I agree with the point that, ultimately, there is no better idea than promoting democracy in the ME. (I don't think Fukuyama was suggesting otherwise, but I don't know his thinking all that well.) Also, I agree that the previous policies of supporting supposedly liberal (read secular) regimes that were not democratic have failed and backfired. The question is how promoting democracy is to be done. The article wishes to credit the Bush Administration with having "brought four democratic governments to power in the Middle East: by force of arms in Afghanistan and Iraq, and through highly assertive diplomacy in Lebanon and Palestine." I don't think that the Bush administration brought democracy into power in Lebanon or Palestine, though in Lebanon they may have encouraged it (They didn't really like it in Palestine.). Basically it was the local people who demanded change and there were considerable democratic mechanisms and traditions already in place. This is very different from Iraq and Afghanistan where the US came in using the force of arms and we are still very far from being able to say that either of them has democracy. (Iraq is beginning to look like it is going to have civil war instead, increasingly.) I have some other quibbles such as, I am not sure how democratic Thailand or even Japan are today. Wonder whether we are not confusing capitalism with liberal democracy. O.K. [lit-ideas] Fukuyama's Democracy Angst From: "Lawrence Helm" <lawrencehelm@xxxxxxxxxxxx> To: <lit-ideas@xxxxxxxxxxxxx> Date: Thu, 2 Mar 2006 10:49:56 -0800 http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110008019 The above is an excellent article from the Wall Street Journal in response to Fukuyama's abandonment of his Neocon associates. Lawrence __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html