sg/zika-research/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Emergency Bulletins
- Health Alert Network- Update: Interim Guidelines for Prevention of
Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — United States, 2016
<http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00388.asp>
- FDA Zika Virus Emergency Use Authorizations (Zika MAC-ELISA and
Trioplex Real-time RT-PCR Assay)
<http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/EmergencySituations/ucm161496.htm#zika>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Links to U.S. and International Governmental Resources
- Zika Virus Response Updates from FDA
<http://www.fda.gov/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMIssues/ucm485199.htm>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus Health Information Resource Guide (NIH Disaster Information
Management Research Center)
<https://disasterinfo.nlm.nih.gov/dimrc/zikavirus.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus and Complications (World Health Organization)
<http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/en/>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus Infection (European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control)
<http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/zika_virus_infection/Pages/index.aspx>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus Infection (Pan American Health Organization)
<http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11585%3Azika-virus-infection&catid=8424%3Acontents&Itemid=41688&lang=en>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika Virus (Australian Department of Health)
<http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-zika.htm>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Zika virus (New Zealand Ministry of Health)
<http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/zika-virus>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Search the Biomedical Literature
PubMed, a service of the National Library of Medicine, includes over 15
million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950's. These
citations are from MEDLINE and additional life science journals. PubMed
includes links to many sites providing full text articles and other related
resources.
Search Pub Med: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
Notice: You are leaving the CDC website. We have provided a link to this
site because it has information that may be of interest to you. CDC does
not necessarily endorse the views or information presented on this site.
Furthermore, CDC does not endorse any commercial products or information
that may be presented or advertised on the site that is about to be
displayed.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (*MMWR*)
*http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>*
*MMWR* Zika Reports
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
Recommend on Facebook
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/facebook/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fzika_reports.html&title=Zika%20Reports&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>
Tweet
<http://api.addthis.com/oexchange/0.8/forward/twitter/offer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fzika_reports.html&title=Zika%20Reports&description=&via=CDCgov&ct=0&media=>[image:
Share] <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
September 2, 2016
- Guillain-Barré Syndrome During Ongoing Zika Virus Transmission —
Puerto Rico, January 1–July 31, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6534e1.htm?s_cid=mm6534e1_w>
- Likely Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus from a Man with No Symptoms
of Infection — Maryland, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6534e2.htm?s_cid=mm6534e2_w>
- Hearing Loss in Infants with Microcephaly and Evidence of Congenital
Zika Virus Infection — Brazil, November 2015–May 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6534e3.htm?s_cid=mm6534e3_w>
August 26, 2016
- Update: Interim Guidance for the Evaluation and Management of Infants
with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, August 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6533e2.htm?s_cid=mm6533e2_w>
August 5, 2016
- Update: Ongoing Zika Virus Transmission — Puerto Rico, November 1,
2015–July 7, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6530e1.htm?s_cid=mm6530e1_w>
- Contraceptive Use Among Nonpregnant and Postpartum Women at Risk for
Unintended Pregnancy, and Female High School Students, in the Context of
Zika Preparedness — United States, 2011–2013 and 2015
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6530e2.htm?s_cid=mm6530e2_w>
July 29, 2016
- Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Pregnant
Women with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States, July 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e1.htm?s_cid=mm6529e1_w>
- Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika
Virus — United States, July 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e2.htm?s_cid=mm6529e2_w>
July 22, 2016
- Projected Zika Virus Importation and Subsequent Ongoing Transmission
after Travel to the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games — Country-Specific
Assessment, July 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6528e1.htm?s_cid=mm6528e1_w>
- Suspected Female-to-Male Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — New York
City, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6528e2.htm?s_cid=mm6528e2_w>
June 24, 2016
- Screening of Blood Donations for Zika Virus Infection — Puerto Rico,
April 3–June 11, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6524e2.htm?s_cid=mm6524e2_w>
- Zika Virus Surveillance and Preparedness — New York City, 2015–2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6524e3.htm?s_cid=mm6524e3_w>
June 3, 2016
- Interim Guidance for Interpretation of Zika Virus Antibody Test Results
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6521e1.htm?s_cid=mm6521e1_w>
May 27, 2016
- Possible Zika Virus Infection Among Pregnant Women — United States and
Territories, May 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6520e1.htm?s_cid=mm6520e1_w>
May 13, 2016
- Interim Guidance for Zika Virus Testing of Urine — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6518e1.htm?s_cid=mm6518e1_w>
- Comparison of Test Results for Zika Virus RNA in Urine, Serum, and
Saliva Specimens from Persons with Travel-Associated Zika Virus Disease —
Florida, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6518e2.htm?s_cid=mm6518e2_w>
- Reduced Incidence of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Communities with
Ongoing *Aedes Aegypti * Mosquito Trap Intervention Studies — Salinas
and Guayama, Puerto Rico, November 2015–February 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6518e3.htm?s_cid=mm6518e3_w>
May 6, 2016
- Update: Ongoing Zika Virus Transmission — Puerto Rico, November 1,
2015–April 14, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6517e2.htm?s_cid=mm6517e2_w>
April 22, 2016
- Patterns in Zika Virus Testing and Infection, by Report of Symptoms
and Pregnancy Status — United States, January 3–March 5, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6515e1.htm?s_cid=mm6515e1_w>
April 15, 2016
- Male-to-Male Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — Texas, January 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6514a3.htm?s_cid=mm6514a3_w>
- Survey of Blood Collection Centers and Implementation of Guidance for
Prevention of Transfusion-Transmitted Zika Virus Infection — Puerto Rico,
2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6514e1.htm?s_cid=mm6514e1_w>
April 8, 2016
- Vital Signs: Preparing for Local Mosquito-Borne Transmission of Zika
Virus — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6513e1.htm?s_cid=mm6513e1_w>
April 1, 2016
- Estimating Contraceptive Needs and Increasing Access to Contraception
in Response to the Zika Virus Disease Outbreak — Puerto Rico, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e1.htm?s_cid=mm6512e1_w>
- Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Women of
Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e2.htm?s_cid=mm6512e2_w>
- Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika
Virus — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e3.htm?s_cid=mm6512e3_w>
March 25, 2016
- Travel-Associated Zika Virus Disease Cases Among U.S. Residents —
United States, January 2015–February 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6511e1.htm?s_cid=mm6511e1_w>
- Preventing Transmission of Zika Virus in Labor and Delivery Settings
Through Implementation of Standard Precautions — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6511e3.htm?s_cid=mm6511e3_w>
March 18, 2016
- Revision to CDC’s Zika Travel Notices: Minimal Likelihood for
Mosquito-Borne Zika Virus Transmission at Elevations Above 2,000 Meters
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6510e1.htm?s_cid=mm6510e1_w>
March 11, 2016
- Increase in Reported Prevalence of Microcephaly in Infants Born to
Women Living in Areas with Confirmed Zika Virus Transmission During the
First Trimester of Pregnancy — Brazil, 2015
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6509e2.htm?s_cid=mm6509e2_w>
March 4, 2016
- Zika Virus Infection Among U.S. Pregnant Travelers — August
2015–February 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e1.htm?s_cid=mm6508e1_w>
- Transmission of Zika Virus Through Sexual Contact with Travelers to
Areas of Ongoing Transmission — Continental United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e2.htm?s_cid=mm6508e2_w>
February 26, 2016
- Update: Interim Guidelines for Health Care Providers Caring for
Infants and Children with Possible Zika Virus Infection — United States,
February 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6507e1.htm?s_cid=mm6507e1_w>
February 19, 2016
- Local Transmission of Zika Virus — Puerto Rico, November 23,
2015–January 28, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6506e2.htm?s_cid=mm6506e2_w>
- Notes from the Field: Evidence of Zika Virus Infection in Brain and
Placental Tissues from Two Congenitally Infected Newborns and Two Fetal
Losses — Brazil, 2015
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6506e1.htm?s_cid=mm6506e1_w>
February 12, 2016
- Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus
— United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6505e1.htm?s_cid=mm6505e1_w>
- Update: Interim Guidelines for Health Care Providers Caring for
Pregnant Women and Women of Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus
Exposure — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6505e2.htm?s_cid=mm6505e2_w>
January 29, 2016
- Zika Virus Spreads to New Areas — Region of the Americas, May
2015–January 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e1.htm?s_cid=mm6503e1_w>
- Possible Association Between Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly —
Brazil, 2015
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e2.htm?s_cid=mm6503e2_w>
- Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with
Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e3.htm?s_cid=mm6503e3_w>
January 22, 2016
- Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus Outbreak —
United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6502e1.htm?s_cid=mm6502e1_w>
*. <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
* <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
*. <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
* <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
*WEBBIB1617 <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
* <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
*http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3 ;<http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
*. <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
* <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
*. <http://tinyurl.com/gtdzaq3>*
*Sincerely,*
*David Dillard*
*Temple University*
*(215) 204 - 4584*
*jwne@xxxxxxxxxx <jwne@xxxxxxxxxx>*
*http://workface.com/e/daviddillard ;<http://workface.com/e/daviddillard>*
*NET-GOLD*
*http://groups.yahoo.com/group/net-gold
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/net-gold>*
*http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/net-gold.html
<http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/net-gold.html>*
*https://groups.io/org/groupsio/net-gold/archives
<https://groups.io/org/groupsio/net-gold/archives>*
*http://net-gold.3172864.n2.nabble.com/
<http://net-gold.3172864.n2.nabble.com/>*
*Research Guides*
*https://sites.google.com/site/researchguidesonsites/
<https://sites.google.com/site/researchguidesonsites/>*
*Research Paper Writing*
*http://guides.temple.edu/research-papers
<http://guides.temple.edu/research-papers>*
*Employment*
*http://guides.temple.edu/employment-guide
<http://guides.temple.edu/employment-guide>*
*Internships*
*http://guides.temple.edu/employment-internships
<http://guides.temple.edu/employment-internships>*
*Hospitality*
*http://guides.temple.edu/hospitality-guide
<http://guides.temple.edu/hospitality-guide>*
*Disabilities And Employment*
*http://guides.temple.edu/c.php?g=134557
<http://guides.temple.edu/c.php?g=134557>*
*Indoor Gardening*
*https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/indoorgardeningurban/info
<https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/indoorgardeningurban/info>*
*Educator-Gold*
*http://groups.yahoo.com/group/educator-gold/
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/educator-gold/>*
*K12ADMINLIFE*
*http://groups.yahoo.com/group/k12adminlife/
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/k12adminlife/>*
*Public Health Resources Including Ebola*
*http://guides.temple.edu/public-health-guide
<http://guides.temple.edu/public-health-guide>*
*Blog*
*https://educatorgold.wordpress.com/ ;<https://educatorgold.wordpress.com/>*
*The Russell Conwell Learning Center Research Guide:*
*Information Literacy*
*http://tinyurl.com/78a4shn ;<http://tinyurl.com/78a4shn>*
*Nina Dillard's Photographs On Net-Gold*
*http://www.flickr.com/photos/neemers/
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/neemers/>*
*Twitter: davidpdillard*
*Temple University Site Map*
*https://sites.google.com/site/templeunivsitemap/home
<https://sites.google.com/site/templeunivsitemap/home>*
*Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. (Eds),*
*Wellness and Tourism: Mind, Body, Spirit,*
*Place, New York: Cognizant Communication Books.*
*Wellness Tourism: Bibliographic and Webliographic Essay*
*David P. Dillard*
*http://tinyurl.com/p63whl ;<http://tinyurl.com/p63whl>*
*Railtram Discussion Group*
*from the union pacific to britrail and beyond*
*https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/railtram/info
<https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/railtram/info>*
*Indoor Gardening*
*improve your chances for indoor gardening success*
*http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/indoorgardeningurban/
<http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/indoorgardeningurban/>*
*Sport-Med*
*https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/sport-med.html
<https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/sport-med.html>*
*http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sports-med/
<http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sports-med/>*
*http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/sport-med.html
<http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/sport-med.html>*
*Health Diet Fitness Recreation Sports Tourism*
*https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/healthrecsport/info
<https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/healthrecsport/info>*
*http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/health-recreation-sports-tourism.html
<http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/health-recreation-sports-tourism.html>*
.
.
Please Ignore All Links to JIGLU
in search results for Net-Gold and related lists.
The Net-Gold relationship with JIGLU has
been terminated by JIGLU and these are dead links.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Net-Gold/message/30664
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/healthrecsport/message/145
Temple University Listserv Alert :
Years 2009 and 2010 Eliminated from Archives
https://sites.google.com/site/templeuniversitylistservalert/
.
.
Sincerely,
David Dillard
Temple University
(215) 204 - 4584
jwne@xxxxxxxxxx
http://workface.com/e/daviddillard
NET-GOLD
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/net-gold
http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/net-gold.html
https://groups.io/org/groupsio/net-gold/archives
http://net-gold.3172864.n2.nabble.com/
Research Guides
https://sites.google.com/site/researchguidesonsites/
Research Paper Writing
http://guides.temple.edu/research-papers
Employment
http://guides.temple.edu/employment-guide
Internships
http://guides.temple.edu/employment-internships
Hospitality
http://guides.temple.edu/hospitality-guide
Disabilities And Employment
http://guides.temple.edu/c.php?g=134557
Indoor Gardening
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/indoorgardeningurban/info
Educator-Gold
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/educator-gold/
K12ADMINLIFE
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/k12adminlife/
Public Health Resources Including Ebola
http://guides.temple.edu/public-health-guide
Blog
https://educatorgold.wordpress.com/
The Russell Conwell Learning Center Research Guide:
Information Literacy
http://tinyurl.com/78a4shn
Nina Dillard's Photographs On Net-Gold
http://www.flickr.com/photos/neemers/
Twitter: davidpdillard
Temple University Site Map
https://sites.google.com/site/templeunivsitemap/home
Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. (Eds),
Wellness and Tourism: Mind, Body, Spirit,
Place, New York: Cognizant Communication Books.
Wellness Tourism: Bibliographic and Webliographic Essay
David P. Dillard
http://tinyurl.com/p63whl
Railtram Discussion Group
from the union pacific to britrail and beyond
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/railtram/info
Indoor Gardening
improve your chances for indoor gardening success
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/indoorgardeningurban/
Sport-Med
https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/sport-med.html
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sports-med/
http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/sport-med.html
Health Diet Fitness Recreation Sports Tourism
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/healthrecsport/info
http://listserv.temple.edu/archives/health-recreation-sports-tourism.html
.
.
Please Ignore All Links to JIGLU
in search results for Net-Gold and related lists.
The Net-Gold relationship with JIGLU has
been terminated by JIGLU and these are dead links.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Net-Gold/message/30664
http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/healthrecsport/message/145
Temple University Listserv Alert :
Years 2009 and 2010 Eliminated from Archives
https://sites.google.com/site/templeuniversitylistservalert/
