(Josh) ... actually, no. The game IS THE RESEMBLANCE. (And the resemblance isn't visual either, in case that is around the corner, although visual similarity can play a role in it). And so if the resemblance is remote or contrived or arbitrary, the play won't score a goal or be very good. Who decides on what is resemblance? It isn't an act of politics; its one of cognition and social learning. Again, I am lost as to the points you want to make. Is Turing the one who called the kitty a cow? The only way you could get "kitty" into cow under warrant of "mammal" is to have a culture of speakers who did not know much of mammals and who thought kitties to be the popular of the species. Imagine a group of Aliens who speak poor English. The two alien children see a cow and say "kitty," meaning, in essence, major-mammal. (I have a colleague who studies wolfs as endangered species. Because I know nothing of the matter, I frequently refer to his pet project as studying "that dog." This is the only thing that comes close to describing what I mean about the aliens above. For you to play the language game you want to play, certain conditions on the ground have to exist. You don't have them). Like I say, we could invent one not involving mammal as the entry port. Imagine a child calling a kitty a cow if it is incredibly obese. That's a goal in the language game. Without more, your example isn't a goal, it's a confusion. And as such, it isn't a counter example to anything anyone has said. Regards SW ========================================= Need Something? Check here: http://ludwig.squarespace.com/wittrslinks/