.
.
*MEDICAL: DISEASES: ZIKA VIRUS : *
*GUIDES : *
*DIRECTORIES : *
*PUBLICATIONS : *
*MEDICAL: RESOURCES: *
*Zika Virus for Healthcare Providers *
*FROM Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *
*National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID).*
*Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD)*
*http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html>*
*.*
.
Zika Virus Home <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html>
- About Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Prevention <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Transmission <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Symptoms, Testing, & Treatment
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Mosquito Control <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Health Effects & Risks
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Pregnancy <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Information for Specific Groups
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/specific-groups.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- For Healthcare Providers
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html>
[image: collapse] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Clinical Evaluation & Disease
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html>
- Clinical Guidance
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinical-guidance.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Pregnancy Registry
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html>
- Testing for Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testing-for-zikavirus.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Training
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/training/training.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- For Laboratories <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- Resources & Publications <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html>
- Communication Resources
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/index.html>
[image: expand] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html#>
- What's New <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/whats-new.html>
[image: Zika and Pregnancy button.]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>
[image: CDC MMWR Zika button] <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
- ABOUT ZIKAOverview of Zika and top questions about Zika answered…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/index.html>
- SYMPTOMS, TESTING, & TREATMENTMost common symptoms are fever, rash,
joint pain, or red eyes…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
- PREVENTIONNo vaccine exists…Prevent Zika by protecting against
mosquito bites…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
- PREGNANCYZika and pregnancy, travel information and how to protect
yourself if pregnant…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>
- TRANSMISSION & RISKSTransmitted to people primarily through the bite
of an infected mosquito…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html>
- AREAS WITH ZIKACountries and territories with active Zika virus
transmission...
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
- MOSQUITO CONTROLPrevent mosquito bites, integrated mosquito
management, potential range in US, aerial spraying...
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html>
- HEALTH EFFECTS & RISKSBirth defects, microcephaly and Guillain-Barré
Syndrome…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/index.html>
Information for Specific Groups
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/specific-groups.html>
- Pregnancy <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html>
- Women Trying to Become Pregnant
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/women-and-their-partners.html>
- Healthcare Providers <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/index.html>
- Travelers <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information>
- Parents <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html>
- Mosquito Control Professionals
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/for-professionals.html>
- Laboratories <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/laboratories/index.html>
- State & Local Health Departments
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/index.html>
- Law & Policymakers (PHLP)
<http://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/zika.html>
- Workers (NIOSH)
<http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/zika.html>
- Blood & Tissue Collection Centers
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/blood-tissue-collection-centers.html>
- Schools <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/schools.html>
Back to School: Get Books Not Bites!
<https://tools.cdc.gov/api/embed/html/feedMetrics.html?channel=testing&language=eng&contenttitle=RSS+(h):+Back+to+School:+Get+Books+Not+Bites!&sourceurl=https://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html&c47=Zika+-+Widget&c8=RSS:+Click+Through>
[image:
https://tools.cdc.gov/api/embed/html/feedMetrics.html?channel=testing&language=eng&contenttitle=RSS+(h):+Back+to+School:+Get+Books+Not+Bites!&sourceurl=https://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html&c47=Zika+-+Widget&c8=RSS:+Click+Through]
<https://tools.cdc.gov/api/embed/html/feedMetrics.html?channel=testing&language=eng&contenttitle=RSS+(h):+Back+to+School:+Get+Books+Not+Bites!&sourceurl=https://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html&c47=Zika+-+Widget&c8=RSS:+Click+Through>As
your kids head back to school, teach them about Zika and how to prevent
mosquito bites.
More
<https://tools.cdc.gov/api/embed/html/feedMetrics.html?channel=testing&language=eng&contenttitle=RSS+(h):+Back+to+School:+Get+Books+Not+Bites!&sourceurl=https://www.cdc.gov/zika/parents/index.html&c47=Zika+-+Widget&c8=RSS:+Click+Through>
Scientific Resources
- [image: CDC MMWR Zika button]
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>MMWR Zika Reports
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/zika_reports.html>
- Resources & Publications <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/resources/index.html>
About Zika
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/about/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/about/index.html>
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[image: mosquito]
What we know
- Zika is spread mostly by the bite of an infected *Aedes* species
mosquito (*Ae. aegypti* and *Ae. albopictus*). These mosquitoes are
aggressive daytime biters. They can also bite at night.
- Zika can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection
during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects.
- There is no vaccine or medicine for Zika.
- The Florida Department of Health has identified an area in one
neighborhood of Miami where Zika is being spread by mosquitoes. Learn
more <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html>.
- OVERVIEWHow Zika spreads, symptoms, risks, prevention and more…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/overview.html>
- QUESTIONS ABOUT ZIKATop 10 questions about Zika…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html>
- WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOWTop 5 things everyone needs to know about Zika.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/needtoknow.html>
- WHAT CDC IS DOINGCDC’s response to Zika: tracking, training, teaching,
testing…
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/whatcdcisdoing.html>
Overview
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/overview.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/about/overview.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/about/overview.html>
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How Zika spreads
Zika can be transmitted through
- Mosquito bites <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html>
- From a pregnant woman <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html> to
her fetus
- Sex <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html>
- Blood transfusion
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/blood-transfusion.html> (very
likely but not confirmed)
Learn how Zika is transmitted >>
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html>
Zika symptoms
[image: most common symptoms]
Many people infected with Zika virus won’t have symptoms or will only have
mild symptoms. The most common symptoms of Zika are
- Fever
- Rash
- Joint pain
- Conjunctivitis (red eyes)
Other symptoms include:
- Muscle pain
- Headache
Symptoms can last for several days to a week. People usually don’t get sick
enough to go to the hospital, and they very rarely die of Zika. Once a
person has been infected with Zika, they are likely to be protected from
future infections.
Learn about symptoms >> <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
Why Zika is risky for some people
Zika infection during pregnancy can cause a birth defect of the brain
called microcephaly
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> and other severe
fetal brain defects. Other problems have been detected among fetuses and
infants infected with Zika virus before birth, such as defects of the eye,
hearing deficits, and impaired growth. There have also been increased
reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/gbs-qa.html>, an uncommon sickness of the
nervous system, in areas affected by Zika.
Learn about risks >> <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html>
How to prevent Zika
There is no vaccine to prevent Zika. The best way to prevent diseases
spread by mosquitoes is to protect yourself and your family from mosquito
bites. Here’s how
[image: Treat your clothing]
Clothing
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
- Treat your clothing and gear with permethrin or buy pre-treated items.
[image: using insect spray]
Insect repellent
- Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents
<https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> with one of the following
active ingredients:
DEET, picaridin, IR3535, or oil of lemon eucalyptus or
para-menthane-diol. Always follow the product label instructions.
- When used as directed, these insect repellents are proven safe and
effective even for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
- Do not use insect repellents on babies younger than 2 months old.
- Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or
para-menthane-diol on children younger than 3 years old.
[image: Mosquito netting]
At Home
- Stay in places with air conditioning and window and door screens to
keep mosquitoes outside.
- Take steps to control mosquitoes inside and outside your home.
- Mosquito netting can be used to cover babies younger than 2 months old
in carriers, strollers, or cribs.
- Sleep under a mosquito bed net if air conditioned or screened rooms
are not available or if sleeping outdoors.
[image: Using condoms or not having sex to prevent Zika]
Sexual transmission
- Prevent sexual transmission of Zika by using condoms or not having sex.
Learn about prevention >> <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
How Zika is diagnosed
- Diagnosis of Zika is based on a person’s recent travel history,
symptoms, and test results.
- A blood or urine test can confirm a Zika infection.
- Symptoms of Zika are similar to other illnesses spread through
mosquito bites, like dengue and chikungunya.
- Your doctor or other healthcare provider may order tests to look for
several types of infections.
Learn about diagnosis >> <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
[image: how to treat zika]
What to do if you have Zika
There is no specific medicine or vaccine for Zika virus. Treat the symptoms:
- Get plenty of rest.
- Drink fluids to prevent dehydration.
- Take medicine such as acetaminophen to reduce fever and pain.
- Do not take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs).
- If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your
healthcare provider before taking additional medication.
Learn about treatment >> <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
History of Zika
Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 and is named after the Zika Forest
in Uganda. In 1952, the first human cases of Zika were detected and since
then, outbreaks of Zika have been reported in tropical Africa, Southeast
Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Zika outbreaks have probably occurred in
many locations. Before 2007, at least 14 cases of Zika had been documented,
although other cases were likely to have occurred and were not reported.
Because the symptoms of Zika are similar to those of many other diseases,
many cases may not have been recognized.
Related Resources
Zika 101 Presentation
[image: Zika 101 Presentation]
- English[PPT - 3.7 MB]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/zika101slides.pptx>
- Spanish[PPT - 3.7 MB]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/comm-resources/zika101slides.pptx>
Zika: The Basics of the Virus and How to Protect Against It
[image: Zika: The Basics of the Virus and How to Protect Against It]
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-basics.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49305.pdf>
Fact Sheets
Learn more about Zika with our fact sheets and posters.
What You Need to Know
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/needtoknow.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/about/needtoknow.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/about/needtoknow.html>
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[image: mosquitoes primarily spread]
Zika primarily spreads through infected mosquitoes
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>. You can also get Zika
through sex <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html>.
Many areas in the United States have the type of mosquitoes that can spread
Zika virus. These mosquitoes are aggressive daytime biters and can also
bite at night. Also, Zika can be passed through sex from a person who has
Zika to his or her sex partners.
[image: prevent mosquito bites]
The best way to prevent Zika is to prevent mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>.
- Use EPA-registered insect repellent
<https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-insect-repellent-right-you>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. It works!
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
- Stay in places with air conditioning or window and door screens.
- Remove standing water around your home.
[image: zika is linked to birth defects]
Zika is linked to birth defects.
Zika infection during pregnancy can cause a serious birth defect called
microcephaly <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> that
is a sign of incomplete brain development. Doctors have also found other
problems in pregnancies and among fetuses and infants infected with Zika
virus before birth. If you are pregnant and have a partner who lives in or
has traveled to an area with Zika, do not have sex, or use condoms the
right way, every time, during your pregnancy.
[image: traveling]
Pregnant women should not travel to areas with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>.
If you must travel to one of these areas, talk to your healthcare provider
first and strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites during your trip.
[image: travelers]
Returning travelers infected with Zika can spread the virus through
mosquito bites.
During the first week of infection, Zika virus can be found in a person’s
blood and can pass from an infected person to a mosquito through mosquito
bites. An infected mosquito can then spread the virus to other people.
Couples with a partner who lives in or has traveled to an area with Zika
should take steps to protect during sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
Related Resources
Top 5 Things Everyone Needs to Know About Zika
- English[PDF - 1 page] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/top5.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49225.pdf>
Zika: What we know and what we don’t know
- English[PDF - 1 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-what-we-know-infographic.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47631.pdf>
Questions About Zika
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/about/questions.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html>
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On this Page
- What is Zika? <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#whatzika>
- How do people get infected with Zika?
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#howdo>
- What health problems can result from getting Zika?
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#whathealth>
- Should pregnant women travel to areas where Zika has been confirmed?
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#shouldpregnant>
- If I am traveling outside the United States, should I be concerned
about Zika? <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#ifiam>
- What can people do to prevent Zika?
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#whatcan>
- What are the symptoms of Zika virus disease?
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#whatare>
- How is Zika diagnosed?
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#howis>
- Can someone who returned from a country or US territory with Zika get
tested for the virus?
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#cansomeone>
- What should pregnant women who have recently traveled to an area with
Zika do? <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/questions.html#whatshould>
Q: What is Zika?
A: Zika virus disease is caused by the Zika virus, which is spread to
people primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito (*Aedes aegypti*
and *Aedes albopictus*). The illness is usually mild with symptoms lasting
up to a week, and many people do not have symptoms or will have only mild
symptoms. However, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause a
serious birth defect called microcephaly
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> and other severe
brain defects.
Q: How do people get infected with Zika?
A: Zika is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected
*Aedes* species mosquito (*Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*). A
pregnant woman can pass Zika to her fetus during pregnancy or around the
time of birth. Also, a person with Zika can pass it to his or her sex
partners. We encourage people who have traveled to or live in places with
Zika to protect themselves by preventing mosquito bites and sexual
transmission of Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>.
Q: What health problems can result from getting Zika?
A: Many people infected with Zika will have no symptoms
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> or mild symptoms that last
several days to a week. However, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause
a serious birth defect called microcephaly
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html> and other severe
fetal brain defects. Current research suggests that Guillain-Barre syndrome
(GBS) <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/gbs-qa.html>, an uncommon sickness of
the nervous system, is strongly associated with Zika; however, only a small
proportion of people with recent Zika virus infection get GBS.
Once someone has been infected with Zika, it’s very likely they’ll be
protected from future infections. There is no evidence that past Zika
infection poses an increased risk of birth defects in future pregnancies.
Q: Should pregnant women travel to areas where Zika has been confirmed?
A: No. Pregnant women should not travel to any area with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>. Travelers who go to places with
outbreaks of Zika can be infected with Zika, and Zika infection during
pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects.
Q: If I am traveling to an area with Zika, should I be concerned about Zika?
A: Travelers who go to places with Zika can be infected with Zika, and CDC
has issued travel notices <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices> for people
traveling to those areas. Many people will have mild or no symptoms.
However, Zika can cause microcephaly and other severe birth defects. For
this reason, pregnant women should not travel to any area with Zika, and women
trying to get pregnant
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/thinking-about-pregnancy.html> should
talk to their doctors before traveling or before their sex partners travel.
It is especially important that women who wish to delay or avoid pregnancy
consistently use the most effective method of birth control that they are
able to use. Those traveling to areas with Zika should take steps during
and after they travel to prevent mosquito bites and sexual transmission of
Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>.
Q: What can people do to prevent Zika?
A: The best way to prevent Zika is to protect yourself and your family from
mosquito bites:
- Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents
<https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-insect-repellent-right-you>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants
- Sleep under a mosquito bed net if air conditioned or screened rooms
are not available or if sleeping outdoors.
Zika can be spread by a person infected with Zika to his or her sex
partners. Condoms
<http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/male-condom-use.html> can reduce
the chance of getting Zika from sex. Condoms include male and female
condoms. To be effective, condoms should be used from start to finish,
every time during vaginal, anal, and oral sex and the sharing of sex toys.
Not having sex eliminates the risk of getting Zika from sex. Pregnant
couples with a partner who traveled to or lives in an area with Zika should
use condoms every time they have sex or not have sex during the pregnancy.
Q: What are the symptoms of Zika virus disease?
A: The most common symptoms <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> of
Zika virus disease are fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes. Other
symptoms include muscle pain and headache. Many people infected with Zika
won’t have symptoms or will have mild symptoms, which can last for several
days to a week.
Q: How is Zika diagnosed?
A: To diagnose Zika, your doctor will ask you about recent travel and
symptoms you may have, and collect blood or urine to test for Zika or
similar viruses.
Q: Can someone who returned from an area with Zika get tested for the virus?
A: Zika virus testing is performed at CDC and some state and territorial
health departments. See your doctor if you have Zika symptoms
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>and have recentlybeen in an
area <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html> with Zika. Your doctor may
order tests to look for Zika or similar viruses like dengue and chikungunya.
Q:What should pregnant women who have recently traveled to an area with
Zika do?
A: Pregnant women who have recently traveled to an area with Zika should
talk to their doctor about their travel, even if they don’t feel sick.
Pregnant women should see a doctor if they have any Zika symptoms
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> during their trip or within 2
weeks after traveling. All pregnant women can protect themselves by
avoiding travel to an area with Zika, preventing mosquito bites
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites>, and following
recommended precautions against getting Zika through sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html>.
Prevention
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/prevention/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
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<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html#socialMediaShareContainer>
[image: A husband and wife with their two children]
What we know
- No vaccine exists to prevent Zika.
- Prevent Zika by avoiding mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>.
- Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite during the day and night.
- Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus also spread dengue and chikungunya
viruses.
- Zika can be passed through sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html> from
a person who has Zika to his or her sex partners. Condoms
<http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/male-condom-use.html> can reduce
the chance of getting Zika from sex. Condoms include male and female
condoms.
- Local mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission has been reported in two
areas of Miami. Learn more
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html>.
What you can do to protect yourself and others
-
PROTECT YOURSELF & OTHERSPrevent mosquito bites, plan for travel,
protect during sex and more.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html>
-
PREVENT MOSQUITO BITESThe best way to prevent Zika is to protect
yourself from mosquito bites.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>
-
PLAN FOR TRAVELLearn what to do before, during, and after your trip to
protect yourself and others.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/plan-for-travel.html>
-
PROTECT YOURSELF DURING SEXLearn how to prevent sexual transmission of
Zika, especially if you or your partner is pregnant.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>
-
PROTECT YOURSELF & OTHERSPrevent mosquito bites, plan for travel,
protect during sex and more.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html>
-
PREVENT MOSQUITO BITESThe best way to prevent Zika is to protect
yourself from mosquito bites.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>
-
PLAN FOR TRAVELLearn what to do before, during, and after your trip to
protect yourself and others.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/plan-for-travel.html>
-
PROTECT YOURSELF DURING SEXLearn how to prevent sexual transmission of
Zika, especially if you or your partner is pregnant.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>
Protect Yourself & Others
Language:
English
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html>
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[image: a husband with his hand on his pregnant wife's stomach]
Use the tips below to protect yourself & others from Zika
- Following these tips will help to protect you, your partner, your
family, your friends, and your community from Zika. The more steps you
take, the more protected you are.
[image: a bottle of insect repellent]
Prevent mosquito bites
- Zika virus is spread to people mainly through the bite of an infected
mosquito.
- Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite mostly during the day, but they
can also bite at night.
- The best way to prevent Zika is to protect yourself from mosquito
bites.
What you can do
- Take steps to prevent mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>.
- Take steps to control mosquitoes inside and outside your home
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>.
Build a Zika Prevention Kit
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevention-kit.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/prevention/prevention-kit.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevention-kit.html>
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Be prepared
If you live in a state <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html> or
area <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html> with the mosquito
that spreads the Zika virus and are concerned about Zika, build your own
Zika Prevention Kit with the items below. Reducing the risk for Zika is
particularly important for pregnant women
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index_bckp.html>.
Your kit should include:
[image: a bed net used to cover your sleeping area]
Bed net
- Keep mosquitoes out of your room, day and night. If your room is not
well screened, use a bed net when sleeping or resting.
- Mosquitoes can live indoors and will bite at any time, day or night.
[image: a package of standing water treatment tabs]
Standing water treatment tabs
- Use water treatment tabs to kill larvae in standing water around your
house. Do not put them in water you drink.
- Always follow directions on the package.
- When used as directed, these tabs will not harm you or your pets (dogs
and cats).
[image: a bottle of insect repellent]
Insect repellent
- Insect repellent will help keep mosquitoes from biting you.
- Always follow directions on the package.
- Use only an EPA-registered insect repellent
<https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>.
- Do not spray repellent on the skin under clothing.
- If you are also using sunscreen, apply sunscreen first and insect
repellent second.
- When used as directed, these insect repellents are proven safe and
effective even for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
- Learn how to prevent mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>.
[image: a can of permethrin spray]
Permethrin spray
- Spray your clothing and gear with permethrin to help protect yourself
from mosquito bites.
- Always follow the directions on the bottle. Reapply as directed.
- Do not spray permethrin on your skin.
[image: a box of condoms]
Condom
- During sex, it is possible to get Zika virus from a person who has
Zika.
- If you have sex (vaginal, anal, or oral) with a partner who may have
been exposed to Zika, you should use condoms the right way every time.
- Follow directions on the box.
- Condoms can also help prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted
diseases.
- Learn how to protect during sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html> and
use condoms correctly. See Condom Dos and Don’ts. English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/condomusepalmcard2.pdf> Spanish[PDF - 2
pages] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/condomusepalmcard5_esp.pdf>
Build Your Own Zika Prevention Kit
[image: Zika Prevention Kit for Pregnant Women flyer thumbnail]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-kit-flyer.pdf?pdf=image>
Build Your Own Zika Prevention Kit
- English[PDF - 1 page] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-kit-flyer.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-kit-flyer.pdf>
Zika Prevention Kit Materials
Zika Prevention Kit Material List
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-prevention-kit-english.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48616.pdf>
- Spanish (Puerto Rico)[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zpl-pr.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-prevention-kit-pregnant-somoan.pdf>
- Marshallese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-prevention-kit-pregnant-marsh.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-prevention-kit-pregnant-chinese.pdf>
- Fijian[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-prevention-kit-pregnant-fijian.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-prevention-kit-pregnant-korean.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-prevention-kit-pregnant-tagalog.pdf>
- Tongan[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-prevention-kit-pregnant-tongan.pdf>
Pregnant and Living in an Area with Zika?
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg_areaswithzika.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47649.pdf>
- Spanish (Puerto Rico)[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg-areaswithzika-sp-pr.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnant-and-living-in-an-area-factsheet-somoan.pdf>
- Marshallese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnant-and-living-in-an-area-factsheet-marsh.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnant-and-living-in-an-area-factsheet-chinese.pdf>
- Fijian[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnant-and-living-in-an-area-factsheet-fijian.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnant-and-living-in-an-area-factsheet-korean.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnant-and-living-in-an-area-factsheet-tagalog.pdf>
- Tongan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregnant-and-living-in-an-area-factsheet-tongan.pdf>
Pregnant? Protect Yourself from Mosquito Bites
- English[PDF - 1 page] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-sp.pdf>
- Spanish (Puerto Rico)[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-5x11-sp-pr.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-5x11-somoan.pdf>
- Marshallese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-5x11-marsh.pdf>
- Japanese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-jpn.pdf>
- Russian[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-russian.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-8-5x11-final-chinese.pdf>
- Fijian[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-8-5x11-final-fijian.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-8-5x11-final-korean.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-8-5x11-final-tagalog.pdf>
- Tongan[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-8-5x11-final-tongan.pdf>
- Bengali[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-bengali.pdf>
- Somoan[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancy-samoan.pdf>
Condom Use Palm Card
- English[PDF - 3 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/condomusepalmcard2.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/condomusepalmcard5_esp.pdf>
Larvicide Dunk Use Wallet Cards
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-english.pdf>
- Palau[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-palau.pdf>
- Tongan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-tongan.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-tagalog.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-spanish.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-samoan.pdf>
- Russian[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-russian.pdf>
- Marshallese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-marshallese.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-korean.pdf>
- Japanese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-japanese.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-chinese.pdf>
- Bengali[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-bengali.pdf>
Bed Net Use Wallet Cards
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-english.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF- 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-spanish.pdf>
- Palau[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-palau.pdf>
- Tongan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-tongan.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-tagalog.pdf>
- Bengali[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-bengali.pdf>
- Russian[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-russian.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-chinese.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-samoan.pdf>
- Marshallese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-marshallese.pdf>
- Japanese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-japanese.pdf>
Prevent Mosquito Bites
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>
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Protect yourself and your family from mosquito bites
[image: a human hand pointing to the instructions on a can of insect
repellent]
Use Insect Repellent
Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents
<https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> with one of the active
ingredients below. When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents
are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
[image: A chart showing examples of insect repellents broken down by active
ingredients and product brands that contain those ingredients. The first
active ingredient listed is DEET. Some examples of brand name products
containing DEET are OFF, Cutter, Sawyer, and Ultrathon. The second active
ingredient listed is Picaridin, also know as KBR 3023, Bayrepel, and
icardin. Some examples of brand name products containing Picaridin are
Cutter Advanced, Skin So Soft Bug Guard Plus, and Autan, which is found
outside the United States. The third active ingredient listed is Oil of
lemon eucalyptus or para-menthane-diol. An example of a brand name product
containing Oil of lemon eucalyptus is Repel. The fourth and final active
ingredient listed is IR3535. Some examples of brand name products
containing IR3535 are Skin So Soft Bug Guard Plus Expedition and SkinSmart.]
** Insect repellent brand names are provided for your information only. The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services cannot recommend or endorse any name brand
products.*
Tips for Everyone
- Always follow the product label instructions.
- Reapply insect repellent as directed.
- Do not spray repellent on the skin under clothing.
- If you are also using sunscreen, apply sunscreen first and insect
repellent second.
Tips for Babies & Children[image: an adult male applying insect repellent
to a child's face]
- Always follow instructions when applying insect repellent to children.
- Do not use insect repellent on babies younger than 2 months old.
- Do not apply insect repellent onto a child’s hands, eyes, mouth, and
cut or irritated skin.
- Adults: Spray insect repellent onto your hands and then apply to a
child’s face.
- Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or
para-menthane-diol (PMD) on children under 3 years old.
Natural insect repellents (repellents not registered with EPA)
- We do not know the effectiveness of non-EPA registered insect
repellents, including some natural repellents.
- To protect yourself against diseases like chikungunya, dengue, and
Zika, CDC and EPA recommend using an EPA-registered insect repellent.
- Choosing an EPA-registered repellent ensures the EPA has evaluated the
product for effectiveness.
- Visit the EPA website to learn more
<https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>.
[image: a babies crib covered by a mosquito net]
Protect your baby or child
- Dress your child in clothing that covers arms and legs.
- Cover crib, stroller, and baby carrier with mosquito netting.
[image: a bottle of insect repellent shown spraying clothing]
Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants
- Treat items, such as boots, pants, socks, and tents, with permethrin
or buy permethrin-treated clothing and gear.
- Permethrin-treated clothing will protect you after multiple
washings. See product information to find out how long the
protection will
last.
- If treating items yourself, follow the product instructions.
- Do not use permethrin products directly on skin.
[image: a mosquito protected house]
Take steps to control mosquitoes inside and outside your home
- Use screens on windows and doors. Repair holes in screens to keep
mosquitoes outside.
- Use air conditioning when available.
- Sleep under a mosquito bed net if air conditioned or screened rooms
are not available or if sleeping outdoors.
- Once a week, empty and scrub, turn over, cover, or throw out items
that hold water, such as tires, buckets, planters, toys, pools, birdbaths,
flowerpots, or trash containers. Check inside and outside your home.
Mosquitoes lay eggs near water.
Learn how to control mosquitos inside and outside your home >>
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>
Related Resources
[image: Mosquito Bite Prevention (United States) Not all mosquitoes are the
same. Different mosquitoes spread different viurses and bite at different
times of the day. Protect yourself and your family from mosquito bites]
Mosquito Bite Prevention for the United States
- English[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf>
- French[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/factsheet-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-french.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/factsheet_mosquito_bite_prevention_us_spanish.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/portuguese/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us_portuguese.pdf>
- Arabic[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-arabic.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-tagalog.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-vietnamese.pdf>
- Mandarin[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-chinese.pdf>
- Creole[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-creole.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-korea.pdf>
[image: How to protect against mosquito bites factsheet thumbnail]
How to Protect Against Mosquito Bites
- English[PDF - 2 pages] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosqprevinus.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49528.pdf>
[image: Protect yourself from mosquito bites - Zika poster thumbnail]
Protect yourself from mosquito bites
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika_protect_yourself_from_mosquito_bites.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47642.pdf>
- Danish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika_protect_yourself_from_mosquito_bites_danish.pdf>
Fact Sheets
Learn more about Zika with our fact sheets and posters.
Controlling Mosquitoes at Home
Language:
English
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>
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[image: illustration of a woman pouring water from a bucket]
Control mosquitoes outside your homeRemove standing water where mosquitoes
could lay eggs
- Once a week, empty and scrub, turn over, cover, or throw out any items
that hold water like tires, buckets, planters, toys, pools, birdbaths,
flowerpot saucers, or trash containers. Mosquitoes lay eggs near water.
- Tightly cover water storage containers (buckets, cisterns, rain
barrels) so that mosquitoes cannot get inside to lay eggs.
- For containers without lids, use wire mesh with holes smaller than an
adult mosquito.
- Use larvicides to treat large containers of water that will not be
used for drinking and cannot be covered or dumped out.
- If you have a septic tank, repair cracks or gaps. Cover open vent or
plumbing pipes. Use wire mesh with holes smaller than an adult mosquito.
Kill mosquitoes outside your home
- Use an outdoor insect spray made to kill mosquitoes in areas where
they rest.
- Mosquitoes rest in dark, humid areas like under patio furniture, or
under the carport or garage. When using insecticides, always follow label
instructions.
[image: illustration of a mosquito that has been crossed out with a red
mark]
Control mosquitoes inside your homeKeep mosquitoes out
- Install or repair and use window and door screens. Do not leave doors
propped open.
- Use air conditioning when possible.
Remove standing water where mosquitoes could lay eggs
- Once a week, empty and scrub, turn over, cover, or throw out any items
that hold water like vases and flowerpot saucers. Mosquitoes lay eggs near
water.
Kill mosquitoes inside your home
- Kill mosquitoes inside your home. Use an indoor insect fogger* or
indoor insect spray* to kill mosquitoes and treat areas where they rest.
These products work immediately, and may need to be reapplied. When using
insecticides, always follow label directions. Only using insecticide will
not keep your home free of mosquitoes.
- Mosquitoes rest in dark, humid places like under the sink, in closets,
under furniture, or in the laundry room.
ProductActive ingredientBrand name examples**How long it works
Indoor insect spray Imidacloprid, β-Cyfluthrin Home Pest Instect Killer,
Raid Ortho, HotShot, EcoLogic 7-10 days
Indoor insect spray Tetramethrin, Cypermethrin HotShot, Raid, Real Kil,
Spectracide Up to 6 weeks
***Insecticide brand names are provided for your information only. CDC and
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services cannot recommend or
endorse any name brand products.*
- Additional Resources
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html#tabs-1188458-1>
- Mosquito Control Materials
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html#tabs-1188458-2>
[image: Mosquito live cycle fact sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito life cycle
- English[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquitolifecycle.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47966.pdf>
[image: CDCs Resonse to Zika: Use bed nets while sleeping fact sheet
thumbnail]
Bed Net Use Wallet Cards
- English[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-english.pdf>
- Palau[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-palau.pdf>
- Tongan[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-tongan.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-tagalog.pdf>
- Bengali[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-bengali.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-spanish.pdf>
- Russian[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-russian.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-chinese.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-samoan.pdf>
- Marshallese[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-marshallese.pdf>
- Japanese[PDF - 2pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/bed-net-use-wallet-cards-japanese.pdf>
Plan for Travel
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/plan-for-travel.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/prevention/plan-for-travel.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/plan-for-travel.html>
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Before your trip
[image: a pregnant woman standing in front of a world globe]
If you are pregnant or trying to get pregnant
- If you are pregnant
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/question-answers.html>, do not travel
toareas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>.
- If you are trying to get pregnant
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/thinking-about-pregnancy.html>, talk
to your doctor or other healthcare provider about your travel plans.
[image: a group of computers and devices displaying a world map]
Check latest travel notices
- Zika travel notices
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information>
- Advice for people living in or traveling to South Florida
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html>
During your trip
[image: a bottle of insect repellent]
Protect yourself from mosquito bites
- Strictly follow steps to prevent mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html> to
protect yourself and your family.
[image: a bed net product]
Keep mosquitoes outside
- Stay in places with air conditioning and with window/door screens.
- Use a bed net if air conditioned or screened rooms are not available
or if sleeping outdoors.
After your trip
[image: illustration of a mosquito that is crossed out with a red mark]
Protect yourself from mosquito bites
- Even if you do not feel sick, travelers returning to the United States
from an area with Zika should take steps to prevent mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html> for 3
weeks so they do not spread Zika to mosquitoes that could spread the
virus to other people.
[image: a pregnant couple pictured next to a box of condoms]
Protect yourself during sex
- Protect yourself during sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>,
especially if your partner traveled to an area with Zika or if you are
pregnant or considering getting pregnant.
- The amount of time you need to protect yourself during sex depends on
whether your partner has symptoms and whether you are pregnant or trying to
get pregnant. For specific guidelines, see protect yourself during sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-during-sex.html>.
[image: illustration of a doctor holding a clipboard]
See a doctor or healthcare professional
- If you feel sick after your return from your trip, learn more about the
symptoms <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> of Zika to find
out if you need to be tested for the Zika virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>.
Transmission & Risks
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/transmission/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html>
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[image: Protect your family and community: How Zika spreads infographic
thumbnail]
How Zika Spreads
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-transmission-infographic.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49205.pdf>
Through mosquito bites
Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily through the bite of an
infected *Aedes* species mosquito (*Ae. aegypti* and *Ae. albopictus*).
These are the same mosquitoes that spread dengue
<http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/> and chikungunya
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/index.html>viruses.
- These mosquitoes typically lay eggs in and near standing water in
things like buckets, bowls, animal dishes, flower pots and vases. They
prefer to bite people, and live indoors and outdoors near people.
- Mosquitoes that spread chikungunya, dengue, and Zika are aggressive
daytime biters, but they can also bite at night.
- Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on a person already infected
with the virus. Infected mosquitoes can then spread the virus to other
people through bites.
From mother to child
- A pregnant woman can pass Zika virus to her fetus during pregnancy.
Zika is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. We
are studying the full range of other potential health problems that Zika
virus infection during pregnancy may cause.
- A pregnant woman already infected with Zika virus can pass the virus
to her fetus during the pregnancy or around the time of birth.
- To date, there are no reports of infants getting Zika virus through
breastfeeding. Because of the benefits of breastfeeding, mothers are
encouraged to breastfeed even in areas where Zika virus is found.
Through sex
- Zika can be passed through sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html> from a
person who has Zika to his or her partners. Zika can be passed through sex,
even if the infected person does not have symptoms at the time.
- It can be passed from a person with Zika before their symptoms
start, while they have symptoms, and after their symptoms end.
- Though not well documented, the virus may also be passed by a
person who carries the virus but never develops symptoms.
- Studies are underway to find out how long Zika stays in the semen and
vaginal fluids of people who have Zika, and how long it can be passed to
sex partners. We know that Zika can remain in semen longer than in other
body fluids, including vaginal fluids, urine, and blood.
Through blood transfusion
- To date, there have not been any confirmed blood transfusion
transmission cases in the United States.
- There have been multiple reports of blood transfusion transmission
cases in Brazil. These reports are currently being investigated.
- During the French Polynesian outbreak, 2.8% of blood donors tested
positive for Zika and in previous outbreaks, the virus has been found in
blood donors.
Through laboratory exposure
- Prior to the current outbreak, there were four reports of laboratory
acquired Zika virus infections, although the route of transmission was not
clearly established in all cases.
- As of June 15, 2016, there has been one reported case of
laboratory-acquired Zika virus disease in the United States.
Risks
- Anyone who lives in or travels to an area where Zika virus is found
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html> and has not already been
infected with Zika virus can get it from mosquito bites. Once a person has
been infected, he or she is likely to be protected from future infections.
Additional Resources
- UPDATE: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Pregnant
Women with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States, July 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e1.htm?s_cid=mm6529e1_w>
- Guidelines for Travelers Visiting Friends and Family in Areas with
Chikungunya, Dengue, or Zika
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travelers-vfr-chikungunya-dengue-zika>
- Guidelines for US Citizens and Residents Living in Areas with Ongoing
Zika Virus Transmission
<http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/us-citizens-living-in-areas-with-zika>
- UPDATE: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika
Virus – United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e3er.htm?s_cid=mm6512e3er_w>
(March
25, 2016)
- MMWR:
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e2er.htm?s_cid=mm6508e2er_e>*Transmission
of Zika Virus Through Sexual Contact with Travelers to Areas of Ongoing
Transmission — Continental United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6508e2er.htm?s_cid=mm6508e2er_e>*
- Interim Guidelines for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus
– United States, 2016
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6505e1er.htm?s_cid=mm6505e1er_w.htm>
- Zika and Sexual Transmission
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-sexual-transmission.html> (Feb.
12, 2016)
- Questions and Answers on Zika and Sexual Transmission
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-sexual-transmission.html>
- Mosquito Life-Cycle[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquitolifecycle.pdf>
- Mosquitoes’ Main Aquatic Habitats
<http://www.cdc.gov/Dengue/entomologyEcology/m_habitats.html>
- Help Control Mosquitoes that Spread Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika
Viruses[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/factSheets/Control_Mosquitoes_CHIKV_DENV_ZIKA.pdf>
(English)
- Help Control Mosquitoes that Spread Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika
Viruses[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/factSheets/Control_Mosquitoes_CHIKV_DENV_ZIKA_Spanish.pdf>
(Spanish)
- Prevent Mosquito Production in your Septic Tank[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/factSheets/SepticTankFactSheetEnglishNCEZID.pdf>
Zika and Sexual Transmission
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html>
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Additional Guidance
- UPDATE: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika
Virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e2.htm?s_cid=mm6529e2_w>
- QA for Healthcare Providers: Sexual Transmission of Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/qa-sexual-transmission.html>
Basics of Zika Virus and Sex
Transmission
- Zika can be passed through sex from a person who has Zika to his or
her sex partners.
- Sex includes vaginal, anal, oral sex, and the sharing of sex toys.
- Zika can be passed through sex, even if the person does not have
symptoms at the time.
- It can be passed from a person with Zika before their symptoms
start, while they have symptoms, and after their symptoms end.
- Though not well documented, the virus may also be passed by a
person who carries the virus but never develops symptoms.
- Studies are underway to find out how long Zika stays in the semen and
vaginal fluids of people who have Zika, and how long it can be passed to
sex partners. We know that Zika can remain in semen longer than in other
body fluids, including vaginal fluids, urine, and blood.
Prevention Basics
- Condoms <http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/male-condom-use.html> can
reduce the chance of getting Zika from sex.
- Condoms include male and female condoms.
- Dental dams (latex or polyurethane sheets) may also be used for
certain types of oral sex (mouth to vagina or mouth to anus).
- To be effective, condoms should be used from start to finish, every
time during vaginal, anal, and oral sex.
- Not sharing sex toys can also reduce the risk of spreading Zika to sex
partners.
- Not having sex eliminates the risk of getting Zika from sex.
What CDC is Doing
CDC and other public health partners continue to study Zika virus and how
it is spread and will share new information as it becomes available. This
continuing research may help us find out:
- How common it is for Zika to be passed during sex by a man or woman.
- If Zika can be passed through saliva during deep kissing.
- If Zika passed to a pregnant woman during sex has a different risk for
birth defects than Zika transmitted by a mosquito bite.
How to Prevent Sexual Transmission of Zika
Pregnant Couples collapsedCouples Considering Pregnancy collapsedOthers
Concerned About the Sexual Transmission of Zika collapsed
Sexual Transmission and Testing
- Pregnant women with possible sexual exposure to Zika should be tested
for Zika infection.
- CDC recommends Zika virus testing for people who may have been exposed
to Zika through sex and who have Zika symptoms.
- Testing blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or urine is not recommended to
determine how likely a person is to pass Zika virus through sex. This is
because there is still a lot we don’t know about the virus and how to
interpret test results. Available tests may not accurately identify the
presence of Zika or a person’s risk of passing it on through sex.
- As we learn more and as tests improve, these tests may become more
helpful for determining a person’s risk of passing Zika through sex.
Additional Resources
[image: Zika and Sex: Information for men with pregnant partners living in
areas with Zika infographic thumbnail]
Zika and Sex: Information for men who have pregnant partners and live in or
recently traveled to areas with Zika
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mensexwithpregpartners.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47786.pdf>
[image: Zika and Sex: Information for Pregnant Women living in Areas with
Zika factsheet thumbnail]
Zika and Sex: Information for pregnant women living in areas with Zika
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/pregsextransmission.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47787.pdf>
[image: Infographic: Pregnant and living in an area with Zika?]
Pregnant and living in an area with Zika?
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/preg_areaswithzika.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47649.pdf>
[image: Infographic thumbnail: Pregnant? Read this before you travel.]
Pregnant? Read this before you travel
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-pregnancytravel.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47783.pdf>
[image: Zika and sexual transmission - What we know and what we dont know
factsheet thumbnail]
Basics of Zika virus and sex
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zikasex-whatweknowinfographic.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49230.pdf>
[image: How to Protect Yourself from Getting Zika from Sex Information for
People whose Partner Traveled to an Area with Zika factsheet thumbnail]
Zika and Sexual Transmission: For People Whose Partner Traveled to an Area
with Zika
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-sex-partnertravel.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49973.pdf>
[image: How to Protect yourself from getting zika from Sex Information for
people living in areas with zika fact sheet thumbnail]
Zika and Sexual Transmission: For People Living in an Area with Zika
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-sex-local.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49974.pdf>
Zika and Blood Transfusion
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/blood-transfusion.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/transmission/blood-transfusion.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/blood-transfusion.html>
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- BLOOD AND TISSUE COLLECTION CENTERS
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/blood-tissue-collection-centers.html>
- AREAS AT RISK
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/areasatrisk.html>
What we know
- Zika virus currently poses a low risk to the blood supply in the
continental US, but this could change depending on how many people become
infected with the virus.
- There is a strong possibility that Zika virus can be spread through
blood transfusions.
- Because most people infected with the Zika virus don’t show any
symptoms, blood donors may not know they have been infected.
- There have been cases of Zika transmission through blood
transfusion in Brazil. During the previous French Polynesian Zika virus
outbreak, 2.8% of blood donors tested positive for Zika and in previous
outbreaks, the virus has been found in blood donors.
- On August 26, 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued
revised guidance to prevent the spread of Zika virus through the blood
supply. This new FDA guidance calls for blood collection centers in the
United States to screen all donated blood for Zika virus.
Zika Virus Blood Screening
- Blood donor screening on the basis of a questionnaire, without a
laboratory test, is insufficient for identifying Zika-infected donors in
areas with active mosquito-borne transmission of Zika virus due to the high
rate of asymptomatic infection.
- Although there is no FDA-licensed test for Zika virus, testing for
Zika became available through two separate Investigational New Drug (IND)
applications for blood collected in Puerto Rico and mainland United
States. The tests became available on April 3, 2016 (Roche Molecular
Systems, Inc.) and June 20, 2016 (Hologic, Inc./Grifols).
- Puerto Rico began using the Roche IND on April 3, 2016
- Texas, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina
are currently using one of the two INDs.
- Additional locations in the US are expected to implement testing in
the coming months.
- Blood donations that test positive for Zika virus are removed from the
blood supply.
For Blood Collection Centers and Health Departments
One of the most important aspects of blood safety is making sure donated
blood does not cause harm. One way CDC plays an important role in keeping
the blood supply safe is by assisting state and local health departments
and hospitals in investigating reports of potential infectious disease
transmission. CDC developed an Investigation Toolkit: *Transfusion-Transmitted
Infections (TTI) *as a resource to facilitate investigating and tracking
potential transfusion-associated cases of infection (e.g., by public health
departments). The toolkit provides a broadly applicable framework for
transfusion investigations.
- Investigation Toolkit: Transfusion-transmitted Infections (TTI)
<http://www.cdc.gov/bloodsafety/tools/investigation-toolkit.html>
Zika and Animals
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/qa-animals.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/transmission/qa-animals.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/qa-animals.html>
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What we know
[image: a female Aedes aegypti mosquito as she was obtaining a blood-meal
from a human host through her fascicle]
Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily through the bite of an
infected *Aedes* species mosquito (*A. aegypti* and *A. albopictus*). These
are the same mosquitoes that spread dengue <http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/> and
chikungunya <http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/index.html> viruses. At this
time there have been no reports of other animals becoming sick with Zika or
of being able to spread Zika to people or other animals.
- At this time, animals do not appear to be involved in the spread of
Zika virus.
- There is no evidence that Zika virus is spread to people from contact
with animals.
- There have not been any reports of pets or other types of animals
becoming sick with Zika virus. However, more research is needed to better
understand Zika virus in animals.
Zika in animals
Zika virus was first discovered in a monkey with a mild fever in the Zika
Forest of Uganda in the 1940s. Nonhuman primates (apes and monkeys) have
shown the ability to become infected with Zika virus; but, only a few
naturally and experimentally infected monkeys and apes have had any signs
of illness at all, and then it was only a mild, transient fever without any
other symptoms. A small number of monkeys were reported to have Zika virus
in one study done in 2016 in an area of Brazil with high numbers of human
illness. More research is needed to better understand the potential for
monkeys and apes to be reservoirs for Zika virus. The prevalence of Zika
virus in monkeys and other nonhuman primates is currently unknown.
There is also limited evidence from one study done in Indonesia in the late
1970s that horses, cows, carabaos (water buffaloes), goats, ducks, and bats
could become infected with Zika, but there is no evidence that they develop
disease or pose a risk for Zika virus transmission to humans. There have
not been any reports of pets or other types of animals becoming sick with
Zika virus. More information on Zika virus transmission is available here
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html>.
Zika and microcephaly in animal pregnancy
Microcephaly has not been reported among populations of monkeys and apes in
areas with previous or ongoing Zika virus transmission. This type of birth
defect has not been reported with Zika virus infection in animals living in
areas where Zika virus is present. However, more research is needed to
better understand Zika virus and microcephaly in animal pregnancy.
[image: golden retriever lying in the grass]
Risk to monkeys and apes in the United States
The risk of monkeys and apes in the United States becoming infected with
Zika virus is low. All monkeys and apes imported into the United States
undergo a mandatory 31-day quarantine period on arrival.
- The monkeys and apes are held indoors or in screened enclosures where
the risk of mosquito contact is low.
- Any monkey or ape that may have entered quarantine with an active Zika
virus infection would not be able to pass it to others without mosquitoes.
- Monkeys and apes develop antibodies to Zika virus within 14 days of
infection; once antibodies develop, a person or primate can no longer
spread the virus. All imported monkeys and apes should be free of Zika
virus by the end of the quarantine period and thus pose no risk of
infecting local mosquito populations
Bringing pets or other animals into the United States
Some animals, including monkeys and apes, are not allowed to be imported as
pets under any circumstances. Each state and US territory has its own rules
for pet ownership and importation, and these rules may be different from
federal regulations. You can find more information about animal importation
here <http://www.cdc.gov/importation/index.html>.
Symptoms, Testing, & Treatment
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/symptoms/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
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[image: Diagnosis]
What we know
- Many people infected with Zika virus won’t have symptoms or will only
have mild symptoms <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html>.
- A blood or urine test can confirm Zika infection diagnosis
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html>.
- There is no specific medicine
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/treatment.html> for Zika.
- SYMPTOMSMany people infected with Zika virus won’t have symptoms or
will only have mild symptoms.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html>
- TESTING FOR ZIKAA blood or urine test can confirm Zika infection. See
your doctor or other healthcare provider.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html>
- TREATMENTThere is no specific medicine for Zika. Talk to your doctor
or other healthcare provider.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/treatment.html>
Symptoms
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html>
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[image: Zika Virus Symptoms]
Many people infected with Zika virus won’t have symptoms or will only have
mild symptoms. The most common symptoms of Zika are
- Fever
- Rash
- Joint pain
- Conjunctivitis (red eyes)
Other symptoms include:
- Muscle pain
- Headache
How long symptoms last
Zika is usually mild with symptoms lasting for several days to a week.
People usually don’t get sick enough to go to the hospital, and they very
rarely die of Zika. For this reason, many people might not realize they
have been infected. Symptoms of Zika are similar to other viruses spread
through mosquito bites, like dengue and chikungunya.
How soon you should be tested
Zika virus usually remains in the blood of an infected person for about a
week. See your doctor or other healthcare provider if you develop symptoms
and you live in or have recently traveled to an area with Zika. Your doctor
or other healthcare provider may order blood tests to look for Zika or
other similar viruses like dengue or chikungunya. Once a person has been
infected, he or she is likely to be protected from future infections.
When to see a doctor or healthcare provider
See your doctor or other healthcare provider if you have the symptoms
described above and have visited an area with Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>, this is especially
important if you are pregnant. Be sure to tell your doctor or other
healthcare provider where you traveled.
If you think you have Zika
- See your doctor or other healthcare provider for a diagnosis
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html>.
- Learn what you can do for treatment
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/treatment.html>.
- Learn how you can protect others if you have Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html>.
Related Resources
[image: Doctors visit checklist: For pregnant women who traveled to an area
with Zika fact sheet thumbnail]
Doctor’s Visit Checklist: For Pregnant Women Who Traveled to an Area with
Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/docvisit-checklist-travelpreg.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48249.pdf>
[image: Doctors visit checklist: For pregnant women living in an area with
Zika factsheet thumbnail]
Doctor’s Visit Checklist: For Pregnant Women Living in an Area with Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-clinicvisit-checklist.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48250.pdf>
Testing for Zika
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/diagnosis.html>
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[image: Diagnosis]
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis of Zika is based on a person’s recent travel history,
symptoms, and test results.
- A blood or urine test can confirm a Zika infection.
- Your doctor or other healthcare provider may order blood tests to look
for Zika or other similar viruses like dengue or chikungunya.
Sexual Transmission and Testing
- CDC recommends Zika virus testing for people who may have been exposed
to Zika through sex and who have Zika symptoms.
- A pregnant woman with possible exposure to Zika virus from sex should
be tested. Possible exposure to Zika virus from sex includes sex without a
barrier to protect against infection with a partner who traveled to or
lives in an area with Zika.
- Testing blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or urine is not recommended to
determine how likely a person is to pass Zika virus through sex. This is
because there is still a lot we don’t know about the virus and how to
interpret test results. Available tests may not accurately identify the
presence of Zika or a person’s risk of passing it on.
- As we learn more and as tests improve, these tests may become more
helpful for determining a person’s risk of passing Zika through sex.
If you think you may have or had Zika
- Treat the symptoms <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/treatment.html>
- Protect others from getting sick
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html>
Related Resources
[image: For Women: A postitive Zika virus test. What does it mean for me?
inforgraphic thumbnail]
For Nonpregnant Women: A Positive Zika Virus Test: What does it mean for me?
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/testresults-women-fs.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49798.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/chinese/testresult-women-fs_zho-tw.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/vietnamese/testresults-women-fs-vie.pdf>
[image: A postive Zika virus test. What does it mean for me?]
For Pregnant Women: A Positive Zika Virus Test: What does it mean for me?
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-positive-test.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48245.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/chinese/zika_positive_test_zho-tw.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/vietnamese/zika-positive-test-vie.pdf>
[image: For Men: A positive zika virus test Fact Sheet thumbnail]
For Men: A Positive Zika Virus Test: What does it mean for me?
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/testresults-men-fs.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49767.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/chinese/testresult-men-fs_zho-tw.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/vietnamese/testresults-men-fs-vie.pdf>
For Parents: A Positive Zika Virus Test: What does it mean for my child?
- English[PDF – 2 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/testresults-children-fs.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49810.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/chinese/testresult-children-fs_zho-tw.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/vietnamese/testresults-children-fs-vie.pdf>
[image: Only some people need Zika testing fact sheet thumbnail]
Only Some People Need Zika Testing
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/tested_for_zika_flyer.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/tested_for_zika_flyer.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/tested_for_zika_flyer.pdf>
[image: What happens when I am tested for Zika and when will I get my
results?]
What happens when I am tested for Zika and when will I get my results?
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/what-happens-tested-for-zika.pdf>
Fact Sheets
Learn more about Zika with our fact sheets and posters.
Treatment
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/treatment.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/symptoms/treatment.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/treatment.html>
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[image: Treatment]
There is no specific medicine or vaccine for Zika virus.
- Treat the symptoms <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/symptoms.html>.
- Get plenty of rest.
- Drink fluids to prevent dehydration.
- Take medicine such as acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or paracetamol to
reduce fever and pain.
- Do not take aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDS) until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of bleeding.
- If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your
healthcare provider before taking additional medication.
If you think you may have or had Zika
Tell your doctor or healthcare provider and take these steps to protect
others <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html>
.
Related Resources
[image: Zika: The basics of the virus and how to protext against it
factsheet thumbnail]
Zika: The Basics of the Virus and How to Protect Against It
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-zika-basics.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49305.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/chinese/fs-zika-basics-zho-tw.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/vietnamese/fs-zika-basics-vie.pdf>
[image: How to protect against mosquito bites factsheet thumbnail]
How to Protect Against Mosquito Bites
- English[PDF - 2 pages] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosqprevinus.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_49528.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Bite Prevention (United States) Not all mosquitoes are the
same. Different mosquitoes spread different viurses and bite at different
times of the day. Protect yourself and your family from mosquito bites]
Mosquito Bite Prevention for the United States
- English[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us.pdf>
- French[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/factsheet-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-french.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/pdfs/factsheet_mosquito_bite_prevention_us_spanish.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/portuguese/fs_mosquito_bite_prevention_us_portuguese.pdf>
- Arabic[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-arabic.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-tagalog.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-vietnamese.pdf>
- Mandarin[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-chinese.pdf>
- Creole[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-creole.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/fs-mosquito-bite-prevention-us-korea.pdf>
Fact Sheets
Learn more about Zika with our fact sheets and posters.
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/fs-posters/index.html>
Areas with Zika
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/geo/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html>
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Key Facts
- Local mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission has been reported in two
areas of Miami, FL <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html>.
- Local mosquito-borne transmission of Zika virus has been reported in
three US territories <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html>.
- Zika virus outbreaks are occurring in multiple countries
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>. See CDC’s Travelers’
Health website <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information> for
Zika travel information.
- ZIKA IN FLORIDALocal mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission has been
reported in the continental United States.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html>
- US MAPSLatest US maps showing areas with local Zika transmission and
US travel-associated cases.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html>
- CASE COUNTSLatest data for Zika infection cases in the U.S. including
cases in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html>
- WORLD MAPMap of all countries and territories throughout the world
with active Zika virus transmission.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>
Blood and Tissue Collection Community
Areas of active transmission for blood and tissue safety intervention
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/areasatrisk.html>
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
- Overview of Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/overview.html>
- Zika is in Your Area: What To Do
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/what-to-do.html>
- Preventing Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/index.html>
Local mosquito-borne transmission
Local mosquito populations infected with Zika virus can transmit it to
humans. “What is Local Transmission?” [PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/local_transmission_chikv_denv_zika.pdf>
Travel-associated transmission (imported case)
Infection associated with travel to an area with local mosquito-borne
transmission.
See “What is an imported case?”[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/imported_case_chikv_denv_zika.pdf>
All Countries & Territories with Active Zika Virus Transmission
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/geo/active-countries.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/geo/active-countries.html>
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[image: World map showing countries and territories with reported active
transmission of Zika virus. Countries are listed in the table below.]
See detailed map of affected areas in the United States
<https://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html#active-florida>
See CDC’s Country Classification Technical Guidance
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/country-classification.html>
Americas
- Anguilla
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Argentina
- Aruba
- The Bahamas
- Barbados
- Belize
- Bolivia
- Bonaire
- Brazil
- British Virgin Islands
- Cayman Islands
- Colombia
- Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, US territory
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Curacao
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- French Guiana
- Grenada
- Guadeloupe
- Guatemala
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Jamaica
- Martinique
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Saba
- Saint Barthélemy
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Martin
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Sint Eustatius
- Sint Maarten
- Suriname
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Turks and Caicos
- United States
- U.S. Virgin Islands
- Venezuela
Oceania/Pacific Islands
- American Samoa
- Fiji
- Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia
- Marshall Islands
- New Caledonia
- Papua New Guinea
- Samoa
- Tonga
Africa
- Cape Verde
Asia
- Singapore
Case Counts in the US
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/geo/united-states.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html>
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Cases in Pregnant Women
- Pregnant women with any laboratory evidence of possible Zika virus
infection in the United States and territories
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregwomen-uscases.html>
- Outcomes of pregnancies with laboratory evidence of possible Zika
virus infection <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregnancy-outcomes.html>
Information for Blood and Tissue Collection Centers
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/blood-tissue-collection-centers.html>
As of August 31, 2016 (5 am EST)
- Zika virus disease and Zika virus congenital infection are nationally
notifiable conditions.
- This update from the CDC Arboviral Disease Branch includes provisional
data reported to ArboNET for January 01, 2015 – August 31, 2016.
US States
- Locally acquired mosquito-borne cases reported: 35
- Travel-associated cases reported: 2,686
- Laboratory acquired cases reported: 1
- Total: 2,722
- Sexually transmitted: 23
- Guillain-Barré syndrome: 7
MAPS OF ZIKA IN THE US
[image: Zika Cases Reported in the United States][image: Active Zika Virus
Transmission in Florida]
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html>
US Territories
- Locally acquired cases reported: 14,059
- Travel-associated cases reported: 51
- Total: 14,110*
- Guillain-Barré syndrome: 32
*Sexually transmitted cases are not reported for US territories because
with local transmission of Zika virus it is not possible to determine
whether infection occurred due to mosquito-borne or sexual transmission.
Laboratory-confirmed Zika virus disease cases reported to ArboNET by state
or territory — United States, 2015–2016 (as of August 31, 2016)§
StatesTravel-associated cases*
No. (% of cases in states)
(N=2,687)Locally acquired cases†
No. (% of cases in states)
(N=35)
Alabama 24 (1) 0 (0)
Arizona 20 (1) 0 (0)
Arkansas 9 (<1) 0 (0)
California 152 (6) 0 (0)
Colorado 27 (1) 0 (0)
Connecticut 52 (2) 0 (0)
Delaware 11 (<1) 0 (0)
District of Columbia 11 (<1) 0 (0)
Florida 507 (19) 35 (100)
Georgia 69 (3) 0 (0)
Hawaii 11 (<1) 0 (0)
Idaho 2 (<1) 0 (0)
Illinois 51 (2) 0 (0)
Indiana 31 (1) 0 (0)
Iowa 14 (1) 0 (0)
Kansas 13 (<1) 0 (0)
Kentucky 20 (1) 0 (0)
Louisiana 26 (1) 0 (0)
Maine 11 (<1) 0 (0)
Maryland 85 (3) 0 (0)
Massachusetts 65 (2) 0 (0)
Michigan 43 (2) 0 (0)
Minnesota 40 (1) 0 (0)
Mississippi 18 (1) 0 (0)
Missouri 23 (1) 0 (0)
Montana 7 (<1) 0 (0)
Nebraska 8 (<1) 0 (0)
Nevada 13 (<1) 0 (0)
New Hampshire 8 (<1) 0 (0)
New Jersey 91 (3) 0 (0)
New Mexico 3 (<1) 0 (0)
New York 625 (23) 0 (0)
North Carolina 48 (2) 0 (0)
North Dakota 1 (<1) 0 (0)
Ohio 33 (1) 0 (0)
Oklahoma 20 (1) 0 (0)
Oregon 19 (1) 0 (0)
Pennsylvania†† 90 (3) 0 (0)
Rhode Island 28 (1) 0 (0)
South Carolina 31 (1) 0 (0)
South Dakota 1 (<1) 0 (0)
Tennessee 37 (1) 0 (0)
Texas 136 (5) 0 (0)
Utah 10 (<1) 0 (0)
Vermont 7 (<1) 0 (0)
Virginia 75 (3) 0 (0)
Washington 26 (1) 0 (0)
West Virginia 11 (<1) 0 (0)
Wisconsin 24 (1) 0 (0)
TerritoriesTravel-associated cases*
No. (% of cases in territories)
(N=51)Locally acquired cases†
No. (% of cases in territories)
(N=14,059)
American Samoa 0 (0) 47 (<1)
Puerto Rico 50 (98) 13,791** (98)
US Virgin Islands 1 (2) 221 (2)§Only includes cases meeting the
probable or confirmed CSTE case definition and does not include
asymptomatic infections unless the case is a pregnant woman with a
complication of pregnancy
*Travelers returning from affected areas, their sexual contacts, or infants
infected in utero
†Presumed local mosquito-borne transmission
††One additional case acquired through laboratory transmission
**During the week of August 24–31, 2016, the Puerto Rico Department of
Health retroactively reported approximately 5,000 cases identified from
June 4–August 6, 2016, resulting in a larger than normal increase in cases
over prior weeks.
Pregnant Women with Any Laboratory Evidence of Possible Zika Virus
Infection in the United States and Territories, 2016
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregwomen-uscases.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/geo/pregwomen-uscases.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregwomen-uscases.html>
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Pregnant Women with Any Laboratory Evidence of Possible Zika Virus Infection
US States and the District of Columbia*
624
*Includes aggregated data reported to the US Zika Pregnancy Registry as of
August 25, 2016
US Territories**
971
**Includes aggregated data from the US territories reported to the US Zika
Pregnancy Registry and data from Puerto Rico reported to the Zika Active
Pregnancy Surveillance System
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html> as of August
25, 2016
About These Numbers
What these updated numbers show
- These numbers reflect the number of pregnancies with laboratory
evidence of possible Zika virus infection that have been reported to the
pregnancy surveillance systems. There are some delays in reporting. The
latest numbers on the total number of pregnant women with Zika are
typically available on the individual websites for each jurisdiction. In
addition, reported numbers may increase or decrease as preliminary
information is clarified.
- This information will help healthcare providers as they counsel
pregnant women affected by Zika and is essential for planning at the
federal, state, and local levels for clinical, public health, and other
services needed to support pregnant women and families affected by Zika.
What these new numbers do not show
- These new numbers are *not comparable* to the previous reports. These
updated numbers reflect a different, broader population of pregnant women.
- These updated numbers are not *real time *estimates. They will reflect
the number of pregnant women reported with any laboratory evidence of
possible Zika virus infection as of 12 noon every Thursday the week prior;
numbers will be delayed one week.
Where do these numbers come from?
These data reflect pregnant women in the US Zika Pregnancy Registry and the
Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System in Puerto Rico. CDC, in
collaboration with state, local, tribal and territorial health departments,
established these registries for comprehensive monitoring of pregnancy and
infant outcomes following Zika virus infection.
The data collected through these registries will be used to update
recommendations for clinical care, to plan for services and support for
pregnant women and families affected by Zika virus, and to improve
prevention of Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
What are the outcomes for these pregnancies?
Visit CDC’s webpage <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregnancy-outcomes.html> for
updated counts of poor pregnancy outcomes related to Zika. Most of the
pregnancies monitored by these systems are ongoing. CDC will not report
outcomes until pregnancies are complete.
Outcomes of Pregnancies with Laboratory Evidence of Possible Zika Virus
Infection in the United States, 2016
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregnancy-outcomes.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/geo/pregnancy-outcomes.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregnancy-outcomes.html>
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Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States and the District of Columbia
Liveborn infants with birth defects*
16
Includes aggregated data reported to the US Zika Pregnancy Registry
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html> as of August 25, 2016
Pregnancy losses with birth defects**
5
Includes aggregated data reported to the US Zika Pregnancy Registry
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html> as of August 25, 2016
Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States Territories
Liveborn infants with birth defects*
1
Includes aggregated data from the US territories reported to the US Zika
Pregnancy Registry <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html> and
data from Puerto Rico reported to the Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance
System <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html> as of
August 25, 2016
Pregnancy losses with birth defects**
1
Includes aggregated data from the US territories reported to the US Zika
Pregnancy Registry <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html> and
data from Puerto Rico reported to the Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance
System <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/zapss.html> as of
August 25, 2016
What these numbers show
- These numbers reflect the number of poor outcomes among pregnancies
with laboratory evidence of possible Zika virus infection that have been
reported to the pregnancy surveillance systems. There are some delays in
reporting. The latest numbers on the total number of pregnant women with
Zika are typically available on the individual websites for each
jurisdiction. In addition, reported numbers may increase or decrease as
preliminary information is clarified.
- The number of live-born infants and pregnancy losses with birth
defects are combined for the 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and
the US territories. To protect the privacy of the women and children
affected by Zika, CDC is not reporting individual state, tribal,
territorial or jurisdictional level data.
- The poor birth outcomes reported include those that have been detected
in infants infected with Zika before or during birth, including
microcephaly, calcium deposits in the brain indicating possible brain
damage, excess fluid in the brain cavities and surrounding the brain,
absent or poorly formed brain structures, abnormal eye development, or
other problems resulting from damage to brain that affects nerves, muscles
and bones, such as clubfoot or inflexible joints, and confirmed hearing
loss.
What these new numbers do not show
- These numbers are not *real time *estimates. They will reflect the
outcomes of pregnancies reported with any laboratory evidence of possible
Zika virus infection as of 12 noon every Thursday the week prior; numbers
will be delayed one week.
- These numbers do not reflect outcomes among ongoing pregnancies.
- Although these outcomes occurred in pregnancies with laboratory
evidence of Zika virus infection, we do not know whether they were caused
by Zika virus infection or other factors.
Where do these numbers come from?
- These data reflect pregnancies reported to the US Zika Pregnancy
Registry <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/registry.html> and the
Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System. CDC, in collaboration with
state, local, tribal and territorial health departments, established these
systems for comprehensive monitoring of pregnancy and infant outcomes
following Zika virus infection.
- The data collected through these systems will be used to update
recommendations for clinical care, to plan for services and support for
pregnant women and families affected by Zika virus, and to improve
prevention of Zika virus infection during pregnancy.
These registries are covered by an assurance of confidentiality
<http://www.cdc.gov/od/science/integrity/confidentiality/>. This protection
requires us to safeguard the information collected for the pregnant women
and infants in the registries.
* Includes microcephaly, calcium deposits in the brain indicating possible
brain damage, excess fluid in the brain cavities and surrounding the brain,
absent or poorly formed brain structures, abnormal eye development, or
other problems resulting from damage to the brain that affects nerves,
muscles and bones, such as clubfoot or inflexible joints, and confirmed
hearing loss.
**Includes miscarriage, stillbirths, and terminations with evidence of the
birth defects mentioned above
Maps of Zika in the United States
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html>
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Zika Cases Reported in the United States
Laboratory-confirmed Zika virus disease cases reported to ArboNET by state
or territory (as of August 31, 2016)
[image: Map of the United States showing Travel-associated and Locally
acquired cases of the Zika virus. The locations and number of cases can be
found in the table below.]
*See detailed map of the areas with active Zika virus transmission below.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/maps-zika-us.html#active-florida>
Laboratory-confirmed Zika virus disease cases reported to ArboNET by state
or territory — United States, 2015–2016 (as of August 31, 2016)§
StatesTravel-associated cases*
No. (% of cases in states)
(N=2,687)Locally acquired cases†
No. (% of cases in states)
(N=35)
Alabama 24 (1) 0 (0)
Arizona 20 (1) 0 (0)
Arkansas 9 (<1) 0 (0)
California 152 (6) 0 (0)
Colorado 27 (1) 0 (0)
Connecticut 52 (2) 0 (0)
Delaware 11 (<1) 0 (0)
District of Columbia 11 (<1) 0 (0)
Florida 507 (19) 35 (100)
Georgia 69 (3) 0 (0)
Hawaii 11 (<1) 0 (0)
Idaho 2 (<1) 0 (0)
Illinois 51 (2) 0 (0)
Indiana 31 (1) 0 (0)
Iowa 14 (1) 0 (0)
Kansas 13 (<1) 0 (0)
Kentucky 20 (1) 0 (0)
Louisiana 26 (1) 0 (0)
Maine 11 (<1) 0 (0)
Maryland 85 (3) 0 (0)
Massachusetts 65 (2) 0 (0)
Michigan 43 (2) 0 (0)
Minnesota 40 (1) 0 (0)
Mississippi 18 (1) 0 (0)
Missouri 23 (1) 0 (0)
Montana 7 (<1) 0 (0)
Nebraska 8 (<1) 0 (0)
Nevada 13 (<1) 0 (0)
New Hampshire 8 (<1) 0 (0)
New Jersey 91 (3) 0 (0)
New Mexico 3 (<1) 0 (0)
New York 625 (23) 0 (0)
North Carolina 48 (2) 0 (0)
North Dakota 1 (<1) 0 (0)
Ohio 33 (1) 0 (0)
Oklahoma 20 (1) 0 (0)
Oregon 19 (1) 0 (0)
Pennsylvania†† 90 (3) 0 (0)
Rhode Island 28 (1) 0 (0)
South Carolina 31 (1) 0 (0)
South Dakota 1 (<1) 0 (0)
Tennessee 37 (1) 0 (0)
Texas 136 (5) 0 (0)
Utah 10 (<1) 0 (0)
Vermont 7 (<1) 0 (0)
Virginia 75 (3) 0 (0)
Washington 26 (1) 0 (0)
West Virginia 11 (<1) 0 (0)
Wisconsin 24 (1) 0 (0)
TerritoriesTravel-associated cases*
No. (% of cases in territories)
(N=51)Locally acquired cases†
No. (% of cases in territories)
(N=14,059)
American Samoa 0 (0) 47 (<1)
Puerto Rico 50 (98) 13,791** (98)
US Virgin Islands 1 (2) 221 (2)§Only includes cases meeting the
probable or confirmed CSTE case definition and does not include
asymptomatic infections unless the case is a pregnant woman with a
complication of pregnancy
*Travelers returning from affected areas, their sexual contacts, or infants
infected in utero
†Presumed local mosquito-borne transmission
††One additional case acquired through laboratory transmission
**During the week of August 24–31, 2016, the Puerto Rico Department of
Health retroactively reported approximately 5,000 cases identified from
June 4–August 6, 2016, resulting in a larger than normal increase in cases
over prior weeks.
Active Zika Virus Transmission in Florida
[image: Active Zika Virus Transmission in Florida]
The Florida Department of Health has identified two areas in Miami with
active transmission of Zika virus. See advice
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html> for people living in
or traveling to these areas.
Zika is in Your Area: What To Do
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/what-to-do.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/intheus/what-to-do.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/what-to-do.html>
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Key Facts
- Zika virus is primarily spread to people through the bite of an
infected mosquito.
- Many people who get infected never have symptoms. In people who get
sick, symptoms (fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes) are usually mild and
resolve completely.
- Zika can cause serious birth defects
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html> in babies born to women
who were infected with Zika virus during pregnancy. Zika has also been
linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/gbs-qa.html>, a rare disorder that can
cause muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. Most people fully recover
from GBS, but some have permanent damage and, in some cases, people have
died.
- Zika can be passed through sex
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html> from a
person who has Zika to his or her partners. Zika can be passed through sex,
even if the infected person does not have symptoms at the time.
- Because there is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, people living in or
traveling to areas with Zika <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html> should
take steps to prevent infection.
[image: Mosquito]
Learn about Zika >> <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
Prevent mosquito bites
Everyone living in or traveling to areas with Zika should take steps
to prevent
mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>:
- Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
- Use EPA-registered insect repellents
<https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-insect-repellent-right-you>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> that contain one of the
following active ingredients: DEET, picaridin, IR3535, or oil of lemon
eucalyptus or para-menthane-diol. Always use as directed.
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women can use all EPA-registered insect
repellents according to the product label.
- Most repellents can be used on children older than 2 months old. To
apply, adults should spray insect repellent onto hands and then
apply to a
child’s face.
- Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or
para-menthane-diol (PMD) on children under 3 years old.
- Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear
<http://npic.orst.edu/pest/mosquito/ptc.html>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html> (boots, pants, socks, tents).
You can buy pre-treated items or treat them yourself.*
- Stay and sleep in screened-in or air-conditioned rooms.
- Sleep under a mosquito bed net if air conditioned or screened rooms
are not available or if sleeping outdoors.
- Mosquito netting can be used to cover babies younger than 2 months old
in carriers, strollers, or cribs to protect them from mosquito bites.
- Take steps to control mosquitoes in and around your home
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/controlling-mosquitoes-at-home.html>.
Learn how to prevent moquito bites >>
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
Prevent spread through sex
[image: Prevent sexual transmission of Zika by using condoms or not having
sex.]
Condoms <http://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/male-condom-use.html> can
reduce the chance of getting Zika from sex. To be effective, condoms should
be used from start to finish, every time during vaginal, anal, and oral sex
and the sharing of sex toys. Zika can be passed from a person with Zika
before their symptoms start, while they have symptoms, and after their
symptoms end.
- All pregnant women with sex partners who live in or have traveled to
an area with Zika should use condoms or not have sex during their
pregnancy, even if their partners do not have Zika symptoms, or if their
symptoms have gone away.
- Couples who traveled to the area can consider using condoms or not
having sex for at least 8 weeks after travel.
- Anyone concerned about sexual transmission of Zika can consider using
condoms or not having sex while there is Zika in the area.
Learn how to protect yourself and your partner during sex >>
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
Pregnant women: Get tested for Zika
[image: Graphic of pregnant woman talking with her Doctor]
- All pregnant women who live in or have traveled to areas with Zika
should receive routine prenatal care, including an ultrasound at 18–20
weeks.
- Pregnant women who have symptoms of Zika
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html> (fever, rash, joint pain,
red eyes) and live in or have traveled to areas with Zika should be tested
as soon as symptoms start.
- Pregnant women who do not have symptoms and live in or have traveled
to an area with Zika should be tested at the start of prenatal care, and
again halfway through the second trimester (18–20 weeks).
Pregnant women with possible exposure to Zika virus from sex should be
tested if either they or their partners develop symptoms of Zika.
Learn about pregnancy and Zika >>
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
Discuss pregnancy planning with your healthcare provider
[image: Graphic of a woman talking with her Doctor]
- Women and their partners should discuss pregnancy planning with a
trusted doctor or other healthcare provider.
- Women who want to get pregnant should talk with their healthcare
provider about their goals for having children.
- They should also talk with their healthcare provider about the potential
risk of Zika virus infection during pregnancy
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/thinking-about-pregnancy.html> as
well as their partner’s potential exposures to Zika virus
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html>.
- As part of counseling with healthcare providers, some women and their
partners living in areas with Zika might decide to delay pregnancy.
- The recommended times to wait before trying to get pregnant, based on
whether either partner has had symptoms, are described below:
How Long to Wait Before Trying to Have a Baby When Living in an Area with
Zika Transmission
WomenMen
Zika symptoms At least 8 weeks after symptoms At least 6 months after
symptoms start
No Zika symptoms Talk with doctor or healthcare provider Talk with doctor
or healthcare provider
Women who do not want to get pregnant should talk with their doctor or
healthcare provider about ways to prevent unintended pregnancy, including
birth control methods. Women should consider safety, effectiveness,
availability, and acceptability when choosing a birth control method.
If you or your partner becomes pregnant, talk with your doctor
- You are at risk of getting Zika throughout your pregnancy. For this
reason, CDC recommends testing at the first prenatal visit and a second
test in the second trimester.
- If you have symptoms of Zika (fever, rash, joint pain, or red eyes) at
any time during your pregnancy, you should be tested for Zika. A healthcare
provider may also test for similar diseases, like dengue or chikungunya.
Women who do not want to get pregnant
Women who do not want to get pregnant should talk with their doctor or
healthcare provider about ways to prevent unintended pregnancy, including
birth control methods. Women should consider safety, effectiveness,
availability, and acceptability when choosing a birth control method.
More information for women and their partners who are thinking about
pregnancy >> <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/index.html>
If you get sickIf you feel sick and think you may have Zika
[image: Graphic of Woman laying down on a bed]
- Talk to your doctor if you develop a fever with a rash, joint pain, or
red eyes. Tell him or her about your travel.
- Take acetaminophen (paracetamol) to relieve fever and pain. Do not
take aspirin, products containing aspirin, or other nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, until dengue can be ruled out
- Get lots of rest and drink plenty of liquids.
During the first week of infection, Zika virus can be found in the blood
and passed from an infected person to another mosquito through mosquito
bites. An infected mosquito can then spread the virus to other people.
To help prevent others from getting sick, strictly follow steps to prevent
mosquito bites
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html> during the
first week of illness.
Learn how to protect yourself and others >>
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/protect-yourself-and-others.html>
Mosquito Control
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html#>
- Español <http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/index.html>
- Português <http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/index.html>
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[image: mosquito]
Everyone can help control mosquitoes
- Professionals <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/for-professionals.html> from
local government departments or mosquito control districts develop mosquito
control plans, perform tasks to control young and adult mosquitoes, and
evaluate the effectiveness of actions taken.
- You, your neighbors, and the community
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html> can
also take steps to reduce mosquitoes in and around your home and in your
neighborhood.
- PREVENT MOSQUITO BITESThe best way to prevent Zika is to protect
yourself from mosquito bites.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html>
- POTENTIAL RANGE IN USCDC's best estimate of the potential range of
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United States.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html>
- AERIAL SPRAYINGAirplanes can be used to treat very large areas with
insecticides safely, quickly, and efficiently.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying-puertorico.html>
- RESOURCESGuidance and planning resources, mosquito information, and
mosquito control resources.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/resources.html>
- INTEGRATED MOSQUITO MANAGEMENTUses a combination of methods to prevent
and control mosquitoes that spread viruses.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/integrated_mosquito_management.html>
- FOR PROFESSIONALSInformation on surveillance and control, insecticide
resistance, and disinsection.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/for-professionals.html>
- INSECTICIDE RESISTANCEInsecticide resistance is an overall reduction
in the ability of an insecticide product to kill mosquitoes.
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html>
Integrated Mosquito Management
Language:
English
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/integrated_mosquito_management.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/integrated_mosquito_management.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/integrated_mosquito_management.html>
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Integrated Mosquito Management for *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus *
mosquitoes
Local governments and mosquito control programs often use an integrated
mosquito management (IMM) or integrated vector management (IVM) approach to
control mosquitoes. IMM uses a combination of methods to prevent and
control mosquitoes that spread viruses, like Zika, dengue, and chikungunya.
IMM is based on an understanding of mosquito biology, the mosquito life
cycle, and the way mosquitoes spread viruses. IMM uses methods that, when
followed correctly, are safe and have been scientifically proven to reduce
mosquito populations.
Everyone can help control mosquitoes.
- Professionals from local government departments or mosquito control
districts develop mosquito control plans, perform tasks to control young
and adult mosquitoes, and evaluate the effectiveness of actions taken.
- You, your neighbors, and the community can also take steps to reduce
mosquitoes in and around your home and in your neighborhood.
Estimated range of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*
[image: Two maps of the United States showing Aedes aegypti and Aedes
albopictus mosquitoes are or have been previously found. Aedes aegypti
range is the southern half of the United States. Aedes albopictus range is
the eastern half of the United States as well as the southwest]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html>
More <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/range.html>
[image: Conduct mosquito surveillance]
Conduct mosquito surveillance
Mosquito control plans include steps that are taken before control efforts
begin and before people start getting sick with a virus spread by
mosquitoes. Professionals need to understand what types and numbers of
mosquitoes are in an area. In order to find out this information, mosquito
control experts conduct surveillance. Surveillance activities can include:
- Monitoring places where adult mosquitoes lay eggs and where young
mosquitoes can be found
- Tracking mosquito populations and the viruses they may be carrying
- Determining if EPA-registered insecticides will be effective
These activities help professionals determine if, when, and where control
activities are needed to manage mosquito populations before people start
getting sick. If professionals discover that local mosquitoes are carrying
viruses (like dengue, Zika, or others), they start implementing other
activities identified in their mosquito control plans.
[image: Remove places where mosquitoes lay eggs]
Remove places where mosquitoes lay eggs
Removing places where mosquitoes lay eggs is an important step. Mosquitoes
lay eggs near water because young mosquitoes need water to survive.
Professionals and the public can remove standing water.
- Professionals at local government agencies and mosquito control
districts may collect and dispose of illegally dumped tires, clean up and
maintain public spaces like parks and greenways, and clean up illegal dumps
and roadside trash.
- You, your neighbors, and community can remove standing water. Once a
week, items that hold water like tires, buckets, planters, toys, pools
birdbaths, flower pot saucers, and trash containers should be emptied and
scrubbed, turned over, covered, or thrown away.
- If needed, a community clean up event can be held to remove large
items like tires that collect water.
[image: Control young mosquitoes]
Control young mosquitoes
Once mosquito eggs hatch, they become larvae and then pupae. Both larvae
and pupae live in standing water. Dumping or removing standing water in and
around your home is one way to control young mosquitoes. For standing water
that cannot be dumped or drained, a larvicide can be used to kill larvae.
Larvicides[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicides-factsheet.pdf> are products used
to kill young mosquitoes before they become biting adults.
The public and professionals can use US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)-registered larvicides according to label instructions.
- Professionals treat water-holding structures and containers in public
places, like storm drains or urns in cemeteries. They may also treat
standing water on private property as part of a neighborhood cleanup
campaign.
- People can treat fountains, septic tanks, and pool covers that hold
water with larvicides.
Controlling young mosquitoes before they become adults, can minimize
widespread use of insecticides that kill adult mosquitoes.
[image: Control adult mosquitoes]
Control adult mosquitoes
Adult mosquitoes can spread viruses (like dengue, Zika, or others) that
make you sick. When surveillance activities show that adult mosquito
populations are increasing or that they are spreading viruses,
professionals may decide to apply adulticides[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/adulticide-factsheet.pdf> to kill adult
mosquitoes. Adulticides help to reduce the number of mosquitoes in an area
and reduce the risk that people will get sick. The public and professionals
can use US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered adulticides
according to label instructions.
- If mosquitoes are spreading viruses over larger areas, professionals
spray adulticides by using backpack sprayers, trucks[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/truckmounted-factsheet.pdf>, or airplanes[PDF
- 1 page] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/aerialspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- People can buy adulticides and use them inside and outside their homes.
Monitor control programs
To make sure that mosquito control activities are working, professionals
monitor the effectiveness of their efforts to control both young and adult
mosquitoes. For example, if an insecticide didn’t work as well as
predicted, then professionals may conduct additional studies on insecticide
resistance or evaluate the equipment used to apply insecticides..
Related Resources
[image: Mosquito Control: What you need to know about using larvicides fact
sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about using larvicides
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicides-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53275.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicides-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Using Adulticides
factsheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about using adulticides
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/adulticide-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53287.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/adulticide-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Truck-Mounted
Spraying factsheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about truck-mounted spraying
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/truckmounted-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53277.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/truckmounted-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Aerial Spraying fact
sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about aerial spraying
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/aerialspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53279.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/aerialspraying-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Help Control Mosquitoes that spread dengue, chikungunya, annd zika
viruses]
Help control mosquitoes that spread dengue, chikungunya, and Zika
- English[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control_mosquitoes_chikv_denv_zika.pdf>
- French[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control-mosquitoes-chikv-denv-zika-french.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control_mosquitoes_chikv_denv_zika_spanish.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/portuguese/control_mosquitoes_chikv_denv_zika_portuguese.pdf>
- Arabic[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control-mosquitoes-chikv-denv-zika-arabic.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control-mosquitoes-chikv-denv-zika-tagalog.pdf>
- Vietnamese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control-mosquitoes-chikv-denv-zika-vietnamese.pdf>
- Mandarin[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control-mosquitoes-chikv-denv-zika-chinese.pdf>
- Creole[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control-mosquitoes-chikv-denv-zika-creole.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/control-mosquitoes-chikv-denv-zika-korea.pdf>
[image: Mosquito live cycle fact sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito life cycle
- English[PDF – 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquitolifecycle.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47966.pdf>
[image: Estimated range of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United
States, 2016 fact sheet thumbnail]
Estimated range of *Aedes albopictus* and*Aedes aegypti* in the United
States, 2016 Maps
- English[PDF – 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-mosquito-maps.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_48223.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Filling Tree Holes
fact sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about filling tree holes
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/treeholes-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53281.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/treeholes-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Keep mosquitoes out of your septic tank factsheet thumbnail]
Keep mosquitoes out of your septic tank
- English[PDF – 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/septictankfactsheetenglishncezid.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF – 1 page] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_47626.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Indoor Spraying fact
sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about indoor spraying
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/indoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/indoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/indoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What You Need to Know About Outdoor Spraying fact
sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What you need to know about outdoor spraying
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/outdoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/outdoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/outdoorspraying-factsheet.pdf>
[image: Mosquito Control: What state and local mosquito control programs do
fact sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: What state and local mosquito control programs do
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquito_control.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/pdfs/mosquito_control.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/mosquito_control.pdf>
[image: Protect you family outside your home fact sheet thumbnail]
Mosquito Control: Protect Your Family From Zika
- English[PDF - 2 pages] <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/home.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages] <http://espanol.cdc.gov/img/cdc/ES_53483.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/img/cdc/PT_53481.pdf>
[image: Did you know: Important information about aerial spraying for
mosquito control fact sheet thumbnail]
Did You Know: Important Information about Aerial Spraying for Mosquito
Control
- English[PDF - 1 page]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/dyk-aerial_spraying.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 1 page]
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/dyk-aerial_spraying.pdf>
- Portuguese[PDF - 1 page]
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/dyk-aerial_spraying.pdf>
[image: CDCs Response to Zika: Larvicides kill young mosquitoes]
Larvicide Dunk Use Wallet Cards
- English[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-english.pdf>
- Palau[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-palau.pdf>
- Tongan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-tongan.pdf>
- Tagalog[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-tagalog.pdf>
- Spanish[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-spanish.pdf>
- Samoan[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-samoan.pdf>
- Russian[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-russian.pdf>
- Marshallese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-marshallese.pdf>
- Korean[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-korean.pdf>
- Japanese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-japanese.pdf>
- Chinese[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-chinese.pdf>
- Bengali[PDF - 2 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/larvicide-wallet-card-bengali.pdf>
Interim CDC Recommendations for Zika Vector Control in the Continental
United States
Language:
English
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html>
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*Accompanying guidance to CDC Guidelines for Development of State and Local
Risk-based Zika Action Plans *Does not include guidance specific to US
territories*
Early season mosquito control efforts can decrease the risk of eventual
Zika transmission. In addition, effective control of Zika will depend on
prompt and aggressive intervention when human cases are first identified.
All at-risk communities should prepare for Zika virus activity, and should
evaluate and prepare control plans for mosquito populations in their state
as part of Zika Action Plan preparedness efforts. A comprehensive review
of health code, enforcement practices and property access will aid the
implementation of a vector control plan.
Many states already have vector control programs. With the exception of
states who have responded to past outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya, most
state plans focus on control of mosquitoes for the prevention of West Nile
virus (WNV). The biology and behavior of *Aedes aegypti *and *Aedes
albopictus*are different from the mosquitoes that transmit WNV. Therefore,
the tools used for surveillance of these species as well as strategies for
control will be different from WNV mosquitoes.
Before mosquito season
- State, tribes, and local governments should consider using an
Integrated Vector Management (IVM) strategy as they develop their mosquito
control plans (See Appendix).
- Public health officials and vector control officials should develop a
communications network to ensure timely exchange of information, and
collaboratively share information to guide optimum vector control efforts.
This network should be part of the state’s Incident Management structure,
and should report efforts and plans to the state Incident Manager (IM).
- To prepare for the possible introduction of Zika virus, states,
tribes, and local governments should review historical data and maps
regarding the presence of *Aedes aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus*. If
maps are outdated and resources permit, plan new surveys and assessments to
be conducted during mosquito season.
- Responding officials should review existing staffing capacity,
resource allocation, and technical expertise at the local level for vector
control and consider use of intergovernmental agreements for vector control
to help adjacent counties outside their jurisdiction, as well as
pre-positioning contracts with vendors to supply additional capacity.
- Responding officials should link vector control efforts with
communication efforts. This includes ensuring public education campaigns
include information not just on personal protection measures, but also how
citizens may reduce or eliminate breeding sites for *Ae. aegypti* and *Ae.
albopictus*, and to motivate the community to remove and dispose of any
water holding containers.
Mosquito Season
- Using the plan previously developed, survey and map presence of *Aedes
aegypti* and *Aedes albopictus* within the state.
- Actively engage community to encourage removal of larval habitat and
*Aedes* breeding sites, including community cleanup campaigns (tire
removal, trash pickup, removal and cleaning of small and large containers).
Leverage partnerships with local governments and non-profits for support.
- If resources and technical expertise permits, conduct rapid
insecticide resistance testing for local mosquito populations, in order to
know the pesticides most likely to be effective in the event of Zika
transmission.
- Use larvicides in containers and bodies of water that cannot be
removed or dumped.
Confirmed transmission (first case, or several cases in a single household
or building)
- Implement Targeted Control efforts around the case-patient’s home or
building. Conduct intensified larval and adult mosquito control in a 150
yard radius (or other boundary as deemed appropriate) around the case
patient home. Targeted control activities involving home visits should be
closely coordinated with concurrent educational efforts and messaging.
- Consider adding community-based adult mosquito control consisting of
outdoor residual spraying, and space spraying if necessary.
- Intensify larviciding and source reduction efforts.
- Consider targeted indoor residual spraying in areas where A/C and
screens aren’t widely available.
Widespread transmission within a county or jurisdiction
- Vector control efforts should align with state, tribal, and local
government decisions regarding boundaries for declaring an area as a site
of “active Zika transmission”. This may model county lines, or be a zipcode
designation. At this phase, officials should plan to intensify and expand
vector control efforts within the areas of active transmission.
- In addition to continuing to target case-patient homes and the
surrounding vicinity, area-wide treatments with larvicides and adulticides
using application methods appropriate for the scale of the treatment area
should be considered. Control plans should be tailored to the local needs,
and might require truck or aerial spraying (aerial for areas > 2,000 acres)
or a combination of both.
- Monitor for effectiveness of treatments through trapping and retreat
if mosquito numbers begin to increase again.
- For areas where A/C and screens aren’t widely available, consider
adding targeted indoor residual spraying to vulnerable homes.
Widespread transmission within multiple counties or the state
- Expand vector control efforts for regional or state coverage.
Appendix
Effective mosquito management programs based on Integrated Vector
Management (IVM) principles may help prevent the introduction of Zika to an
area. IVM principles include approaching mosquito control through careful
planning, and using a variety of interventions targeting both larval and
adult mosquito control, and including both chemical and non-chemical
methods. Properly planned and executed, IVM ensures a more effective level
of control than can be achieved by one single approach. States, tribes, and
local governments should develop plans tailored to their individual needs,
and should consider basing those plans on the principles of IVM.
IVM is ideally anchored by a mosquito monitoring program providing data
that describe local conditions and habitats that produce *Aedes* mosquitoes,
as well as the abundance of those mosquitoes over the course of a season.
These data can help inform decisions about implementing mosquito control
activities appropriate to the situation. The implementation of an effective
IVM program for *Aedes* requires trained staff with a knowledge of the
mosquito life cycle and expertise in monitoring methods. Details for how to
conduct assessment and control activities for both larval and adult
*Aedes* mosquitoes
may be found on CDC’s Chikungunya website
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/resources/vector-control.html>.
Immature Mosquito Monitoring
Larval monitoring can help state, tribal, and local governments monitor
*Aedes* activity and make early decisions for control, even in advance of
suspected Zika cases in humans. This involves sampling a wide range of
aquatic habitats, and requires trained inspectors to identify larval
production sites, collect larval specimens on a regular basis from known
larval habitats, and to regularly look for new sources. This information
can be used to determine where and when source reduction or larval control
efforts should be implemented. Common methods for collecting information on
the number and locations of larval*Ae. aegypti* and *Ae. albopictus* are
ovitraps and larval/pupal surveys.
Adult Mosquito Monitoring
Adult mosquito monitoring is used to determine the abundance adult vector
mosquitoes, and identify areas where control measures are needed. It is
also useful to assess the effectiveness of intervention methods. Currently,
testing mosquitoes for Zika virus is not currently recommended, as this
virus does not have a known animal reservoir outside of humans in the
United States and there is no expected advantage to be obtained over good
human surveillance programs.
Various methods are available for monitoring adult mosquitoes. Traps
targeting adult *Culex* species are not affective at capturing *Ae aegypti *
and *Ae. albopictus*. The most frequently used trap for adult *Aedes*
surveillance
is the BG Sentinel trap, but other trap types are available
<http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/resources/vector-control.html>. Adult
mosquito surveillance should consist of a series of collecting sites at
which mosquitoes are sampled on a regular schedule. Fixed trap sites allow
monitoring of trends in mosquito abundance over time and are essential for
obtaining information to guide control efforts. Additional trap sites can
be utilized on an ad hoc basis to provide additional information about
mosquito activity and effectiveness of control efforts.
Mosquito Control Activities
Mosquito control should ideally be conducted during mosquito season, even
before cases of Zika are recognized, and be based on the results of larval
and adult mosquito monitoring programs that have identified areas in need
of control. Additionally, at the point of the first human case of Zika,
more routine mosquito control efforts must be quickly and aggressively
amplified to prevent risk levels from increasing to the point of a
widespread human disease outbreak.
Larval Mosquito Control
The objective of the larval mosquito control is to manage mosquito
populations before they emerge as adults. This can be an efficient method
of managing mosquito populations if the mosquito breeding sites are
accessible. However larval control alone may not attain the levels of
mosquito population reduction needed to maintain Zika risk at low levels,
and must be accompanied by measures to control the adult mosquito
populations as well. In outbreak situations, larval control complements
adult mosquito control measures by preventing new vector mosquitoes from
being produced. However, larval control alone is unlikely to be able to
stop Zika outbreaks once virus amplification has reached levels causing
human infections.
Numerous methods are available for controlling larval mosquitoes.
- Source reduction: Source reduction is the elimination or removal of
habitats that produce mosquitoes. This can range from draining and
scrubbing water holding containers on a weekly basis to properly disposing
of discarded tires, rain barrels, and trash containers that may harbor rain
water. This can be difficult to accomplish with the Zika virus vector *Ae.
aegypti* that readily utilizes very small water containers. Active
community engagement, as well as ensuring community access to trash
services for removal of debris, are critical to the success of a source
reduction campaign. Source reduction may be improved through home visits to
examine possible mosquito breeding sites and educating homeowners.
- Larvicide Application: For situations not conducive to source
reduction, pesticides registered by EPA for larval mosquito control may be
applied when larvae are detected or added to containers that could
potentially serve as breeding sites. Several larval mosquito control
pesticides are available. (See Table 1.) Methods for delivering larvicides
include the use of hand-held application devices, from truck-mounted
sprayers, from aircraft, or from a combination of methods. More details are
provided below.
- Combined Approach: A combination approach utilizing source reduction
and larviciding that is tailored to local contexts and the provision of
adequate field staff with proper training is required to properly identify
larval production sites and implement the appropriate management tools for
that site.
Adult Mosquito Control
Source reduction and larvicide treatments alone are unlikely to be adequate
to maintain adult mosquito populations at levels sufficiently low enough to
limit virus amplification. The objective of the adult mosquito control
component of an IVM program is to complement the larval management program
by reducing the abundance of adult, actively biting mosquitoes in an area,
thereby reducing the number of eggs laid in breeding sites. In addition,
during an outbreak, adult mosquito control is crucial to immediately reduce
the abundance of biting, infected adult mosquitoes. A list of EPA
registered chemicals available for controlling adult mosquitoes is in Table
2. Numerous methods are available for controlling adult *Aedes* mosquitoes.
- Targeted Outdoor Residual Spraying: In situations where long-lasting
control is desired (at the case-patient household or building level, for
example) an approach aimed at outdoor spraying of surfaces likely to serve
as adult mosquito resting sites may be achieved with hand-held application
devices (Trout et al. 2010) at the target and in a 150 yard radius around
the target. Ideally, pesticide decisions should be preceded by an
assessment of possible resistance to the chemicals. Targeted adulticide
treatments should be accompanied by larval reduction methods as described
above. In these situations (i.e. providing a barrier around a pregnant
woman’s or case-patient’s home), in order to arrest viral spread, this
method requires aggressive attention and rapid action. (Vasquez-Prokopec
2010)
- Indoor Residual Spraying: Indoor residual spraying should be
considered for homes that do not have adequate screening or air
conditioning. Two chemicals with EPA registration allowing indoor use for
mosquitoes are deltamethrin and bifenthrin. Spraying should target sites
within the home where mosquitoes rest. They include the back of closets,
under furniture and other dark undisturbed sites behind furniture and in
corners. (Vazques-Prokopec 2010)
- Widespread Outdoor Application: In situations where adult *Aedes* mosquito
populations are very high or more widespread local transmission of Zika is
recognized, in addition to the household or building targeted approach,
more widespread adulticide applications using pesticides registered by EPA
can be used. Pesticides for adult mosquito control can be applied to wider
areas using hand-held application devices, from truck-mounted sprayers,
from aircraft, or from a combination of methods. This type of spraying is
known as space spraying, as opposed to residual spraying described above,
and its effect is transient when used without concurrent larval control
(i.e., the insecticide must come into contact with a mosquito at the time
of being sprayed in order to have an impact).
- Hand-held devices are useful to manage relatively small areas, but
are limited in their capacity to treat large areas quickly during an
outbreak.
- Truck-based applications may reach larger areas, but may have gaps
in coverage due to limitations of the road infrastructure.
- Aerial application of mosquito control adulticides is required when
large areas must be treated quickly. Applications using trucks and
aircraft should be timed around dusk and/or dawn.
- Both truck and aerially-applied pesticides for adult mosquito
control are applied using ultra-low-volume (ULV) technology in
which a very
small volume of pesticide is applied per acre in an aerosol of minute
droplets designed to contain sufficient pesticide to kill mosquitoes that
are contacted by the droplets. Information describing ULV spray
technology
and the factors affecting effectiveness of ground and
aerially-applied ULV
pesticides is reviewed in Mount et al. 1996, Mount 1998, and Bonds 2012.
Risk and Safety of Vector Control Pesticides and Practices
Insecticides to control larval and adult mosquitoes are registered
specifically for that use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). Instructions provided on the product labels prescribe the required
application and use parameters, and must be strictly followed. Pesticide
use should be restricted to trained and licensed technicians, according to
state, tribal, or local legal requirements. Research has demonstrated that
ULV application of mosquito control adulticides did not produce detectable
exposure or increases in asthma events in persons living in treated areas
(Karpati et al. 2004, Currier et al. 2005, Duprey et al. 2008).
Legal Action to Achieve Access or Control
Individually-owned private properties may be major sources of mosquito
production. Examples include accumulations of discarded tires or other
trash, neglected water features that become stagnant and produce
mosquitoes. Local public health statutes or public nuisance regulations may
be employed to gain access for surveillance and control, or to require the
property owner to mitigate the problem. Proactive communication with
residents and public education programs may alleviate the need to use legal
actions. However, legal efforts may be required to eliminate persistent
mosquito production sites.
Insecticide Resistance Management
In order to delay or prevent the development of insecticide resistance in
vector populations, integrated vector management programs should include a
resistance management component (Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito
Control 1998). Ideally, this should include annual monitoring of the status
of resistance in the target populations, or resistance assessments in local
areas ahead of decisions for chemical applications.
CDC has developed an assay to determine if a particular active ingredient
is able to kill mosquito vectors. The technique, referred to as the CDC
bottle bioassay, is simple, rapid, and economical compared with
alternatives. The results can help guide the choice of insecticide used for
spraying. A practical laboratory manual that describes how to perform and
interpret the CDC bottle bioassay is available online[PDF - 28 pages]
<http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/resources/pdf/fsp/ir_manual/ir_cdc_bioassay_en.pdf>.
For additional information about obtaining and performing the bottle
bioassay, contact CDC at bottleassay@xxxxxxx.
Table 1 Insecticides targeting larval mosquitoes
Active IngredientChemical Type
*Bacillus thruengensis isralensis* Microbial
*Bacillus sphaericus* Microbial
Spinosyn Microbial
Oils Surface film
Novaluron Insect growth regulator
Methoprene Insect growth regulator
Temephos Organophosphate
Table 2 Insecticides targeting adult mosquitoes
Active IngredientUseChemical Type
Deltamethrin Space spray/residual spray Pyrethroid
Etofenprox Space spray Pyrethroid
Permethrin Space spray Pyrethroid
d-Phenothrin (Sumethrin) Space spray Pyrethroid
Pyrethrins/Pyrethrum Space spray Pyrethroid
Chlorpyrifos Space spray Organophosphate
Malathion Space spray Organophosphate
Naled Space spray Organophosphate
Alpha-cypermethrin Residual spray Pyrethroid
Bifenthrin Residual spray Pyrethroid
Lambda-cyhalothrin Residual spray Pyrethroid
Tau-fluvalinate Residual spray Pyrethroid
Imidacloprid/beta-cyfluthrin Residual spray Neonicotinoid/Pyrethroid mix
References
Bonds JA. 2012. Ultra-low-volume space sprays in mosquito control: a
critical review. *Med Vet Entomol*. 26(2):121-30.
Currier M, McNeill, M, Campbell D, Newton N, Marr JS Perry E, Berg SW, Barr
DB, Luber GE, Kieszak MA, Rogers HS, Backer LC Belson MG Bubin C
Azziz-Baumgartner E, Duprey ZH. 2005. Human exposure to mosquito-control
pesticides- Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia, 2002 and 2003. *MMWR*.
54:529-532.
Duprey Z, Rivers S, Luber G, Becker A, Blackmore C, Barr D, Weerasekera G,
Kieszak S, Flanders WD, Rubin C. 2008. Community aerial mosquito control
and naled exposure. *J Am Mosq Control Assoc*. 24:42-46. Doi:10.2987/5559.1
Florida Coordinating Committee Mosquito Control. 1998. Florida mosquito
control: the state mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators,
and environmental managers[PDF - 259 pages]
<http://fmel.ifas.ufl.edu/white_paper/FWP09.pdf>
<http://www.cdc.gov/Other/disclaimer.html>. Gainesville, FL: University of
Florida. Accessed 5/7/2013
Karpati AM, Perrin MC, Matte T, Leighton J, Schwartz J, Barr RG. 2004.
Pesticide spraying for West Nile virus control and emergency department
asthma visits in New York City, 2000. *Environ Health Perspect*.
112(11):1183-7.
Mount GA. 1998. A critical review of ultralow-volume aerosols of
insecticide applied with vehicle-mounted generators for adult mosquito
control. *J Am Mosq Control Assoc*. 14(3):305-34.
Mount GA, Biery TL, Haile DG. 1996. A review of ultralow-volume aerial
sprays of insecticide for mosquito control. *J Am Mosq Control Assoc*.
12(4):601-18.
Trout RT, Brown GC, Potter MR, Hubbard JL. 2007. Efficacy of two Pyrethroid
insecticides applied as barrier treatments for managing mosquito (Dipters:
Culicidae) populaitons in suburban residential properties. *J. Med. Entomo*.
44:470-477
Vazques-Prokopec GM, Kitron U, Montgomery B, Horne P, Ritchie SA. 2010.
Quantifying the spatial dimension of dengue virus epidemic spread within a
tropical urban environment. *PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis*. 4: e920.
doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000920
Insecticide Resistance
Language:
English <http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#>
- Español
<http://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html>
- Português
<http://portugues.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html>
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[image: Person in lab holding a glass bottle.]
The use of insecticides to kill mosquitoes that spread Zika, dengue, and
chikungunya viruses, is one part of an integrated mosquito management
program. Insecticides may be used by professionals and by homeowners.
Insecticides can be applied by hand (indoor and outdoor sprays and
foggers), by truck, or by aerial (airplane) spraying.
Over time and repeated use, insecticide resistance can occur in mosquito
populations. Insecticide resistance is an overall reduction in the ability
of an insecticide product to kill mosquitoes. This means that, when used as
directed, the product no longer works, or only partially works. Insecticide
resistance can be product specific, or it can develop to a certain
class(es) of product.
In order to delay or prevent the development of insecticide resistance in
vector populations, integrated vector management programs should include a
resistance management component (Florida Coordinating Council on Mosquito
Control 1998). Ideally, this should include annual monitoring of the status
of resistance in target populations to:
- Provide baseline data for program planning and pesticide selection
before the start of control operations.
- Detect resistance at an early stage so that timely management can be
implemented.
- Continuously monitor the effect of control strategies on insecticide
resistance.
How Insecticide Resistance is Measured
Monitoring for resistance in the vector population is essential and is
useful in determining the potential causes for control failures, should
they occur. CDC has developed an assay to determine if a particular
insecticide formulation (combination of the active ingredient in the
insecticide and inactive ingredients) is able to kill mosquito vectors. The
technique, referred to as the CDC bottle bioassay, is simple, rapid, and
economical compared with alternatives. The results can help guide the
choice of insecticide used for spraying.
How the Bottle Bioassay Works
- A bottle is coated with a known amount of insecticide. Mosquitoes are
then put into the bottle and observed until for a pre-determined period of
time (diagnostic time).
- Resistance is determined by the percentage of mosquitoes that die
(mortality rate) in the diagnostic time.
Insecticide Resistance Testing in Puerto Rico
Beginning in February of 2016, CDC Entomologists located at the Dengue
Branch carried out Bottle Bioassays tests to determine the presence of
insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti to the most commonly used
EPA-approved insecticides for mosquito control. CDC entomologists collected
mosquitoes from many locations throughout Puerto Rico and brought them to
the laboratory. Bioassay testing was performed in the laboratory with
laboratory reagent grade chemicals and all organisms used were discarded in
the laboratory waste at the Dengue Branch.
Results from testing show that the mosquitoes collected from 38 locations
in 23 of the 78 municipalities in Puerto Rico are either resistant or
partially resistant to many insecticides tested. Resistance has been
observed in permethrin and malathion, two commonly used insecticides in
Puerto Rico.
Results are presented below as maps showing whether *Aedes aegypti* were
susceptible, partially resistant, or resistant to specific insecticides
from the municipalities shown.
- Alpha-Cypermethrin
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-1>
- Bendiocarb
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-2>
- Bifenthrin
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-3>
- Deltamethrin
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-4>
- Etofenprox
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-5>
- Lambda-cyhalothrin
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-6>
- Malathion
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-7>
- Naled
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-8>
- Permethrin
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-9>
- Phenothrin
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-10>
- Tetramethrin
<http://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/insecticide-resistance.html#tabs-1201330-11>
[image: • Map of insecticide resistance to Alpha-Cypermethrin in Puerto
Rico.]
Sincerely,
David Dillard
Temple University
(215) 204 - 4584
jwne@xxxxxxxxxx
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Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. (eds),
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Wellness Tourism: Bibliographic and Webliographic Essay
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