Hi Nelson and thank you.
Well, my calculus class is over.
I'll know how I did in a week or so.
I thank you again for all your help which was sometimes crucial.
As far as my last two questions go, here is one example of a problem that
relates to my 1st question.
Let me first explain my notation since writing in words would be extremely
extensive and confusing, and there is no standard one yet, but I guess my
invention works for me.
Oops! I use Braill Lite 40 for math that has 8-dot mode, and here on the
Windows box, it's gonna be tough. Reinventing the wheal again.
Well: try this
& ... the integral sign
_ ... indicating that the following should be underneath the sign it follows
~ ... sign above; opposite of the _
; -- the sub sign; opposite of ^ (to the power of)
-> ... right-arrow; approaching sign
I ... positive infinity
$ ... sigma; summation notation
For instance, the formula for the definition of the integral says:
&_a~b f(x) dx = lim_(n->I) $_(i=1)~n f(x;i) delta x.
and it's read as:
Integral from a to b of f of x dx equals the limit as n approaches infinity of
the summation from i equals 1 to n of f of x sub i times delta x.
That's enough for the integrals. So:
Evaluate:
&_0~3 (x^3 - 6x) dx.
delta x = (b-a)/n
= 3/n
x;0 = 0, x;1 = 3/n, x;2 = 6/n, ... x;i = (3i)/n.
&_0~3 (x^3 - 6x) dx
= lim_(n->I) $_(i=1)~n f[(3i)/n] 3/n
= lim_(n->I) 3/n$_(i=1)~n [(3i/n)^3 - 6(3i/n)]
= lim_(n->I) 3/n$_(i=1)~n [27/n^3 i^3 - 18/n i]
= lim_(n->I) [81/n^4 * $_(i=1)~n i^3 - 54/n^2 * $_(i=1)~n i]
= lim_(n->I) {81/n^4 * [n(n+1)/2]^2 - 54/n^2 * [n(n+1)/2]}
= lim_(n->I) {81/4[(1+1)/n]^2 - 27[(1+1)/n]}
= 81/4-27
= -27/4
= -6.75.
Hope it's not that confusing, particularly if you have a Braille display,
listening to this is just not the way to go.
Cheers!
Ned
----- Original Message -----
From: Nelson Blachman
To: maths@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Sent: Thursday, December 14, 2006 2:19 AM
Subject: [maths] Re: integrals; calculus
Ned,
I get 42 for the integral of (1+3x)dx from -1 to 5 by using
"antiderivatives." What result do you get via the defining limit and how do
you get it?
For integral from 1 to 64 (1+cube_root x) / sqrt x dx
= integral of [x^(-1/2) + x^(-1/6)] dx =
= [2x^(1/2) + (6/5)x^(6/5)] for x=64 minus for x=1= 14 + 37.2 = 51.2
What do you get, and how?
I haven't given any thought yet to how to use the defining limit.
--Nelson
----- Original Message -----
From: Ned Granic
To: maths@xxxxxxxxxxxxx
Sent: Wednesday, December 13, 2006 11:23 AM
Subject: [maths] integrals; calculus
Hi all,
A couple of very quick questions:
1. Compute the following using the equation as limits of sums from the
definition of the integral.
That equation is:
integral from a to b of f(x) dx
= limit as n approaches infinity of summation (Sigma) from i=1 to n of f(x
sub i) delta x.
The problem itself is:
integral from -1 to 5 of (1+3x) dx.
When I use the FTC2, I get the correct answer 42, but not this way.
2. Use FTC2 to evaluate:
integral from 1 to 64 (1+cube_root x) / sqrt x dx.
I get 32, but the right answer is 256/5.
Many thanks in advance!
Ned
