Lawrence: I think of Niall Ferguson asserting that the U.S. is an empire. Agree with Lawrence. The US has many forward operating bases overseas, but that does not make it an empire, since the US never has had true imperial ambitions. During the so-called "imperialist phase" of US history, its main goal was to keep Europeans from meddling in the Western Hemisphere as they had done throughout much of the 19th century. The US took the Philippines as a protectorate largely to avoid German seizure of the island. We had coaling stations like any other maritime nation but that's it. Our interests were either in sending Christian missionaries, as the British had done, or in establishing trade agreements. Contrast that with Japan of the same general period. Japan (1) defeated the Russian navy to get a dominating Western Pacific position, (2) repeatedly attempted to gain hegemony over all China and Southeast Asia, (3) entered WW1 as a member of the Allies *solely* to seize German colonies in the Pacific, and (4) for decades, planned to use those seized colonies as staging areas to toss Europeans and Americans out of China, and defeat the US presence in the Pacific. Now that's an empire in the making. That's imperial ambition. US? Not so much. Defeat Marxist totalitarianisms in a nuclear death-match while protecting Europe, sure. Otherwise mostly benign. Eric ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html