A discovery worth sharing. I'm working my way through Simon Winchester's books. I've reached "Krakatoa," which begins with a history of the spice trade. Here's what he says about pepper: "Pepper has a confused reputation. There is no truth, for example, in the widely held belief that it was once used to hide the taste of putrefying meat [I shall look into this challenge to conventional wisdom]; this charming thought perhaps derives from the equally delightful notion, still recognized by pharmacists today, that pepper can be used as a carminative, a potion that expels flatulence. But it was very much used as a preservative, and more commonly still as a seasoning. By the tenth century it was being imported into England; the Guild of Pepperers, one of the most ancient of London's city guilds, was established at least before 1180, which was when that body was first recorded (they were in court for some minor infraction); by 1328, the guild had formally registered as an importer of spices in large, or *gross* [his italics], amounts: its members were called grossarii, from which comes the modern word grocer." That should spice up your post-prandial talk. David Ritchie Portland, Oregon ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html