----- Forwarded Message -----
From: Yuji Tamura <ernad@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
To: nep-mig@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Sent: Sunday, March 26, 2017 7:30 PM
Subject: [nep-mig] 2017-03-26, 10 papers
nep-mig 2017-03-26 papers
|
| nep-mig | New EconomicsPapers |
| on Economics of Human Migration |
| Issue of 2017‒03‒26
ten papers chosen by
Yuji Tamura
La Trobe University
http://econpapers.repec.org/pta90
| |
- Labour Market Outcomes ofImmigrant Women who Arrive as Dependants of
Economic Immigrant PrincipalApplicantsBonikowska, Aneta; Hou, Feng
- Language and Gender Roles amongImmigrants to the US: A Historical
PerspectiveGay, Victor;Hicks, Daniel L.; Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania
- How Immigrants Helped EU LaborMarkets to Adjust during the Great
RecessionKahanec, Martin;Guzi, Martin
- The Role of Fees in ForeignEducation: Evidence From Italy and the United
KingdomMichelBeine; Marco Delogu; Lionel Ragot
- Mobility of Highly SkilledRetirees from Japan to the Republic of Korea and
TaiwanByeongwooKANG; Yukihito Sato; Yasushi UEKI
- Migration as a Window into theCoevolution between Language and
BehaviorGay, Victor; Hicks,Daniel L.; Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania
- Determinants of Migration inPakistanAnjum Aqeel; Anjum Aqeel
- Can International MigrationAccelerate Development? A Global Dynamic
General EquilibriumAnalysisDirk Willenbockel; S. Amer Ahmed - The World
Bank;Delfin S. Go - The World Bank (Emeritus)
- Globalization Policies andIsrael’s Brain DrainAssaf Razin
- Fortunado’s, Desperado’s andClandestino’s in Diaspora Labour Markets: The
Circular 'HomoMobilis'Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; Gheasi,Masood
- Labour MarketOutcomes of Immigrant Women who Arrive as Dependants of
Economic ImmigrantPrincipal Applicants
| Date: | 2017-02-27 |
| By: | Bonikowska, Aneta ; Hou,Feng |
| Programs in the economic stream of immigration selectimmigrants for
their perceived ability tointegrate into the Canadian labour market. However,
it is mainly the principalapplicants, mostlymen, who are assessed. They in turn
bring with them spouses and dependentchildren. This studyexamines the
characteristics and labour market outcomes of women who arrived asspouses
ofeconomic immigrant principal applicants. Their characteristics and outcomes
arecompared withthose of other economic immigrants (male and female principal
applicants andmale spouses) andwith married women who arrived in the family
class. This study is based on datafrom the linked2011 National Household Survey
and the Immigrant Landing File database. Thefocus is on economicimmigrants who
arrived as skilled workers, provincial nominees, or in theCanadian
experienceclass. |
| Keywords: | Education, training and skills, Ethnicdiversity and
immigration, Immigrants and non-permanent residents, Labour marketand income |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp3e:2017390e&r=mig ;|
- Language andGender Roles among Immigrants to the US: A
HistoricalPerspective
| Date: | 2016 |
| By: | Gay, Victor ; Hicks,Daniel L. ; Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania |
| Our paper investigates whether historical trends in thelabor market
participation of immigrantwomen in the U.S. can be explained in part by
variation in the grammaticalstructure of theirlanguage spoken. Using
individual-level census data on the labor market behaviorof firstgeneration
immigrants to the U.S. from 1910 to the present, we show that thepresence or
absenceof grammatical gender in the linguistic structure of a language spoken
by animmigrant influencessex-specific behaviors. The originality of our
approach is to consider languageas a repositoryfor accumulated ancestral
culture in an epidemiological framework. Becausefemale labor forceparticipation
has greatly increased, institutions have transformed, andmotivations
andcompositions of immigrant flows have changed, studying a long time
horizonallows us to moreclearly isolate the role of linguistic structure as a
culturalinstitution. |
| Keywords: | Culture, Immigrants,Female labor participation, Language
structure, Grammar |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J61 N32 Z13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77565&r=mig ;|
- How ImmigrantsHelped EU Labor Markets to Adjust during the GreatRecession
| Date: | 2017 |
| By: | Kahanec, Martin ; Guzi,Martin |
| The economic literature starting with Borjas (2001) suggeststhat
immigrants are more flexiblethan natives in responding to changing sectoral,
occupational, and spatialshortages in the labormarket. In this paper, we study
the relative responsiveness to labor shortagesby immigrants fromvarious
origins, skills and tenure in the country vis-à-vis the natives, andhow it
varied overthe business cycle during the Great Recession. We show that
immigrants ingeneral have respondedto changing labor shortages across EU member
states, occupations and sectorsmore fluidly thannatives. This effect is
especially significant for low-skilled immigrants fromthe new memberstates or
with the medium number of years since immigration, as well as
withhigh-skilledimmigrants with relatively few (1-5) or many (11+) years since
migration. Therelativeresponsiveness of some immigrant groups declined during
the crisis years (thosefrom Europeoutside the EU or with eleven or more years
since migration), whereas othergroups of immigrantsbecame particularly fluid
during the Great Recession, such as those from newmember states. Ourresults
suggest immigrants may play an important role in labor adjustment duringtimes
ofasymmetric economic shocks, and support the case for well-designed
immigrationpolicy and freemovement of workers within the EU. The paper provides
new insights into thefunctioning of theEuropean Single Market and the roles
various immigrant groups play for itsstabilization throughlabor adjustment
during times of uneven economic development across sectors,occupations,
andcountries. |
| Keywords: | immigrant worker,labor supply,skilled migration,labor
shortage,wageregression,Great Recession |
| JEL: | J24 J61 J68 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:33&r=mig ;|
- The Role of Feesin Foreign Education: Evidence From Italy and the
UnitedKingdom
| Date: | 2017-03 |
| By: | Michel Beine ; MarcoDelogu ; Lionel Ragot |
| This working paper studies the determinants of internationalstudents’
mobility at the universitylevel, focusing specifically on the role of tuition
fees. We derive a gravitymodel based on aRandom Utility Maximization model of
location choice for international studentsin the presence ofcapacity
constraints of the hosting institutions. The last layer of the model
isestimated usingnew data on student migration flows at the university level
for Italy and theUnited Kingdom. Theparticular institutional setting of the two
destination countries allows us tocontrol for thepotential endogeneity of
tuition fees. We obtain evidence for a clear andnegative effect of feeson
international student mobility and confirm the positive impact of the qualityof
the education.The estimations also support the important role of
additionaldestination-specific variables suchas host capacity, the expected
return of education and the cost of living in thevicinity of theuniversity. |
| Keywords: | Foreign Students;Tuition Fees;LocationChoice;University
Quality |
| JEL: | F22 H52 I23 O15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepidt:2017-04&r=mig ;|
- Mobility of HighlySkilled Retirees from Japan to the Republic of Korea
andTaiwan
| Date: | 2017-02 |
| By: | Byeongwoo KANG (Institute of Innovation Research,
HitotsubashiUniversity) ; Yukihito Sato (Inter-disciplinary Studies Center,
Institute ofDeveloping Economies (IDE-JETRO)) ; YasushiUEKI (Economic Research
Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Attracting highly skilled workers is a major element in theeconomic
development of manycountries, especially developing ones. However, workers
generally move fromdeveloping countriesto developed ones. Historical evidence
indicates that Korean and Taiwanese firmsscout for highlyskilled (retired or
soon-to-retire) Japanese workers to accrue, and catch up
on,knowledge.Therefore, this paper investigates how these firms scout for
highly skilledJapanese workers.Aiming to produce evidence rather than testing
hypotheses, this paper givespractical informationon firms in developing
countries in attracting highly skilled workers to drivefuture growth.
Inaddition, this paper provides insights into the international mobility of
highlyskilled workersfrom a developed country to developing countries, which
has not been examined inthe previousliterature. |
| Keywords: | Highly skilled, Mobility, Japan, Republic ofKorea,
Taiwan |
| JEL: | F22 J61 O15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2016-31&r=mig ;|
- Migration as aWindow into the Coevolution between Language andBehavior
| Date: | 2016 |
| By: | Gay, Victor ; Hicks,Daniel L. ; Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania |
| Understanding the causes and consequences of languageevolution in
relation to social factors ischallenging as we generally lack a clear picture
of how languages coevolve withhistorical socialprocesses. Research analyzing
the relation between language and socio-economicfactors relies
oncontemporaneous data. Because of this, such analysis may be plagued by
spuriouscorrelationconcerns coming from the historical co-evolution and
dependency of therelationship betweenlanguage and behavior to the institutional
environment. To solve this problem,we proposemigrations to the same country as
a microevolutionary step that may uncoverconstraints onbehavior. We detail
strategies available to other researchers by applying
theepidemiologicalapproach to study the correlation between sex-based gender
distinctions andfemale labor forceparticipation. Our main finding is that
language must have evolved partly as aresult of culturalchange, but also that
it may have directly constrained the evolution of norms.We conclude
bydiscussing implications for the coevolution of language and behavior, and
bycomparing differentmethodological approaches. |
| Keywords: | Culture, Immigrants,Female labor participation, Language
structure, Grammar |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J61 Z13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77566&r=mig ;|
- Determinants ofMigration in Pakistan
| Date: | 2015-07-01 |
| By: | Anjum Aqeel ; AnjumAqeel |
| With an average population growth of more than 2.5 percentfor decades,
Pakistan is a laboursurplus country. Therefore, like many developing countries,
export of labour isone of itsdevelopment strategies. It is one of the top 10
major emigration countries inthe World. Export oflabour reduces unemployment;
increases wages and the remittances sent homeimprove the balance ofpayments and
reduce poverty. However, much has been studied about remittances inthe
developingcountries, their determinants and consequences because of their
fiscalexpediency and availabilityof data; little is known about determinants of
international migration itselfbecause of lack ofdata. The development of
international data on migration during the last decadehas led to anumber of
studies relating to either one-destination country like the US or fora few
destinationOECD countries. Moreover, these studies pool migrants from the
developed anddeveloping countriestogether. However, in Pakistan’s context
studying only the determinants ofmigration in the OECDcountries would be only a
part of the story because majority of 60 percent ofPakistanis go to theMiddle
East countries. There is a huge difference in the structure and thequality of
migrants inthese two regions. The migrants to the Middle East/Gulf countries
are mainlyskilled or unskilledconstruction workers working on short contract
periods, in response to thedemand in these areasdue to huge infrastructural
development. In contrast, the migrants towards OECDcountries aremainly educated
people who go to these countries to get higher returns usuallyon permanent
basis.These migrants are also selected by the immigration policies in the
OECDcountries, which prefereducated workers who could contribute in their
economies. While workers in thenon-OECD countriesare comparatively from lower
income groups who go without their families, themigrants to the OECDcountries
go with their families. Gulf countries are near and less costly totravel to and
theyhave similar culture. The number and types of emigrants varies
acrossdestinations, reflectingdifferences in both their attractiveness and
openness to international migrants.Given the broaddiversity of migration
patterns in Pakistan both with regard to thecharacteristics of migrantsand of
the countries of their destination, it would be interesting to identifythe
determinants ofmigration and to extend the literature on developing countries.
The literatureon internationalmigration from developing countries is very
limited. Some of these studies lookat the supply sidedeterminant of migration
and find that low income, population pressure onresources and increasein the
cohort of young potential migrants -‘demographic supply sidepressure’ are the
main drivingforce of migration in less developed countries Hatton and
Williamson (2001,2011). Other studies(for example Mayda, 2010) which are mostly
from OECD host countries’perspectives consider thedemand side determinants and
use some exogenous measures of immigration policiesof the hostcountries which
are subjective in nature. However, these studies overlook
thedemographiccharacteristics of host countries that could be significant
determinants of themigration processand are important in the making of the
immigration policies in the hostcountries. The mainemphasis of this study is to
look on the impact of previous migrant stock onpotential emigrationrate from
Pakistan. It is now well documented in the literature that family andfriends
reduce thecost of potential migrants in several ways, like by providing them
cost oftravel, food andshelter and information about jobs and opportunities in
destination countries,.A few studies alsorelate to the influence of the
previous stock of migrants on the immigrationpolicies of thedestination
countries, which encourage families and friends to migrate. Giventhe poverty
levelsin Pakistan, the role of previous stock of migrants is important in
determiningthe propensity tomigrate of future emigrants. Therefore, it is
useful to study the determinantsof migration fromPakistan. We also explore
whether these networks have different impacts in bothOECD and non-OECDregions,
which have diverse demographic, socio-political and economic featuresthat
affect thedemand for, labour both in numbers and in their skill levels. A
modified gravitymodel is used tostudy the emigration rate from Pakistan to 175
countries for the period1980-2000 obtained fromthe global database of the
Development Research Centre on Migration,Globalisation and Poverty(Migration
DRC). We explain the emigration rate (supply of migrants) fromPakistan by the
income,population density, dependency rate and tertiary rate of education in
the hostcountries (demandside determinants). Moreover to focus on the network
effect on future migration,a lagged migrantstock variable has been used. The
results of this study are consistent with thetheory, whichconsiders migration
as a human capital investment, and imply that migration ismore likely to
gethigher income. The coefficient on the income in the host country is positive
andhighlysignificant in all the specifications of regression models and thus an
importantdeterminant ofmigration from Pakistan. The results also support the
view of the network theoryof migration, theimpact of lagged migrant stock on
future emigration rate is positive and highlysignificant andthese effects are
positive in both OECD and the Middle East countries. Thusnetworks of family
andfriends previously migrated have a strong positive impact on current
emigrationrate. In addition,the coefficient on distance, which indicates the
cost of migration, is negativein all regressionsand significant. However,
distance loses significance when lagged migrationstock is included inthe
specifications, implying that these networks reduce the cost of migration.The
findings ofthis study also indicate that high population density is a deterrent
and anincrease in the rateof tertiary education in the host country discourages
emigrants. This study alsofinds mixedeffects of traditional gravity variables
on emigration rate like many earlierstudies onmigration. For example, the
coefficient on common language is positive andsignificant as expectedbut the
signs on the coefficients on Commonwealth and neighbouring country aremostly
notaccording to the expectations. When Commonwealth countries are lumped
together,their effect onemigration rate turned out to be unexpectedly negative.
This may be due to thediverse nature ofthese countries as Commonwealth
countries include both OECD and non-OECDcountries. When a dummyvariable is used
for the UK, the effect turned out to be positive andsignificant as
expected.This implies that migrants find UK more attractive than other
Commonwealthcountries. Similarly,the effect of China as a neighbouring country
is not positive as is expectedthat it is lesscostly to travel to neighbouring
countries. There are several other types ofcosts of mobilityapart from distance
in kilometres, like the type of border terrain and thepolicies of
theneighbouring countries. |
| Keywords: | Pakistan, Developing countries, Labor marketissues |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8588&r=mig ;|
- Can InternationalMigration Accelerate Development? A Global Dynamic
General EquilibriumAnalysis
| Date: | 2015-07-01 |
| By: | Dirk Willenbockel ; S. Amer Ahmed - The World Bank ; Delfin S.
Go - The World Bank (Emeritus) |
| Policies to facilitate international migration and targetsfor
reductions in remittance costsfaced by migrant workers are set to be part of
the emerging post-2015development agenda. This isa recognition of significant
linkages between international migration and theachievement of thepost-2015
development goals, and is a response to the fact that total remittanceflows
todeveloping countries are already a multiple of international
developmentassistance flows. Globaldemographic shifts over the coming decades
are bound to magnify the economicincentives forSouth-North migration and
reinforce the economic case for a reduction ofexisting barriers tointernational
labor mobility. The domestic labor supply has already peaked
inhigh-incomecountries as a whole. It is set to decline steadily over coming
decades whilehundreds of millionsof new workers are projected to enter the
labor force by 2030 in developingcountries as a group.Moreover, given the
considerable variety in demographic dynamics and laborproductivity levelsacross
developing regions, there is potentially also considerable scope formutual
gains fromfurther South-South migration. Correspondingly, forward-looking
assessments ofthe prospectiveeconomic impacts of future changes in policies
toward cross-border migrationflows deserve a highpriority on the global
development research agenda. Aims This study adopts aglobal dynamiccomputable
general equilibrium simulation approach to provide a
regionallydifferentiatedquantitative assessment of the incremental economic
benefits resulting from amarginal relaxationof existing restrictions on
international migration flows. The simulationanalysis will alsoassess the
welfare impacts of a gradual reduction in remittance transactioncosts to the
targetlevels envisaged in the current draft proposal for the post-2015
sustainabledevelopment goals.This latter simulation scenario will take account
of recent empirical estimatesof the elasticityof remittances with respect to
remittance costs reviewed in McKenzie and Yang(2014). The existingprevious
global CGE-model-based studies of gains from further internationallabor
migration (e.g.Walmsley and Winters, 2005; World Bank, 2006; Walmsley et al.,
2007) focuspredominantly onSouth-North migration impacts. However, in terms of
absolute headcount figures,the presentobserved extent of South-South migration
is nearly as large as that ofSouth-North migration(UNESA, 2012; Ratha and Shaw,
2007; Bakewell, 2009). Heterogeneity indemographic trends, as wellas wage
differentials across regions within the “Global South,” suggestsnon-trivial
potentialgains from further South-South migration. Thus, the present study
includes aquantification of thepotential gains from an incremental increase in
South-South migration flows,starting fromobserved South-South migration
patterns. The analytical framework is a modifiedversion of therecursive dynamic
global CGE model LINKAGE. An earlier version of this model hasbeen used in
anassessment of potential gains from further international migration reported
inthe World BankGlobal Economic Prospects Report 2006. The new extended version
of the modelwill be calibrated tothe recent GMig2 extension of the GTAP 8.1
database, which contains the latestavailablemodel-consistent estimates of
bilateral migration stocks, labor earnings andremittance flows atGTAP 8.1
regional aggregation level as described in Walmsley et al (2013).
Theconstruction of adynamic baseline up to 2030 under the assumption of no
changes in the stance ofinternationalmigration policies will be based on the
latest World Bank global economicprojections includingUNDESA population and
labour force growth projections. As the latter alreadycontain assumptionsabout
the evolution of migration flows over the simulation horizon, it isimportant to
back outthese assumptions at the dynamic model calibration stage to arrive at
amethodologically cleanseparation of changes in migration implicitly built into
the baseline andchanges in migration dueto deviations from the baseline
migration policy path. Attention to thisimportant detail appearsto have been
neglected in respective previous modelling work. The existing CGEstudies
captureremittance effects and direct wage effects on origin countries, but
largelyignore other sendingcountry impact channels identified in the
literature. These channels include inparticularpotential productivity impacts
associated with return migration and potentialbrain gain effectsarising from
incentives to invest in human capital formation in the presence ofexpected
futuremigration opportunities. As Kerr and Kerr (2011) emphasize, proper
accountingfor return migrationis essential for determining the economic impacts
for both origin and hostcountries, given theavailable evidence on the extent of
return migration from the main host regionsand existingempirical estimates of
possible associated benefits for the home country (e.g.Mayr and Peri,2008;
Dustmann and Weiss, 2007, De Vreyer, Gubert and Robilliard, 2010). Withrespect
to braingain effects, recent econometric evidence seems to point to a
“robust,positive and sizeableeffect of skilled migration prospects on human
capital formation in developingcountries” (Beine,Docquier and Rapoport, 2010;
see Docquier and Rapoport, 2012 forqualifications). The presentstudy aims to
incorporate these additional impact channels in a stylized form.In each case,
thecalibration of the respective new model parameters that govern the size
ordersof these effectswill be based on a review of the pertinent recent
empirical literature, so thatthe model-basedsimulation results can credibly
inform ongoing controversial debates about therelative importanceof these
impact channels. Back-of-the-envelope calculations as well as
previousmodel-basedsimulation studies suggest that the potential net benefits
from reducingbarriers to internationallabor mobility are large. As Clemens
(2011) has put it, “(r)esearch on thisquestion has beendistinguished by its
rarity and obscurity, but the few estimates we have shouldmake economists’jaws
hit their desks”., as these benefits “may be much larger than thoseavailable
through anyother shift in a single class of global economic policy”. We do not
expectthat our new results -which will be based on more recent and better data
and incorporates a widerrange of impactchannels – will overturn this broad
conclusion. However, the attention tofactors that couldqualify the development
impact of migration, such as the cost of remittances,will help marry
theliterature on the overall gains of migration to specificinterventions. |
| Keywords: | Global, Developing countries, Generalequilibrium
modeling |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8503&r=mig ;|
- GlobalizationPolicies and Israel’s Brain Drain
| Date: | 2017-03 |
| By: | Assaf Razin |
| The paper links Israel’s brain drain to skill-basedimmigration
policies, prevailing in theadvanced economies. |
| JEL: | F22 H1 J11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23251&r=mig ;|
- Fortunado’s,Desperado’s and Clandestino’s in Diaspora Labour Markets: The
Circular 'HomoMobilis'
| Date: | 2017 |
| By: | Kourtit, Karima ; Nijkamp,Peter ; Gheasi, Masood |
| Demographic patterns in our world (e.g., aging processes,birth and
death rates) are increasinglyinfluenced by migration movements. A rising number
of people is ‘on themove’, in search of abetter fortune elsewhere. It is
noteworthy that nowadays many migrationmovements do not showanymore stable
patterns, but reflect a high degree of dynamics, for instance, inthe form
ofreturn migration, circular and temporary migration, or chain migration. There
isalso a greatheterogeneity in the motivations of many migrants that may have
significantimpacts on themigration choice, the destination place, the migrant’s
status, and theduration of stay.Consequently, return migration, temporary
migration and circular migration havein recent yearsbecome important research
and policy issues. This note offers a short review ofthe dilemma’s
andassessment issues inherent in the effects of non-structural or
temporarymigrants (so-called‘movers’) on host economies. Particular attention
will be paid to circularmigration policy inEurope as a vehicle to both mitigate
temporary tensions on regional labormarkets of hosteconomics and to provide a
solid base for sustainable growth in the sendingcountries. Variousresearch and
policy challenges are outlined as well. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:39&r=mig ;|
This nep-mig issue comes without anyexpress or implied warranty. You may
contact the editor by reply to thismail. General information on the NEP project
can be found at http://nep.repec.org. For comments please writeto the director ;
of NEP, Marco Novarese at < director @ nep pointrepec point org >.Use
http://lists.repec.org/mailman/options/nep-migto sign ;
off._______________________________________________
nep-mig mailing list
nep-mig@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
http://lists.repec.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nep-mig
_______________________________________________
nep-mig mailing list
nep-mig@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
http://lists.repec.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/nep-mignep-mig New Economics Papers on Economics of Human Migration
ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
Issue of 2017â03â26 â
ten papers chosen by â
Yuji Tamura (La Trobe â
University) â
â
â
http://ep.repec.org/pta90 â
âââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
1. Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrant Women who Arrive as Dependants of
Economic Immigrant Principal Applicants
Bonikowska, Aneta; Hou, Feng
2. Language and Gender Roles among Immigrants to the US: A Historical
Perspective
Gay, Victor; Hicks, Daniel L.; Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania
3. How Immigrants Helped EU Labor Markets to Adjust during the Great Recession
Kahanec, Martin; Guzi, Martin
4. The Role of Fees in Foreign Education: Evidence From Italy and the United
Kingdom
Michel Beine; Marco Delogu; Lionel Ragot
5. Mobility of Highly Skilled Retirees from Japan to the Republic of Korea
and Taiwan
Byeongwoo KANG; Yukihito Sato; Yasushi UEKI
6. Migration as a Window into the Coevolution between Language and Behavior
Gay, Victor; Hicks, Daniel L.; Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania
7. Determinants of Migration in Pakistan
Anjum Aqeel; Anjum Aqeel
8. Can International Migration Accelerate Development? A Global Dynamic
General Equilibrium Analysis
Dirk Willenbockel; S. Amer Ahmed - The World Bank; Delfin S. Go - The
World Bank (Emeritus)
9. Globalization Policies and Israelâs Brain Drain
Assaf Razin
10. Fortunadoâs, Desperadoâs and Clandestinoâs in Diaspora Labour
Markets: The
Circular 'Homo Mobilis'
Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter; Gheasi, Masood
ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
1. Labour Market Outcomes of Immigrant Women who Arrive as Dependants of
Economic Immigrant Principal Applicants
Bonikowska, Aneta
Hou, Feng
Programs in the economic stream of immigration select immigrants for their
perceived ability to integrate into the Canadian labour market. However, it
is mainly the principal applicants, mostly men, who are assessed. They in
turn bring with them spouses and dependent children. This study examines the
characteristics and labour market outcomes of women who arrived as spouses of
economic immigrant principal applicants. Their characteristics and outcomes
are compared with those of other economic immigrants (male and female
principal applicants and male spouses) and with married women who arrived in
the family class. This study is based on data from the linked 2011 National
Household Survey and the Immigrant Landing File database. The focus is on
economic immigrants who arrived as skilled workers, provincial nominees, or
in the Canadian experience class.
Keywords: Education, training and skills, Ethnic diversity and
immigration, Immigrants and non-permanent residents, Labour market and
income
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp3e:2017390e&r=mig
2. Language and Gender Roles among Immigrants to the US: A Historical
Perspective
Gay, Victor
Hicks, Daniel L.
Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania
Our paper investigates whether historical trends in the labor market
participation of immigrant women in the U.S. can be explained in part by
variation in the grammatical structure of their language spoken. Using
individual-level census data on the labor market behavior of first generation
immigrants to the U.S. from 1910 to the present, we show that the presence or
absence of grammatical gender in the linguistic structure of a language
spoken by an immigrant influences sex-specific behaviors. The originality of
our approach is to consider language as a repository for accumulated
ancestral culture in an epidemiological framework. Because female labor force
participation has greatly increased, institutions have transformed, and
motivations and compositions of immigrant flows have changed, studying a long
time horizon allows us to more clearly isolate the role of linguistic
structure as a cultural institution.
Keywords: Culture, Immigrants, Female labor participation, Language
structure, Grammar
JEL: J16 J22 J61 N32 Z13
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77565&r=mig
3. How Immigrants Helped EU Labor Markets to Adjust during the Great Recession
Kahanec, Martin
Guzi, Martin
The economic literature starting with Borjas (2001) suggests that immigrants
are more flexible than natives in responding to changing sectoral,
occupational, and spatial shortages in the labor market. In this paper, we
study the relative responsiveness to labor shortages by immigrants from
various origins, skills and tenure in the country vis-Ã -vis the natives, and
how it varied over the business cycle during the Great Recession. We show
that immigrants in general have responded to changing labor shortages across
EU member states, occupations and sectors more fluidly than natives. This
effect is especially significant for low-skilled immigrants from the new
member states or with the medium number of years since immigration, as well
as with high-skilled immigrants with relatively few (1-5) or many (11+) years
since migration. The relative responsiveness of some immigrant groups
declined during the crisis years (those from Europe outside the EU or with
eleven or more years since migration), whereas other groups of immigrants
became particularly fluid during the Great Recession, such as those from new
member states. Our results suggest immigrants may play an important role in
labor adjustment during times of asymmetric economic shocks, and support the
case for well-designed immigration policy and free movement of workers within
the EU. The paper provides new insights into the functioning of the European
Single Market and the roles various immigrant groups play for its
stabilization through labor adjustment during times of uneven economic
development across sectors, occupations, and countries.
Keywords: immigrant worker,labor supply,skilled migration,labor
shortage,wage regression,Great Recession
JEL: J24 J61 J68
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:33&r=mig
4. The Role of Fees in Foreign Education: Evidence From Italy and the United
Kingdom
Michel Beine
Marco Delogu
Lionel Ragot
This working paper studies the determinants of international studentsâ
mobility at the university level, focusing specifically on the role of
tuition fees. We derive a gravity model based on a Random Utility
Maximization model of location choice for international students in the
presence of capacity constraints of the hosting institutions. The last layer
of the model is estimated using new data on student migration flows at the
university level for Italy and the United Kingdom. The particular
institutional setting of the two destination countries allows us to control
for the potential endogeneity of tuition fees. We obtain evidence for a clear
and negative effect of fees on international student mobility and confirm the
positive impact of the quality of the education. The estimations also support
the important role of additional destination-specific variables such as host
capacity, the expected return of education and the cost of living in the
vicinity of the university.
Keywords: Foreign Students;Tuition Fees;Location Choice;University Quality
JEL: F22 H52 I23 O15
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepidt:2017-04&r=mig
5. Mobility of Highly Skilled Retirees from Japan to the Republic of Korea
and Taiwan
Byeongwoo KANG (Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University)
Yukihito Sato (Inter-disciplinary Studies Center, Institute of Developing
Economies (IDE-JETRO))
Yasushi UEKI (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA))
Attracting highly skilled workers is a major element in the economic
development of many countries, especially developing ones. However, workers
generally move from developing countries to developed ones. Historical
evidence indicates that Korean and Taiwanese firms scout for highly skilled
(retired or soon-to-retire) Japanese workers to accrue, and catch up on,
knowledge. Therefore, this paper investigates how these firms scout for
highly skilled Japanese workers. Aiming to produce evidence rather than
testing hypotheses, this paper gives practical information on firms in
developing countries in attracting highly skilled workers to drive future
growth. In addition, this paper provides insights into the international
mobility of highly skilled workers from a developed country to developing
countries, which has not been examined in the previous literature.
Keywords: Highly skilled, Mobility, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan
JEL: F22 J61 O15
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2016-31&r=mig
6. Migration as a Window into the Coevolution between Language and Behavior
Gay, Victor
Hicks, Daniel L.
Santacreu-Vasut, Estefania
Understanding the causes and consequences of language evolution in relation
to social factors is challenging as we generally lack a clear picture of how
languages coevolve with historical social processes. Research analyzing the
relation between language and socio-economic factors relies on
contemporaneous data. Because of this, such analysis may be plagued by
spurious correlation concerns coming from the historical co-evolution and
dependency of the relationship between language and behavior to the
institutional environment. To solve this problem, we propose migrations to
the same country as a microevolutionary step that may uncover constraints on
behavior. We detail strategies available to other researchers by applying the
epidemiological approach to study the correlation between sex-based gender
distinctions and female labor force participation. Our main finding is that
language must have evolved partly as a result of cultural change, but also
that it may have directly constrained the evolution of norms. We conclude by
discussing implications for the coevolution of language and behavior, and by
comparing different methodological approaches.
Keywords: Culture, Immigrants, Female labor participation, Language
structure, Grammar
JEL: J16 J22 J61 Z13
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77566&r=mig
7. Determinants of Migration in Pakistan
Anjum Aqeel
Anjum Aqeel
With an average population growth of more than 2.5 percent for decades,
Pakistan is a labour surplus country. Therefore, like many developing
countries, export of labour is one of its development strategies. It is one
of the top 10 major emigration countries in the World. Export of labour
reduces unemployment; increases wages and the remittances sent home improve
the balance of payments and reduce poverty. However, much has been studied
about remittances in the developing countries, their determinants and
consequences because of their fiscal expediency and availability of data;
little is known about determinants of international migration itself because
of lack of data. The development of international data on migration during
the last decade has led to a number of studies relating to either
one-destination country like the US or for a few destination OECD countries.
Moreover, these studies pool migrants from the developed and developing
countries together. However, in Pakistanâs context studying only the
determinants of migration in the OECD countries would be only a part of the
story because majority of 60 percent of Pakistanis go to the Middle East
countries. There is a huge difference in the structure and the quality of
migrants in these two regions. The migrants to the Middle East/Gulf countries
are mainly skilled or unskilled construction workers working on short
contract periods, in response to the demand in these areas due to huge
infrastructural development. In contrast, the migrants towards OECD countries
are mainly educated people who go to these countries to get higher returns
usually on permanent basis. These migrants are also selected by the
immigration policies in the OECD countries, which prefer educated workers who
could contribute in their economies. While workers in the non-OECD countries
are comparatively from lower income groups who go without their families, the
migrants to the OECD countries go with their families. Gulf countries are
near and less costly to travel to and they have similar culture. The number
and types of emigrants varies across destinations, reflecting differences in
both their attractiveness and openness to international migrants. Given the
broad diversity of migration patterns in Pakistan both with regard to the
characteristics of migrants and of the countries of their destination, it
would be interesting to identify the determinants of migration and to extend
the literature on developing countries. The literature on international
migration from developing countries is very limited. Some of these studies
look at the supply side determinant of migration and find that low income,
population pressure on resources and increase in the cohort of young
potential migrants -âdemographic supply side pressureâ are the main
driving
force of migration in less developed countries Hatton and Williamson (2001,
2011). Other studies (for example Mayda, 2010) which are mostly from OECD
host countriesâ perspectives consider the demand side determinants and use
some exogenous measures of immigration policies of the host countries which
are subjective in nature. However, these studies overlook the demographic
characteristics of host countries that could be significant determinants of
the migration process and are important in the making of the immigration
policies in the host countries. The main emphasis of this study is to look on
the impact of previous migrant stock on potential emigration rate from
Pakistan. It is now well documented in the literature that family and friends
reduce the cost of potential migrants in several ways, like by providing them
cost of travel, food and shelter and information about jobs and opportunities
in destination countries,. A few studies also relate to the influence of the
previous stock of migrants on the immigration policies of the destination
countries, which encourage families and friends to migrate. Given the poverty
levels in Pakistan, the role of previous stock of migrants is important in
determining the propensity to migrate of future emigrants. Therefore, it is
useful to study the determinants of migration from Pakistan. We also explore
whether these networks have different impacts in both OECD and non-OECD
regions, which have diverse demographic, socio-political and economic
features that affect the demand for, labour both in numbers and in their
skill levels. A modified gravity model is used to study the emigration rate
from Pakistan to 175 countries for the period 1980-2000 obtained from the
global database of the Development Research Centre on Migration,
Globalisation and Poverty (Migration DRC). We explain the emigration rate
(supply of migrants) from Pakistan by the income, population density,
dependency rate and tertiary rate of education in the host countries (demand
side determinants). Moreover to focus on the network effect on future
migration, a lagged migrant stock variable has been used. The results of this
study are consistent with the theory, which considers migration as a human
capital investment, and imply that migration is more likely to get higher
income. The coefficient on the income in the host country is positive and
highly significant in all the specifications of regression models and thus an
important determinant of migration from Pakistan. The results also support
the view of the network theory of migration, the impact of lagged migrant
stock on future emigration rate is positive and highly significant and these
effects are positive in both OECD and the Middle East countries. Thus
networks of family and friends previously migrated have a strong positive
impact on current emigration rate. In addition, the coefficient on distance,
which indicates the cost of migration, is negative in all regressions and
significant. However, distance loses significance when lagged migration stock
is included in the specifications, implying that these networks reduce the
cost of migration. The findings of this study also indicate that high
population density is a deterrent and an increase in the rate of tertiary
education in the host country discourages emigrants. This study also finds
mixed effects of traditional gravity variables on emigration rate like many
earlier studies on migration. For example, the coefficient on common language
is positive and significant as expected but the signs on the coefficients on
Commonwealth and neighbouring country are mostly not according to the
expectations. When Commonwealth countries are lumped together, their effect
on emigration rate turned out to be unexpectedly negative. This may be due to
the diverse nature of these countries as Commonwealth countries include both
OECD and non-OECD countries. When a dummy variable is used for the UK, the
effect turned out to be positive and significant as expected. This implies
that migrants find UK more attractive than other Commonwealth countries.
Similarly, the effect of China as a neighbouring country is not positive as
is expected that it is less costly to travel to neighbouring countries. There
are several other types of costs of mobility apart from distance in
kilometres, like the type of border terrain and the policies of the
neighbouring countries.
Keywords: Pakistan, Developing countries, Labor market issues
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8588&r=mig
8. Can International Migration Accelerate Development? A Global Dynamic
General Equilibrium Analysis
Dirk Willenbockel
S. Amer Ahmed - The World Bank
Delfin S. Go - The World Bank (Emeritus)
Policies to facilitate international migration and targets for reductions in
remittance costs faced by migrant workers are set to be part of the emerging
post-2015 development agenda. This is a recognition of significant linkages
between international migration and the achievement of the post-2015
development goals, and is a response to the fact that total remittance flows
to developing countries are already a multiple of international development
assistance flows. Global demographic shifts over the coming decades are bound
to magnify the economic incentives for South-North migration and reinforce
the economic case for a reduction of existing barriers to international labor
mobility. The domestic labor supply has already peaked in high-income
countries as a whole. It is set to decline steadily over coming decades while
hundreds of millions of new workers are projected to enter the labor force by
2030 in developing countries as a group. Moreover, given the considerable
variety in demographic dynamics and labor productivity levels across
developing regions, there is potentially also considerable scope for mutual
gains from further South-South migration. Correspondingly, forward-looking
assessments of the prospective economic impacts of future changes in policies
toward cross-border migration flows deserve a high priority on the global
development research agenda. Aims This study adopts a global dynamic
computable general equilibrium simulation approach to provide a regionally
differentiated quantitative assessment of the incremental economic benefits
resulting from a marginal relaxation of existing restrictions on
international migration flows. The simulation analysis will also assess the
welfare impacts of a gradual reduction in remittance transaction costs to the
target levels envisaged in the current draft proposal for the post-2015
sustainable development goals. This latter simulation scenario will take
account of recent empirical estimates of the elasticity of remittances with
respect to remittance costs reviewed in McKenzie and Yang (2014). The
existing previous global CGE-model-based studies of gains from further
international labor migration (e.g. Walmsley and Winters, 2005; World Bank,
2006; Walmsley et al., 2007) focus predominantly on South-North migration
impacts. However, in terms of absolute headcount figures, the present
observed extent of South-South migration is nearly as large as that of
South-North migration (UNESA, 2012; Ratha and Shaw, 2007; Bakewell, 2009).
Heterogeneity in demographic trends, as well as wage differentials across
regions within the âGlobal South,â suggests non-trivial potential gains
from
further South-South migration. Thus, the present study includes a
quantification of the potential gains from an incremental increase in
South-South migration flows, starting from observed South-South migration
patterns. The analytical framework is a modified version of the recursive
dynamic global CGE model LINKAGE. An earlier version of this model has been
used in an assessment of potential gains from further international migration
reported in the World Bank Global Economic Prospects Report 2006. The new
extended version of the model will be calibrated to the recent GMig2
extension of the GTAP 8.1 database, which contains the latest available
model-consistent estimates of bilateral migration stocks, labor earnings and
remittance flows at GTAP 8.1 regional aggregation level as described in
Walmsley et al (2013). The construction of a dynamic baseline up to 2030
under the assumption of no changes in the stance of international migration
policies will be based on the latest World Bank global economic projections
including UNDESA population and labour force growth projections. As the
latter already contain assumptions about the evolution of migration flows
over the simulation horizon, it is important to back out these assumptions at
the dynamic model calibration stage to arrive at a methodologically clean
separation of changes in migration implicitly built into the baseline and
changes in migration due to deviations from the baseline migration policy
path. Attention to this important detail appears to have been neglected in
respective previous modelling work. The existing CGE studies capture
remittance effects and direct wage effects on origin countries, but largely
ignore other sending country impact channels identified in the literature.
These channels include in particular potential productivity impacts
associated with return migration and potential brain gain effects arising
from incentives to invest in human capital formation in the presence of
expected future migration opportunities. As Kerr and Kerr (2011) emphasize,
proper accounting for return migration is essential for determining the
economic impacts for both origin and host countries, given the available
evidence on the extent of return migration from the main host regions and
existing empirical estimates of possible associated benefits for the home
country (e.g. Mayr and Peri, 2008; Dustmann and Weiss, 2007, De Vreyer,
Gubert and Robilliard, 2010). With respect to brain gain effects, recent
econometric evidence seems to point to a ârobust, positive and sizeable
effect of skilled migration prospects on human capital formation in
developing countriesâ (Beine, Docquier and Rapoport, 2010; see Docquier and
Rapoport, 2012 for qualifications). The present study aims to incorporate
these additional impact channels in a stylized form. In each case, the
calibration of the respective new model parameters that govern the size
orders of these effects will be based on a review of the pertinent recent
empirical literature, so that the model-based simulation results can credibly
inform ongoing controversial debates about the relative importance of these
impact channels. Back-of-the-envelope calculations as well as previous
model-based simulation studies suggest that the potential net benefits from
reducing barriers to international labor mobility are large. As Clemens
(2011) has put it, â(r)esearch on this question has been distinguished by
its
rarity and obscurity, but the few estimates we have should make economistsâ
jaws hit their desksâ., as these benefits âmay be much larger than those
available through any other shift in a single class of global economic
policyâ. We do not expect that our new results - which will be based on more
recent and better data and incorporates a wider range of impact channels â
will overturn this broad conclusion. However, the attention to factors that
could qualify the development impact of migration, such as the cost of
remittances, will help marry the literature on the overall gains of migration
to specific interventions.
Keywords: Global, Developing countries, General equilibrium modeling
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ekd:008007:8503&r=mig
9. Globalization Policies and Israelâs Brain Drain
Assaf Razin
The paper links Israelâs brain drain to skill-based immigration policies,
prevailing in the advanced economies.
JEL: F22 H1 J11
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23251&r=mig
10. Fortunadoâs, Desperadoâs and Clandestinoâs in Diaspora Labour
Markets: The
Circular 'Homo Mobilis'
Kourtit, Karima
Nijkamp, Peter
Gheasi, Masood
Demographic patterns in our world (e.g., aging processes, birth and death
rates) are increasingly influenced by migration movements. A rising number of
people is âon the moveâ, in search of a better fortune elsewhere. It is
noteworthy that nowadays many migration movements do not show anymore stable
patterns, but reflect a high degree of dynamics, for instance, in the form of
return migration, circular and temporary migration, or chain migration. There
is also a great heterogeneity in the motivations of many migrants that may
have significant impacts on the migration choice, the destination place, the
migrantâs status, and the duration of stay. Consequently, return migration,
temporary migration and circular migration have in recent years become
important research and policy issues. This note offers a short review of the
dilemmaâs and assessment issues inherent in the effects of non-structural or
temporary migrants (so-called âmoversâ) on host economies. Particular
attention will be paid to circular migration policy in Europe as a vehicle to
both mitigate temporary tensions on regional labor markets of host economics
and to provide a solid base for sustainable growth in the sending countries.
Various research and policy challenges are outlined as well.
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:39&r=mig
ââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
This nep-mig issue comes without any express or implied warranty. You may
contact the editor by reply to this mail.
General information on the NEP project can be found at http://nep.repec.org. ;
For comments please write to the director of NEP, Marco Novarese at < director
@ nep point repec point org >.
Use http://lists.repec.org/mailman/options/nep-mig to sign off.
