My last post today! ---- When virtuous love is sought Thy power is naught, Though dating from the flood, Blue blood! Blue blood -- is parodied by Sir W. S. Gilbert in the BALLAD by LORD TOLLOLLER in "Iolanthe", but the idea may belong in population genetics alla Sykes and Oppenheimer!? "Blue blood", qua phrase, is first recorded in 1834. I would argue that at the time, the expression carried NO implicature: "He has, literally, blue blood." The idiom allegedly originates from ancient European society, which distinguished an upper class (whose superficial veins are blue -- as was, it was thought, the blood running within them -- through their untanned skin) from a working class of the time. The latter consisted mainly of agricultural peasants who spent most of their time working outdoors and thus had tanned skin, through which the superficial blue veins appear less prominently. It was also assumed, on top of that, that the blood of those belonging to the working class was plain red, rather than blue (but oddly, 'His blood is red' seems then to carry no conversational implicature (+> "He belongs to the working-class"). Ancient and medieval geneticists believed that an aristocrat's blood was blue, and not plain red. An ancient or mediaeval nobleman would demonstrate ('show' rather than say) his pedigree by holding up his sword arm to display the filigree of blue-blooded veins beneath his pale skin. In Griceian terms, the noblemean thought that this 'meant' (naturally) or was indicative proof that his birth had not been contaminated. Cheers Speranza Spurn not the nobly born With love affected, Nor treat with virtuous scorn The well connected. High rank involves no shame We boast an equal claim With him of humble name To be respected! Blue blood ! blue blood! When virtuous love is sought Thy power is naught, Though dating from the flood, Blue blood! CHORUS. Blue blood! Blue blood! &c. Spare us the bitter pain Of stern denials, Nor with lowborn disdain Augment our trials. Hearts just as pure and fair May beat in Belgrave Square As in the lowly air Of Seven Dials! Blue blood ! Blue blood! Of what avail art thou To serve us now? Though dating from the flood, Blue blood! CHORUS. Blue blood! Blue blood! &c. ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html