My last post today! Birds do it, bees do it, even educated fleas do it. Nice report, thank you, D. McEvoy. In a message dated 5/4/2014 8:05:04 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time, donalmcevoyuk@xxxxxxxxxxx writes: Rudy is singing to Hello, Goodbye, interspersed with comments about the passing world. Rudy sees some sheep in a distant field and comments: “Sheeps.” He then adds: “Those sheeps have babies in their tummies.” At this distance, this comment cannot possibly be based on empirical observation. It is possible that this comment reveals the cataclysmic psychic disturbance that Rudy now endures about “tummies” and “babies” – that “sheeps” operates as a means of “transference” for a disturbance that may now possibly cripple Rudy into adulthood and beyond. To check this, Donal asks a few questions. “Rudy…” “Yes.” “Rudy, you know about sheeps... The utterance: i. Those sheeps have babies in their tummies. allows for various implicatures other than the non-inductivist reading, as it were, proposed by McEvoy. Cfr. ii. Sheep, as a matter of principle, need to carry babies in their tummies, in order to the species 'Sheep' to survive. (*) There is a further implicature: iv. Homo sapiens is like Ovis aries (Linnaeus, 1758) in reproductive matters. (*) The words "in order" to express purpose in "in order to" are usually redundant, and can be removed to leave just "to" as an expression of purpose. However, the full expression is required in the negative ("in order not to") and occasionally to avoid ambiguity. While McEvoy does refer to the myth of origin in the Bible, it may do to explore the specifics of 'human birth', or the phenomenon of birth in the Human Species in the Bible, and why, not Graeco-Roman literature (if not Germanic). The Holy Ghost is not too specific (in terms of Grice, "Be as informative as is required", seeing that this is the first account of the first 'natural' birth) on the matter: "Now the man [Adam] had relations with his wife Eve, and she conceived and gave birth to Cain, and she said, "I have gotten a manchild with the help of the LORD." Again, she gave birth to his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of flocks, but Cain was a tiller of the ground." I'm less sure which is the best account in the Graeco-Roman tradition (never mind the Germanic) but I choose Athena, since her owl is supposed to be the emblem of philosophy. The story of Athena's birth comes in several versions. In the one most commonly cited, Zeus lay with Metis, the goddess of crafty thought and wisdom. But Zeus, immediately feared the consequences. It had been prophesied that Metis would bear children more powerful than the sire, even Zeus himself. In order to forestall these dire consequences, after lying with Metis, Zeus put hMetis away inside his own belly. He swallowed her down all of a sudden. It was too late: Metis had already conceived. Two days later, Zeus experienced an enormous headache. Prometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes, Ares, or Palaemon (depending on the sources examined) cleaved Zeus's head with the double-headed Minoan axe, the labrys. As a result, Athena leaped from Zeus's head, fully grown and armed, with a shout and and pealed to the broad sky her clarion cry of war. Cheers, Speranza ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html