Enviado desde Yahoo Mail para Android
El dom., 12 de mar. de 2017 a la(s) 9:22, 'niem.migr' NIEM.migr@xxxxxxxxx
[niem_rj]<niem_rj@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> escribió:
https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/criminalization-immigration-united-states#.WLqeVby7ZIk.facebook
[compartilhado por Rosane Teixeira]
The Criminalization of Immigration in the United States
- Immigration and Crime
9.6KBy Walter Ewing, Ph.D., Daniel E. Martínez, Ph.D. and Rubén G. Rumbaut,
Ph.D.July 13, 2015
Download PDF
For more than a century, innumerable studies have confirmed two simple yet
powerful truths about the relationship between immigration and crime:
immigrants are less likely to commit serious crimes or be behind bars than the
native-born, and high rates of immigration are associated with lower rates of
violent crime and property crime. This holds true for both legal immigrants and
the unauthorized, regardless of their country of origin or level of education.
In other words, the overwhelming majority of immigrants are not “criminals” by
any commonly accepted definition of the term. For this reason, harsh
immigration policies are not effective in fighting crime. Unfortunately,
immigration policy is frequently shaped more by fear and stereotype than by
empirical evidence. As a result, immigrants have the stigma of “criminality”
ascribed to them by an ever-evolving assortment of laws and
immigration-enforcement mechanisms. Put differently, immigrants are being
defined more and more as threats. Whole new classes of “felonies” have been
created which apply only to immigrants, deportation has become a punishment for
even minor offenses, and policies aimed at trying to end unauthorized
immigration have been made more punitive rather than more rational and
practical. In short, immigrants themselves are being criminalized.
Immigrants are Less Likely to be Criminals Than the Native-Born
Higher Immigration is Associated with Lower Crime Rates
- Between 1990 and 2013, the foreign-born share of the U.S. population grew
from 7.9 percent to 13.1 percent and the number of unauthorized immigrants more
than tripled from 3.5 million to 11.2 million.
- During the same period, FBI data indicate that the violent crime rate
declined 48 percent—which included falling rates of aggravated assault,
robbery, rape, and murder. Likewise, the property crime rate fell 41 percent,
including declining rates of motor vehicle theft, larceny/robbery, and
burglary.
Immigrants are Less Likely than the Native-Born to Be Behind Bars
- According to an original analysis of data from the 2010 American Community
Survey (ACS) conducted by the authors of this report, roughly 1.6 percent of
immigrant males age 18-39 are incarcerated, compared to 3.3 percent of the
native-born. This disparity in incarceration rates has existed for decades, as
evidenced by data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 decennial censuses. In each of
those years, the incarceration rates of the native-born were anywhere from two
to five times higher than that of immigrants.
- The 2010 Census data reveals that incarceration rates among the young,
less-educated Mexican, Salvadoran, and Guatemalan men who make up the bulk of
the unauthorized population are significantly lower than the incarceration rate
among native-born young men without a high-school diploma. In 2010,
less-educated native-born men age 18-39 had an incarceration rate of 10.7
percent—more than triple the 2.8 percent rate among foreign-born Mexican men,
and five times greater than the 1.7 percent rate among foreign-born Salvadoran
and Guatemalan men.
Immigrants are Less Likely Than the Native-Born to Engage in Criminal Behavior
- A variety of different studies using different methodologies have found
that immigrants are less likely than the native-born to engage in either
violent or nonviolent “antisocial” behaviors; that immigrants are less likely
than the native-born to be repeat offenders among “high risk” adolescents; and
that immigrant youth who were students in U.S. middle and high schools in the
mid-1990s and are now young adults have among the lowest delinquency rates of
all young people.
Criminalizing Immigration and Expanding the Apparatus of Enforcement
Despite the abundance of evidence that immigration is not linked to higher
crime rates, and that immigrants are less likely to be criminals than the
native-born, many U.S. policymakers succumb to their fears and prejudices about
what they imagine immigrants to be. As a result, far too many immigration
policies are drafted on the basis of stereotypes rather than substance. These
laws are criminalizing an ever broadening swath of the immigrant population by
applying a double standard when it comes to the consequences for criminal
behavior. Immigrants who experience even the slightest brush with the criminal
justice system, such as being convicted of a misdemeanor, can find themselves
subject to detention for an undetermined period, after which they are expelled
from the country and barred from returning. In other words, for years the
government has been redefining what it means to be a “criminal alien,” using
increasingly stringent definitions and standards of “criminality” that do not
apply to U.S. citizens.
Of course, these increasingly punitive laws are only as effective as the
immigration-enforcement apparatus designed to support them. And this apparatus
has expanded dramatically over the past three decades. More and more immigrants
have been ensnared by enforcement mechanisms new and old, from worksite raids
to Secure Communities. Detained immigrants are then housed in a growing
nationwide network of private, for-profit prisons before they are deported from
the United States. In short, as U.S. immigration laws create more and more
“criminal aliens,” the machinery of detention and deportation grows larger as
well, casting a widening dragnet over the nation’s foreign-born population in
search of anyone who might be deportable. With the technologically
sophisticated enforcement systems in place today, being stopped by a police
officer for driving a car with a broken tail light can culminate in a one-way
trip out of the country if the driver long ago pled guilty to a misdemeanor
that has since been defined as a deportable offense.
The scale of the federal government’s drive to criminalize immigration and
expand the reach of the enforcement dragnet becomes very apparent when the
proliferation of immigration laws, policies, and enforcement mechanisms is
tracked over the past three decades. Two bills passed by Congress in 1996 stand
as the most flagrant modern examples of laws which create a system of justice
for non-U.S. citizens that is distinct from the system which applies to
citizens. And, from old-fashioned worksite raids to the modern databases which
are the heart of initiatives such as Secure Communities and the Criminal Alien
Program (CAP), the government’s immigration-enforcement mechanisms continue to
expand and reach deeper and deeper into the immigrant community. In the
process, basic principles of fairness and equal treatment under the law are
frequently left by the wayside.
The “Great Expulsion”
The United States is in the midst of a “great expulsion” of immigrants, both
lawfully present and unauthorized, who tend to be non-violent and
non-threatening and who often have deep roots in this country. This relentless
campaign of deportation is frequently justified as a war against
“illegality”—which is to say, against unauthorized immigrants. But that
justification does not come close to explaining the banishment from the United
States of lawful permanent residents who committed traffic offenses and who
have U.S.-based families. Nor does it explain the lack of due-process rights
accorded to so many of the immigrants ensnared in deportation proceedings.
Likewise, the wave of deportations we are currently witnessing is often
portrayed as a crime-fighting tool. But, as the findings of this report make
clear, the majority of deportations carried out in the United States each year
do not actually target “criminals” in any meaningful sense of the word.
Introduction
Immigrants are Less Likely to be Criminals Than the Native-Born
Criminalizing Immigration and Expanding the Apparatus of Enforcement
Conclusion
__._,_.___ Enviado por: "niem.migr" <NIEM.migr@xxxxxxxxx>
| Responder através da web | • | | • | através de email | • |
Adicionar um novo tópico | • | Mensagens neste tópico (1) |
[As opiniões veiculadas não expressam (necessariamente) a opinião dos
organizadores da lista do NIEM]
Para cancelar sua assinatura desse grupo, favor enviar um e-mail para:
niem_rj-unsubscribe@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
To cancel your subscription to this group, please send an e-mail to:
niem_rj-unsubscribe@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
para enviar mensagens / to send messages: niem_rj@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Visite
seu Grupo
- Novos usuários 2
• Privacidade • Sair do grupo • Termos de uso
.
__,_._,___#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470 -- #yiv9990815470ygrp-mkp {border:1px
solid #d8d8d8;font-family:Arial;margin:10px 0;padding:0 10px;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-mkp hr {border:1px solid #d8d8d8;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-mkp #yiv9990815470hd
{color:#628c2a;font-size:85%;font-weight:700;line-height:122%;margin:10px
0;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-mkp #yiv9990815470ads
{margin-bottom:10px;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-mkp .yiv9990815470ad
{padding:0 0;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-mkp .yiv9990815470ad p
{margin:0;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-mkp .yiv9990815470ad a
{color:#0000ff;text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-sponsor
#yiv9990815470ygrp-lc {font-family:Arial;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-sponsor #yiv9990815470ygrp-lc #yiv9990815470hd {margin:10px
0px;font-weight:700;font-size:78%;line-height:122%;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-sponsor #yiv9990815470ygrp-lc .yiv9990815470ad
{margin-bottom:10px;padding:0 0;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470actions
{font-family:Verdana;font-size:11px;padding:10px 0;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470activity
{background-color:#e0ecee;float:left;font-family:Verdana;font-size:10px;padding:10px;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470activity span {font-weight:700;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470activity span:first-child
{text-transform:uppercase;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470activity span a
{color:#5085b6;text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470activity span
span {color:#ff7900;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470activity span
.yiv9990815470underline {text-decoration:underline;}#yiv9990815470
.yiv9990815470attach
{clear:both;display:table;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;padding:10px
0;width:400px;}#yiv9990815470 .yiv9990815470attach div a
{text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470 .yiv9990815470attach img
{border:none;padding-right:5px;}#yiv9990815470 .yiv9990815470attach label
{display:block;margin-bottom:5px;}#yiv9990815470 .yiv9990815470attach label a
{text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470 blockquote {margin:0 0 0
4px;}#yiv9990815470 .yiv9990815470bold
{font-family:Arial;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;}#yiv9990815470
.yiv9990815470bold a {text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470 dd.yiv9990815470last
p a {font-family:Verdana;font-weight:700;}#yiv9990815470 dd.yiv9990815470last p
span {margin-right:10px;font-family:Verdana;font-weight:700;}#yiv9990815470
dd.yiv9990815470last p span.yiv9990815470yshortcuts
{margin-right:0;}#yiv9990815470 div.yiv9990815470attach-table div div a
{text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470 div.yiv9990815470attach-table
{width:400px;}#yiv9990815470 div.yiv9990815470file-title a, #yiv9990815470
div.yiv9990815470file-title a:active, #yiv9990815470
div.yiv9990815470file-title a:hover, #yiv9990815470 div.yiv9990815470file-title
a:visited {text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470 div.yiv9990815470photo-title a,
#yiv9990815470 div.yiv9990815470photo-title a:active, #yiv9990815470
div.yiv9990815470photo-title a:hover, #yiv9990815470
div.yiv9990815470photo-title a:visited {text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470
div#yiv9990815470ygrp-mlmsg #yiv9990815470ygrp-msg p a
span.yiv9990815470yshortcuts
{font-family:Verdana;font-size:10px;font-weight:normal;}#yiv9990815470
.yiv9990815470green {color:#628c2a;}#yiv9990815470 .yiv9990815470MsoNormal
{margin:0 0 0 0;}#yiv9990815470 o {font-size:0;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470photos div {float:left;width:72px;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470photos div div {border:1px solid
#666666;height:62px;overflow:hidden;width:62px;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470photos div label
{color:#666666;font-size:10px;overflow:hidden;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;width:64px;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470reco-category {font-size:77%;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470reco-desc {font-size:77%;}#yiv9990815470 .yiv9990815470replbq
{margin:4px;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-actbar div a:first-child
{margin-right:2px;padding-right:5px;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-mlmsg
{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-mlmsg table {font-size:inherit;font:100%;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-mlmsg select, #yiv9990815470 input, #yiv9990815470 textarea
{font:99% Arial, Helvetica, clean, sans-serif;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-mlmsg pre, #yiv9990815470 code {font:115%
monospace;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-mlmsg *
{line-height:1.22em;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-mlmsg #yiv9990815470logo
{padding-bottom:10px;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-msg p a
{font-family:Verdana;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-msg
p#yiv9990815470attach-count span {color:#1E66AE;font-weight:700;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-reco #yiv9990815470reco-head
{color:#ff7900;font-weight:700;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-reco
{margin-bottom:20px;padding:0px;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-sponsor
#yiv9990815470ov li a {font-size:130%;text-decoration:none;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-sponsor #yiv9990815470ov li
{font-size:77%;list-style-type:square;padding:6px 0;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-sponsor #yiv9990815470ov ul {margin:0;padding:0 0 0
8px;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-text
{font-family:Georgia;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-text p {margin:0 0 1em
0;}#yiv9990815470 #yiv9990815470ygrp-text tt {font-size:120%;}#yiv9990815470
#yiv9990815470ygrp-vital ul li:last-child {border-right:none
!important;}#yiv9990815470
