Philip M I could go through your post point by point and if you reject my substitute here I will oblige by so doing. You see I think I have a way to cut through the detail and get to the core. I'll give you the short version wherein I rely on your willingness to understand and put the flesh on the bones so to speak rather than seizing on every little omission, ambiguity or uncertainty in order to simply demolish the argument thus avoiding the core issue. Take a sufficiently large group of new born children and isolate them in an environment where they can survive and grow. Give them sufficient adult carers who will teach them language and basic hygiene skills and what is good to eat and what is not and how to procure it. These carers will have to impart basic social behaviour but will not pass on any philosophy (includes religion), mathematics, science, history, geography etc, but will encourage these children should they show curiosity. The object is to not pass on any higher values or knowledge. It is my contention that their attrition rate will be high but that they will survive and in perhaps 5000 or 10000 years, develop a civilization. This civilization will develop many traits essentially identical to those we see around us today and many others which are similar in effect but parallel in nature. There will be others again which are radically different. At this point I am confident that religion will exist but the Bible will not exist, neither will the Koran, the Talmud or the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Whatever religious philosophy exists, its adherents, detractors and revisers will bicker among themselves, proclaim their ascendancy and seek with divine confidence to dictate what others should say, do and believe on many matters, including how the universe works. Astrology may exist, but if not, equivalent mystic belief systems less formal than religions will exist. Certain complex social structures will exist, a system of public morality and law will be in place and ethical values and their consideration will occupy an important place in the society. All of these things are largely inventions determined by historical coincidences, and we cannot know their details. But of one thing I'm certain -- that Kepler's three planetary laws will be known, Newton's physics will be known, atomic decay series will be known. These things and many others will be known because they exist. They will be known because they are not inventions -- they are discoveries. Paul D Sick of deleting your inbox? Yahoo!7 Mail has free unlimited storage. http://au.docs.yahoo.com/mail/unlimitedstorage.html