[smartdoctor] Re: politika cijepljenja /primjeri..
- From: "BARI" <bari.sita@xxxxxxxxxxx>
- To: <smartdoctor@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
- Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2014 15:15:19 +0100
Nema kaznenog progona zbog necijepljenja djece
http://novine.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Rubrike
<http://novine.novilist.hr/default.asp?WCI=Rubrike&WCU=2859285B2863285A28632
85A28582859285C286328962897289E286328962897289E289128922863285E2861285D285B2
85E285E2863286328632863H>
&WCU=2859285B2863285A2863285A28582859285C286328962897289E286328962897289E289
128922863285E2861285D285B285E285E2863286328632863H
Općinsko državno odvjetništvo u Osijeku jučer je javno obznanilo kako nema
elemenata kaznenog djela povrede djetetovih prava iz čl. 177. Kaznenog
zakona u slučaju roditelja Marka i Kristine Benić iz Belog Manastira, koji
su odbili cijepiti svoje dvoje djece, a o čemu je Državno odvjetništvo
izvijestila i policija. Neko od obveznih cjepiva prošle godine nije primilo
205 djece jer su to odbili njihovi roditelji, a iz Ministarstva zdravlja
potvrdili su da pokreću javnu raspravu o toj temi, što je prvi korak prema
eventualnom ukidanju ili modificiranju obveze cijepljenja.
From: BARI [mailto:bari.sita@xxxxxxxxxxx]
Sent: Sunday, February 02, 2014 7:56 PM
To: 'smartdoctor@xxxxxxxxxxxxx'
Subject: politika cijepljenja /primjeri..
Vaccination policy refers to the policy a government adopts in relation to
vaccination <http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Vaccination> . Vaccinations
are voluntary in some countries and mandatory in some countries.
- In the Republic of Ireland
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland> , vaccinations require
the consent of the parents.
- Latvia also appears unique in that it compels health care providers
to obtain the signatures of those who decline vaccination. Individuals have
the right to refuse a vaccination
- http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/should-vaccines-be-compulsory/
trebaju li cjepiva biti obavezna ?.. jer nisu obavezna u UK, "pokušaji da
uvjerimo ljude nisu uspjeli"
In the UK the scare that the MMR vaccine may be connected to autism (it
isn't) triggered by the bogus study by Andrew Wakefield resulted in a
precipitous drop in vaccination rates down to about 78% overall.
Sir Sandy Macara, a UK health expert, is quoted by the BBC
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8078500.stm> as saying:
"Our attempts to persuade people have failed.
-
http://genevalunch.com/2009/02/16/switzerland-to-consider-mandatory-measles-
shots-if-voluntary-coverage-not-up/
Switzerland to consider mandatory measles shots(razmatra da postane
obavezno,jer nije obavezno).. if voluntary coverage stays low.
Mandatory(obavezno) vaccinations are not the only solution, she says, and
she would prefer to see Switzerland achieve higher coverage without taking
that step.
- Finland
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstra
ctPlus&list_uids=19022194&tool=MedlinePlus> eradicated measles in 1996
without mandatory vaccinations(bez obaveznog cijepljenja),
- and Australia has just declared itself measles-free
<http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/02/11/2487452.htm> , without a
mandatory programme.
The "vaccine gap" is a term which has been used in Japan to indicate that
the current immunization program is behind compared to the programs in other
developed countries. The current national immunization program (NIP) which
was established under the Japanese Immunization Law includes only six
vaccines (eight targeted diseases), and the rest of available vaccines have
been categorized as voluntary vaccines,
Slovenia has one of the world's most aggressive and comprehensive
vaccination programs. Within the first three months of life, infants must be
vaccinated for tuberculosis, tetanus, polio, pertussis, and Haemophilus
influenza type B. Within 18 months, vaccines are required for measles, mumps
and rubella, and finally, before a child starts school, the child must be
vaccinated for hepatitis B.
http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000
280
Abstract
Certain theories suggest that it should be difficult or impossible to
eradicate a vaccine-preventable disease under voluntary vaccination: Herd
immunity implies that the individual incentive to vaccinate disappears at
high coverage levels. Historically, there have been examples of declining
coverage for vaccines, such as MMR vaccine and whole-cell pertussis vaccine,
that are consistent with this theory. On the other hand, smallpox was
globally eradicated by 1980 despite voluntary vaccination policies in many
jurisdictions.
However, most of these models predict that it should never be possible to
eradicate a disease under voluntary vaccination, due to nonvaccinating "free
riders" that emerge when vaccine coverage is high. This prediction
contradicts the fact that smallpox was eradicated under a voluntary
vaccination policy in many jurisdictions, and that other diseases such as
polio are likewise near eradication.
To date, smallpox is the only vaccine-preventable disease ever to have been
globally eradicated [15]
<http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.100
0280#pcbi.1000280-Fenner1> , although polio is closer to eradication than
ever before [16]
<http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.100
0280#pcbi.1000280-Global1> . The last foothold of smallpox was in low-income
countries, particularly in Africa and South Asia [17]
<http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.100
0280#pcbi.1000280-Brilliant1> . Jurisdictions in these countries often had
widely varying vaccination policies. For instance, vaccination was
compulsory in some Indian states, but voluntary in others [10]
<http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.100
0280#pcbi.1000280-Barrett1> .
If the foregoing theories are correct that diseases cannot generally be
eradicated under voluntary vaccination, how was smallpox globally eradicated
despite voluntary vaccination in some jurisdictions?
Facts about Mandatory Flu Vaccinations
To justify the rule requiring healthcare workers to get flu vaccinations,
state officials have argued that
voluntary programs do not work. But the facts show they do work, and work
better than mandatory
vaccination programs.
_ A fairly large proportion of Americans, healthcare workers included, have
concerns about the safety
of flu vaccines. Peer-reviewed studies have shown that educational programs
can reduce these
concerns and increase voluntary vaccination rates. One such program at the
University of Iowa
hospital system increased the voluntary acceptance rate to 84%.1,2,3,4,5
_ The voluntary Hepatitis B vaccination program includes annual
classroom-based educational
sessions conducted by knowledgeable speakers where employees can have their
questions
addressed. Acceptance rates of up to 75% have been achieved.6
_ It is not necessary for all workers to be vaccinated to achieve "herd
immunity" within a facility. It can
occur at rates of around 80% and as low as 70%.7
_ The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, the
nation's largest
organization of occupational medicine physicians, has issued a position
statement opposing
mandatory flu vaccinations. Such programs divert limited time, attention,
and resources away from
more effective strategies to improve infection control.8,9
_ Mandatory flu vaccination programs can have a negative impact on workplace
morale. A voluntary
program, on the other hand, can have a positive impact by focusing on
education and the
advantages of an employer-provided benefit.10
_ Mandatory flu vaccination programs have driven qualified nurses and other
healthcare workers
from their professions.10
_ Some of the most outspoken organizations promoting mandatory vaccination
programs solicit and
receive significant financial contributions from flu vaccine
manufacturers.11
1 Hospital Employee Health (2008), 27(9), 99-101.
2 MMWR (March 4, 2005) "Interventions to increase influenza vaccination of
healthcare workers - California and Minnesota,"
54(08), 196-199.
3 Bryant, K.A., Stover, B., Cain, L., Levine, G.L., Sigel, J., Jarvis, W.R.
(2004), "Improving influenza immunization rates among
healthcare workers caring for high-risk pediatric patients." Infection
Control and Hospital Epidemiology 25, 912-917.
4 National Foundation for Infectious Diseases: Immunizing Healthcare
Personnel Against Influenza: A Report on Best Practices
(2008). http://www.nfid.org/HCWtoolkit/report.html
5 Presentation by hospital epidemiologist at the University of Iowa
Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, September 17, 2009.
6 Mahoney, F.J., Stewart, K., Hu, H., Coleman, P., Alter, M.J. (1997).
"Progress toward the elimination of hepatitis B virus
transmission among healthcare workers in the United States." Archives of
Internal Medicine, 157: 2601-2605.
7 Yang, Y., (2009) "The transmissibility and control of pandemic influenza
AH1N1 virus," Science, Sept. 10, 2009
8 American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2006).
Position statement on seasonal influenza prevention
in health care workers. http://www.acoem.org/guidelines.aspx?id=730.
9 Finch, M. (2006) "Mandatory influenza vaccination for all health care
workers? Seven reasons to say 'no.'" Clinical Infectious
Diseases, 42, 1141-1143.
10 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (2009).
"Providing a safer environment for health care
personnel and patients through influenza vaccination." 15-16.
11 APIC's Partners in Prevention Program. www.apic.org, accessed Sept. 23,
2009
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