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DATABASE SEARCH RESULTS :
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS: OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER :
CHILDREN:
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Young Children:
Comparison with a Much Older Age Group Could Trump New Longitudinal Knowledge
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Oppositional defiant disorder
MEDLINE PLUS
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001537.htm
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Oppositional defiant disorder
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Oppositional defiant disorder is a pattern of disobedient, hostile, and
defiant behavior toward authority figures.
Causes
This disorder is more common in boys than in girls. Some studies have
shown that it affects 20% of school-age children. However, most experts
believe this figure is high due to changing definitions of normal
childhood behavior, and possible racial, cultural, and gender biases.
This behavior typically starts by age 8, but it may start as early as the
preschool years. This disorder is thought to be caused by a combination of
biological, psychological, and social factors.
Symptoms
Actively does not follow adults' requests
Angry and resentful of others
Argues with adults
Blames others for own mistakes
Has few or no friends or has lost friends
Is in constant trouble in school
Loses temper
Is spiteful or seeks revenge
Is touchy or easily annoyed
To fit this diagnosis, the pattern must last for at least 6 months and
must be more than normal childhood misbehavior.
The pattern of behaviors must be different from those of other children
around the same age and developmental level. The behavior must lead to
significant problems in school or social activities.
Exams and Tests
Children with symptoms of this disorder should be evaluated by a
psychiatrist or psychologist. In children and adolescents, the following
conditions can cause similar behavior problems and should be considered as
possibilities:
Anxiety disorders
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Bipolar disorder
Depression
Learning disorders
Substance abuse disorders
Treatment
The best treatment for the child is to talk with a mental health
professional in individual and possibly family therapy. The parents should
also learn how to manage the child's behavior.
Medications may also be helpful, especially if the behaviors occur as part
of another condition (such as depression, childhood psychosis, or ADHD).
Outlook (Prognosis)
Some children respond well to treatment, while others do not.
Possible Complications
In many cases, children with oppositional defiant disorder grow up to have
conduct disorder as teenagers or adults. In some cases children may grow
up to have antisocial personality disorder.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if you have concerns about your child's
development or behavior.
Prevention
Be consistent about rules and consequences at home. Don't make punishments
too harsh or inconsistent.
Model the right behaviors for your child. Abuse and neglect increase the
chances that this condition will occur.
References
Steiner H, Remsing L, Work Group on Quality Issues. Practice parameter for
the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with oppositional
defiant disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.
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