Hi Cheng, Recommend you to read: 1st: Wolfgang's http://www.centrexcc.com/Histograms%20-%20Myths%20and%20Facts.pdf 2nd: Alberto Dell'Era "Join over Histograms" paper : http://www.adellera.it/investigations/join_over_histograms/JoinOverHisto grams.pdf (covering much more complex cases) regards.