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|
| nep-mig | New Economics Papers |
| on Economics of Human Migration |
| Issue of 2016‒02‒17
thirty-six papers chosen by
Yuji Tamura
La Trobe University
http://econpapers.repec.org/pta90
| |
- Why and how there should be more Europe in asylum policiesBerger, Melissa;
Heinemann, Friedrich
- The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Labor Market in Neighboring
Countries: Empirical Evidence from JordanFakih, Ali; Ibrahim, May
- New Perspectives on Ethnic Segregation over Time and Space: A Domains
Approachvan Ham, Maarten; Tammaru, Tiit
- Can Parental Migration Reduce Petty Corruption in Education?Höckel, Lisa
Sofie; Santos Silva, Manuel; Stöhr, Tobias
- Remittances and Expenditure Patterns of the Left Behinds in Rural
ChinaDémurger, Sylvie; Wang, Xiaoqian
- Language Learning and Migration: A New Dataset on Language Course and Exam
ParticipationWeingarten, Severin; Uebelmesser, Silke
- Immigration, Human Capital Formation and Endogenous Economic
GrowthEhrlich, Isaac; Kim, Jinyoung
- Heterogeneous Immigrants and Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of
Language SkillsLücke, Matthias; Stöhr, Tobias
- Citizenship and the Social Integration of Immigrants: Evidence from
Germany's Immigration ReformsKeller, Nicolas; Gathmann, Christina; Monscheuer,
Ole
- The Effect of Regulatory Harmonization on Cross-border Labor Migration:
Evidence from the Accounting ProfessionBrüggemann, Ulf; Bloomfield, Matthew J.;
Christensen, Hans B.; Leuz, Christian
- Bitterness in life and attitudes towards immigrationSteinhardt, Max
Friedrich; Poutvaara, Panu
- Discouraged Immigrants and the Missing Pop in EPOPNorlander, Peter;
Sorensen, Todd A.
- The Selection of High-Skilled MigrantsRuhose, Jens; Parey, Matthias;
Waldinger, Fabian; Netz, Nicolai
- Local Signals and the Returns to Foreign EducationTani, Massimiliano
- Types of Spatial Mobility and the Ethnic Context of Destination
Neighbourhoods in EstoniaMägi, Kadi; Leetmaa, Kadri; Tammaru, Tiit; van Ham,
Maarten
- Gender and Racial Differences in Peer Effects of Limited English Students:
A Story of Language or Ethnicity?Diette, Timothy M.; Uwaifo Oyelere, Ruth
- Micro and Macro Determinants of Health: Older Immigrants in
EuropeConstant, Amelie F.; García-Muñoz, Teresa; Neuman, Shoshana; Neuman, Tzahi
- On the Interaction Between Migration, Capital Formation, and the Price for
Housing ServicesGrossmann, Volker; Schäfer, Andreas; Steger, Thomas M.
- Temporary and Permanent Migrant Selection: Theory and Evidence of
Ability-Search Cost DynamicsChen, Joyce J; Kosec, Katrina; Mueller, Valerie
- Do immigrants attract FDI? District-level evidence from GermanyLi, Chen
- What Drives the Legalization of Immigrants? Evidence from IRCACasarico,
Alessandra; Facchini, Giovanni; Frattini, Tommaso
- International Knowledge Spillovers: The Benefits from Employing
ImmigrantsHiller, Sanne; Bitzer, Jürgen; Gören, Erkan
- Native-Immigrant Gaps in Educational and School-to-Work Transitions in the
Second Generation: The Role of Gender and EthnicityBaert, Stijn; Heiland,
Frank; Korenman, Sanders
- Immigration and Prices: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Syrian Refugees
in TurkeyBalkan, Binnur; Tumen, Semih
- Job Loss and Immigrant Labor Market PerformanceBernt Bratsberg; Oddbjørn
Raaum; Knut Røed
- Gender Discrimination and Common Property ResourcesCasari, Marco;
Lisciandra, Maurizio
- The Acceleration of Immigrant Unhealthy AssimilationGiuntella, Osea;
Stella, Luca
- Job Search, Locus of Control, and Internal MigrationCaliendo, Marco;
Cobb-Clark, Deborah A.; Hennecke, Juliane; Uhlendorff, Arne
- Electoral cycles, partisan effects and U.S. immigration policiesDrometer,
Marcus; Méango, Romuald
- Self-Selection of Emigrants: Theory and Evidence on Stochastic Dominance
in Observable and Unobservable CharacteristicsPoutvaara, Panu; Borjas, George;
Kauppinen, Ilpo
- Urban-rural migration and congestion costs revisited: is there a triple
dividend for cities in developing countries?Klarl, Torben Alexander
- What Are The Returns To Regional Mobility? Evidence From Mass
LayoffsFindeisen, Sebastian; Dauth, Wolfgang; Lindner, Attila
- Weather Variability, Agricultural Revenues and Internal Migration:
Evidence from PakistanHeman D. Lohano
- A mobilidade espacial da população na região metropolitana de Belo
HorizonteBreno A. T. D. de Pinho; Fausto Brito; Alane Siqueira Rocha
- Distribuição espacial da população, urbanização e migrações internas no
BrasilFausto Brito; Breno A. T. D. de Pinho
- A transição para um novo padrão migratório no BrasilFausto Brito
- Why and how there should be more Europe in asylum policies
| Date: | 2016 |
| By: | Berger, Melissa ; Heinemann, Friedrich |
| The experiences of the ongoing refugee crisis in Europe highlight the
failures of the current model of having the EU and its members states share
responsibility for asylum policies. Based on standard criteria of fiscal
federalism, this paper analyses the shortcomings of the status quo. We show
that European asylum policies stand in sharp contradiction to the optimal
assignment of tasks within a federal system. For example, the current system
creates substantial incentives for free-riding and foregoes the potential
benefits of European economies of scale. Given this diagnosis, we explore the
pros and cons of different options for a more European approach. In particular,
we analyze and provide estimates of the quantitative implications for the
options of: (A) quotas that would distribute refugees across countries
according to a pre-determined calculation of reception capacity; (B) EU
financing of national service provision; and (C) EU service provision in asylum
policies. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:12016&r=mig ;|
- The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Labor Market in Neighboring
Countries: Empirical Evidence from Jordan
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Fakih, Ali (Lebanese American University) ; Ibrahim, May
(World Bank) |
| This paper analyzes time-sensitive data on a humanitarian crisis in the
Middle East. It aims to assess the impact of the steep influx of Syrian
refugees into Jordan on the country's labor market since the onset of the
conflict in Syria (March 2011). As of August 2014, nearly 3 million registered
Syrians have sought refuge in neighboring countries (Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and
Turkey), according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR). Jordan and Lebanon are hosting the majority of them. This paper
utilizes data regarding unemployment rates, employment rates, labor force
participation, the number of refugees, and economic activity at the level of
governorates. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) methodology is used to examine
time series data from the most affected governorates in Jordan. The empirical
results of Granger causality tests and impulse response functions show that
there is no relationship between the influx of Syrian refugees and the
Jordanian labor market. Our results are verified through a set of robustness
checks. |
| Keywords: | forced refugees, host country, labor market, VAR model |
| JEL: | J61 H56 N45 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9667&r=mig ;|
- New Perspectives on Ethnic Segregation over Time and Space: A Domains
Approach
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | van Ham, Maarten (Delft University of Technology) ; Tammaru,
Tiit (University of Tartu) |
| The term segregation has a strong connotation with residential
neighbourhoods, and most studies investigating ethnic segregation focus on the
urban mosaic of ethnic concentrations in residential neighbourhoods. However,
there is now a small, but growing, literature, which focusses on segregation in
other domains of daily life where inter-ethnic encounters and social
interaction might take place, such as: workplaces; family/partner relationship;
leisure time; education; transport, and virtual domains such as social media.
The focus on residential segregation is understandable. Ethnic residential
segregation is easily visible in cities as segregated neighbourhoods often have
their own distinct identity and reputation. Residential segregation is also
relatively easy to investigate by using register or census data on where
different ethnic groups live. However, if the interest in segregation stems
from the idea that we want to measure the integration of ethnic minorities in
society, and from an interest in social interaction between ethnic groups, then
just investigating where people live is far too limited and other domains such
as workplaces should be taken into account. In this paper we present an
integrated conceptual framework of ethnic segregation in different life domains
in which we combine elements from the life course approach and from time
geography. |
| Keywords: | ethnic segregation, neighbourhoods, work places, life
course approach, time geography, domains approach |
| JEL: | I32 J15 R23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9663&r=mig ;|
- Can Parental Migration Reduce Petty Corruption in Education?
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Höckel, Lisa Sofie (RWI) ; Santos Silva, Manuel (University of
Göttingen) ; Stöhr, Tobias (Kiel Institute for the World Economy) |
| Educational outcomes of children are highly dependent on household and
school-level inputs. In poor countries remittances from migrants can provide
additional funds for the education of the left behind. At the same time the
absence of migrant parents can affect families' time allocation towards
education. Previous work on education inputs often implicitly assumed that
preferences for different kinds of education inputs remain unchanged when
household members migrate. Using survey data and matched administrative
school-level public expenditures from the World Bank's Open Budget Initiative
(BOOST) from Moldova, one of the countries with the highest emigration rates in
the world, and an instrumental variable approach we find that the strongest
migration-related response in private education expenditure are substantially
lower informal payments to public school teachers. This fact is at odds with a
positive income effect due to migration. In addition we find that migration
slightly increases caregivers' time spent on their children's education. We
argue that our results are likely to be driven by changing preferences towards
educational inputs induced by migration. |
| Keywords: | migration, emigration, corruption, education spending,
social remittances, children left behind |
| JEL: | F22 I22 H52 D13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9687&r=mig ;|
- Remittances and Expenditure Patterns of the Left Behinds in Rural China
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Démurger, Sylvie (CNRS, GATE) ; Wang, Xiaoqian (GATE,
University of Lyon) |
| This paper investigates how private transfers from internal migration
in China affect the expenditure behaviour of families left behind in rural
areas. Using data from the Rural-Urban Migration in China (RUMiC) survey, we
assess the impact of remittances sent to rural households on consumption-type
and investment-type expenditures. We apply propensity score matching to account
for the selection of households into receiving remittances, and estimate
average treatment effects on the treated. We find that remittances supplement
income in rural China and lead to increased consumption rather than increased
investment. Moreover, we find evidence of a strong negative impact on education
expenditures, which could be detrimental to sustaining investment in human
capital in poor rural areas in China. |
| Keywords: | remittances, labour migration, expenditure behaviour,
left-behind, China, propensity score matching |
| JEL: | O15 J22 R23 D13 O53 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9640&r=mig ;|
- Language Learning and Migration: A New Dataset on Language Course and Exam
Participation
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Weingarten, Severin ; Uebelmesser, Silke |
| Optimal integration policies should take the language skills of
arriving migrants into account. However, little is known about the determinants
of these skills, because most survey-based studies cannot distinguish between
language learning before and after migration. We present a new dataset which
reports the extent of language course and exam participation at the German
Goethe institutes in 91 countries for the period 1966 2013. The dataset allows
for a detailed examination of the determinants and consequences of adult
language learning on the institute and country level. We estimate a
fixed-effects model for the relationship between language learning and a set of
macro-economic variables. Immigration flows are positively correlated with exam
participation. Additionally, in EU countries, migrant stocks are positively
correlated with course and exam participation. They may act as a proxy for
otherwise unobserved short-term migration and cultural ties, both of which
could influence language learning decisions. In non-EU countries, the link
between migration and language learning is strengthened by two factors: By
positive economic conditions, indicating that migrants who leave amidst
economic turmoil may arrive with worse language skills. And by linguistic
distance, indicating that migrants react to distance by increasing learning
effort instead of refraining from learning the language. |
| JEL: | F22 J24 J61 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:112958&r=mig ;|
- Immigration, Human Capital Formation and Endogenous Economic Growth
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Ehrlich, Isaac (University at Buffalo, SUNY) ; Kim, Jinyoung
(Korea University) |
| Census data from international sources covering 77% of the world's
migrant population indicate that the skill composition of migrants in major
destination countries, including the US, has been rising over the last four
decades. Moreover, the population share of skilled migrants has been
approaching or exceeding that of skilled natives. We offer theoretical
propositions and empirical tests consistent with these trends via a
general-equilibrium model of endogenous growth where human capital, population,
income growth and distribution, and migration trends are endogenous. We derive
new insights about the impact of migration on long-term income growth and
distribution, and the net benefits to natives in both destination and source
countries. |
| Keywords: | immigration, human capital formation, endogenous
economic growth, migrants, natives, population, long-term income |
| JEL: | F22 F43 O15 O4 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9599&r=mig ;|
- Heterogeneous Immigrants and Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of
Language Skills
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Lücke, Matthias ; Stöhr, Tobias |
| We estimate a gravity model for bilateral FDI out-stocks from panel
data for OECD reporting countries with bilateral and year fixed effects. With
this demanding test, we find a robust positive effect of bilateral immigrants
on bilateral FDI - provided that residents of the two countries have few
language skills in common. We find a similar effect, in terms of size and
statistical significance, for immigrants from third countries who speak the
language(s) of the FDI host country. They thus are potential substitutes for
bilateral migrants. A 1 percent increase in either immigrant group raises the
FDI out-stock by 0.2 to 0.4 percent. Combined with various robustness checks,
our findings suggest that immigrants facilitate outgoing FDI through their
language skills, rather than through other characteristics like cultural
familiarity. As most developing country residents have few language skills in
common with rich country residents, developing country migrants in rich
countries have a key role to play in facilitating FDI in their countries of
origin. |
| JEL: | F21 F22 O14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113191&r=mig ;|
- Citizenship and the Social Integration of Immigrants: Evidence from
Germany's Immigration Reforms
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Keller, Nicolas ; Gathmann, Christina ; Monscheuer, Ole |
| We study whether the option to naturalize improves social and cultural
integration of immigrants in the host country. The empirical analysis relies on
two immigration reforms in Germany, a country with a traditionally weak record
of immigrant integration both in terms of labor market performance but also
social integration. For identi |
| JEL: | J13 J01 J18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113184&r=mig ;|
- The Effect of Regulatory Harmonization on Cross-border Labor Migration:
Evidence from the Accounting Profession
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Brüggemann, Ulf ; Bloomfield, Matthew J. ; Christensen, Hans
B. ; Leuz, Christian |
| The paper examines the effect of international regulatory harmonization
on cross-border labor migration. We analyze directives in the European Union
(EU) that harmonized accounting and auditing standards. This regulatory
harmonization should make it less costly for those who work in the accounting
profession to move across countries. Our research design compares the
cross-border migration of accounting professionals relative to tightly-matched
other professionals before and after regulatory harmonization. We find that, on
average, labor migration in the accounting profession increases relative to
comparable professions by roughly 15% after harmonization. The findings
illustrate that diversity in rules constitutes an important economic barrier to
cross-border labor mobility and, more specifically, that accounting
harmonization can have a meaningful effect on cross-border migration. |
| JEL: | J44 J61 K22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:112850&r=mig ;|
- Bitterness in life and attitudes towards immigration
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Steinhardt, Max Friedrich ; Poutvaara, Panu |
| Immigration is a major challenge and opportunity for rich Western
countries. Integration of immigrants is a two-way process, the success of which
depends both on immigrants and on natives. We provide new evidence on the
determinants of individual attitudes towards immigration, using data from the
2005 and 2010 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel. In particular, we show
that bitterness in life is strongly associated with worries about immigration.
This effect cannot be explained just by concerns that immigrants are competing
with oneself in the labor market. Instead, it appears that people who feel that
they have not got what they deserve in life oppose immigration for spiteful
reasons. As economic crises foster bitterness, they are likely to increase
public opposition towards immigration, and by this harm integration of
immigrants. |
| JEL: | F22 J61 D72 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113094&r=mig ;|
- Discouraged Immigrants and the Missing Pop in EPOP
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Norlander, Peter (Loyola University) ; Sorensen, Todd A.
(University of Nevada, Reno) |
| We address the impact of declining migration on the measurement of
labor market health. We first document an historically significant decline in
the growth rate of the U.S. foreign born population since 2000. A decomposition
shows that nearly two-thirds of the decline can be attributed to declining pull
factors in the U.S. Had this decline not occurred, there would have been
approximately 7.2 million more immigrants present in the U.S. in 2013. Making a
conservative assumption about the hypothetical likelihood of employment for
these "Discouraged Immigrants," a recalculation of the Employment to Population
Ratio reveals a 13% larger decline since 2000 than is shown when conventionally
measured. |
| Keywords: | employment data, population, international migration |
| JEL: | J21 J61 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9668&r=mig ;|
- The Selection of High-Skilled Migrants
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Ruhose, Jens ; Parey, Matthias ; Waldinger, Fabian ; Netz,
Nicolai |
| We investigate international migration choices of high-skilled
individuals and measure migrant selection using predicted earnings.
High-skilled migrants select to destinations as predicted by Borjas' (1987)
model of migration choices. Migrants to less equal countries are positively
selected, while migrants to more equal countries are negatively selected,
relative to non-migrants. For our analysis, we use a survey of university
graduates, including detailed information on background characteristics,
university studies, and labor market choices, combined with measures of
earnings inequality for high-skilled individuals in destination countries. Our
rich data allow us to decompose the observed selection patterns. Positive
selection to less equal countries is driven by university quality and grades.
Negative selection to more equal countries is driven by university subject and
gender. Our results highlight the relevance of the Roy/Borjas model for
high-skilled individuals in a setting where credit constraints and other
barriers to migration are unlikely to be binding. |
| JEL: | F22 J24 J61 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113148&r=mig ;|
- Local Signals and the Returns to Foreign Education
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Tani, Massimiliano (University of New South Wales) |
| This paper exploits a quasi-experiment to shed light on whether the
wage penalty experienced by migrants reflects poor schooling quality in the
country of education or employers' discrimination in the host country. The
quasi-experiment is the possibility for migrants to undertake an official
assessment of their foreign qualifications, and remove the uncertainty
surrounding the educational curriculum completed abroad. Data about the
assessment can be used together with indicators of where education was
completed to test empirically which determinant most affects the returns to
foreign education. Since the assessment is a choice it is instrumented with a
measure of relative distance between awareness of degrees awarded in the
country of education and the host country. The analysis is based on the
Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia. The results suggest that
undertaking the assessment raises the returns of foreign education, offsetting
the penalty for being educated abroad. The assessment's effect weakens over
time, as employers observe migrants' productivity. The effect of where
schooling is completed also trends upwards over time. These findings are
consistent with the hypothesis of statistical discrimination due to the
imperfect information about migrants' educational credentials. Adding a local
signal appears to be effective in easing immigrants' economic assimilation and
improve the international transferability of their human capital. |
| Keywords: | immigration, foreign education, statistical
discrimination |
| JEL: | J24 J61 J70 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9597&r=mig ;|
- Types of Spatial Mobility and the Ethnic Context of Destination
Neighbourhoods in Estonia
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Mägi, Kadi (University of Tartu) ; Leetmaa, Kadri (University
of Tartu) ; Tammaru, Tiit (University of Tartu) ; van Ham, Maarten (Delft
University of Technology) |
| Most studies of the ethnic composition of destination neighbourhoods
after residential moves do not take into account the types of moves people have
made. However, from an individual perspective, different types of moves may
result in neighbourhood environments that differ in terms of their ethnic
composition from those in which individuals previously lived. We investigate
how the ethnic residential context changes for individuals as a result of
different types of mobility (immobility, intra-urban mobility, suburbanisation,
and long-distance migration) for residents of the segregated post-Soviet city
of Tallinn. We compare the extent to which Estonian- and Russian-speakers
integrate in residential terms. Using unique longitudinal Census data
(2000-2011) we tracked changes in the individual ethnic residential context of
both groups. We found that the moving destinations of Estonian- and
Russian-speakers diverge. When Estonians move, their new neighbourhood
generally possesses a lower percentage of Russian-speakers compared with when
Russian-speakers move, as well as compared with their previous neighbourhoods.
For Russian-speakers, the percentage of other Russian-speakers in their
residential surroundings decreases only for those who move to the surburbs or
who move over longer distances to rural villages. By applying a novel approach
of tracking the changes in the ethnic residential context of individuals for
all mobility types, we were able to demonstrate that the two largest
ethnolinguistic groups in Estonia tend to behave as 'parallel populations' and
that residential integration in Estonia is therefore slow. |
| Keywords: | residential mobility, migration, suburbanisation,
ethnicity, longitudinal data, Estonia |
| JEL: | J15 J61 R20 R23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9602&r=mig ;|
- Gender and Racial Differences in Peer Effects of Limited English Students:
A Story of Language or Ethnicity?
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Diette, Timothy M. (Washington and Lee University) ; Uwaifo
Oyelere, Ruth |
| There is a perception among native born parents in the U.S. that the
increasing number of immigrant students in schools creates negative peer
effects on their children. In North Carolina there has been a significant
increase in immigrants especially those with limited English language skills
and recent data suggest that North Carolina has the 8th largest ELL student
population with over 60 percent of immigrants coming from Latin America and the
Caribbean. While past research suggests negative though negligible peer effects
of Limited English (LE) students on achievement of other students, potential
peer effects of student from Latin America in general has not been considered.
In this paper we attempt to identify both LE student and Latin American (LA)
student peer effects separately utilizing fixed effects methods that allow us
to deal with the potential selectivity across time and schools. On average we
find no evidence of negative peer effects of LE students on females and white
students but note small negative effects on average on males and black
students. We also find that, holding constant other factors, an increase in the
share of LA students share does not create negative peer effects on native
students' achievement. Rather, it is the limited English language skills of
some of these students that leads to small, negative peer effects on natives. |
| Keywords: | immigrants, student achievement, peer effects,
education, race, gender, Limited English students, Latino peer effects,
Hispanic peer effects |
| JEL: | I20 I21 J15 J24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9661&r=mig ;|
- Micro and Macro Determinants of Health: Older Immigrants in Europe
| Date: | 2014-12 |
| By: | Constant, Amelie F. (Temple University) ; García-Muñoz, Teresa
(Universidad de Granada) ; Neuman, Shoshana (Bar-Ilan University) ; Neuman,
Tzahi (Hebrew University, Jerusalem) |
| We study the health determinants of immigrant men and women over the
age of fifty, in Europe, and compare them to natives. We utilize the unique
Survey of Health Aging and Retirement (SHARE) and augmented it with
macroeconomic information on the 22 home countries and 16 host countries. Using
Multilevel Analysis we can best capture the within and between countries
variation and produce reliable results. We find that during the first decade
after arrival, immigrants report higher levels of subjective health compared to
natives and to previous cohorts of immigrants. As time since migration passes
by, reported subjective health decreases; immigrants' health becomes the same
as that of comparable natives or it even decreases. The level of economic
development of both the origin and the host country positively affect the
individual's health, but the effect of the host country is much more
pronounced. It appears that positive and negative deviations (of the host from
the origin country) have different impacts on individual health: an increase in
a positive deviation (the country of origin is more developed compared to the
host country – a 'loss' for the immigrating individual) leads to a decrease in
the immigrant's subjective health, while an increase in the absolute negative
deviation (a 'gain' for the immigrating person) leads to an increase in the
immigrant's subjective health. These differential effects can be explained as
some variant of the Loss-Aversion Theory. |
| Keywords: | self-assessed health status, immigration, Europe,
country of origin, older population, multilevel regression |
| JEL: | C22 J11 J12 J14 O12 O15 O52 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8754&r=mig ;|
- On the Interaction Between Migration, Capital Formation, and the Price for
Housing Services
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Grossmann, Volker ; Schäfer, Andreas ; Steger, Thomas M. |
| We theoretically investigate the effects of interregional labor market
integration on the dynamic interaction between migration flows, capital
formation, and the price for housing services. The nature of this interaction
depends on initial conditions at the time of labor market integration. In an
initially capital-poor economy, there may be a reversal of migration flows
during the transition to the steady state, like observed in Eastern Europe
after 1990. In a high-productivity country which attracts immigrants, the price
for housing services and the rental rate of land increase along with
(residential) capital investments. Welfare effects are heterogeneous: whereas
landless individuals lose from immigration because of increases in the price
for housing services, landowners may win because of an increasing rental rate
of land. |
| JEL: | O10 F20 D90 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113172&r=mig ;|
- Temporary and Permanent Migrant Selection: Theory and Evidence of
Ability-Search Cost Dynamics
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Chen, Joyce J (Ohio State University) ; Kosec, Katrina (IFPRI,
International Food Policy Research Institute) ; Mueller, Valerie (IFPRI,
International Food Policy Research Institute) |
| The migrant selection literature concentrates primarily on spatial
patterns. This paper illustrates the implications of migration duration for
patterns of selection by integrating two workhorses of the labor literature, a
search model and a Roy model. Theory and empirics show temporary migrants are
intermediately selected on education, with weaker selection on cognitive
ability. Longer migration episodes lead to stronger positive selection on both
education and ability, as its associated jobs involve finer employee-employer
matching and offer greater returns to experience. Networks are more valuable
for permanent migration, where search costs are higher. Labor market frictions
explain observed complex network-skill interactions. |
| Keywords: | migration, search costs, networks, Pakistan |
| JEL: | J61 O15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9639&r=mig ;|
- Do immigrants attract FDI? District-level evidence from Germany
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Li, Chen |
| Using novel German district-level data from 1999-2011, this paper
analyses whether the presence of immigrants in a particular location helps to
attract inward FDI from the immigrants' country of origin. Results show that a
one standard-deviation increase in the immigrant share is associated with a
3.3% rise in firm entry. This effect is stronger for an investor's first entry
into Germany, and there is indication that firms from developing countries
depend more on immigrants. A quasi-natural experiment exploiting the migration
of ethnic Germans from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s (`Sp taussiedler')
confirms the results. |
| JEL: | F14 F22 F23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113130&r=mig ;|
- What Drives the Legalization of Immigrants? Evidence from IRCA
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Casarico, Alessandra (Bocconi University) ; Facchini, Giovanni
(University of Nottingham) ; Frattini, Tommaso (University of Milan) |
| We develop a model to understand the trade-offs faced by an elected
representative in supporting an amnesty when a restrictive immigration policy
is in place. We show that an amnesty is more desirable the more restricted are
the occupational opportunities of undocumented immigrants and the less
redistributive is the welfare state. Empirical evidence based on the voting
behavior of U.S. Congressmen on the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
provides strong support for the predictions of our theoretical model. |
| Keywords: | migration policy, amnesties, democracy, roll call votes |
| JEL: | F22 O51 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9666&r=mig ;|
- International Knowledge Spillovers: The Benefits from Employing Immigrants
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Hiller, Sanne ; Bitzer, Jürgen ; Gören, Erkan |
| This paper explores the role of immigrant employees for a firm's
capability to absorb international knowledge. Using matched employer-employee
data from Denmark for the years 1999 to 2009, we are able to show that
non-Danish employees from technological advanced countries contribute
significantly to firm's economic output through their ability to access
international knowledge. The empirical results suggest that the immigrants'
impact increases if they come from technological advanced countries, have a
high educational level, and are employed in high-skilled positions. However,
the latter does not hold for immigrant managers. |
| JEL: | D20 J82 L20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113205&r=mig ;|
- Native-Immigrant Gaps in Educational and School-to-Work Transitions in the
Second Generation: The Role of Gender and Ethnicity
| Date: | 2014-12 |
| By: | Baert, Stijn (Ghent University) ; Heiland, Frank (Baruch
College, City University of New York) ; Korenman, Sanders (Baruch College, City
University of New York) |
| We study how native-immigrant (second generation) differences in
educational trajectories and school-to-work transitions vary by gender. Using
longitudinal Belgian data and adjusting for family background and educational
sorting, we find that both male and female second-generation immigrants,
especially Turks and Moroccans, lag natives in finishing secondary education
and beginning tertiary education when schooling delay is taken into account,
though the female gap is larger. The same is true for residual gaps in the
transition to work: native males are 30% more likely than comparable Turkish
males to be employed three months after leaving school, while the corresponding
female gap is 60%. In addition, we study demographic behaviors (fertility,
marriage and cohabitation) related to hypotheses that attribute educational and
economic gaps to cultural differences between immigrants and natives. |
| Keywords: | educational attainment, school-to-work transitions,
dynamic selection bias, ethnic minorities, gender differentials, economic
sociology |
| JEL: | I24 J15 J16 J70 Z10 C35 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8752&r=mig ;|
- Immigration and Prices: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Syrian Refugees
in Turkey
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Balkan, Binnur (Central Bank of Turkey) ; Tumen, Semih
(Central Bank of Turkey) |
| We exploit the regional variation in the unexpected (or forced) inflow
of Syrian refugees as a natural experiment to estimate the impact of
immigration on consumer prices in Turkey. Using a difference-in- differences
strategy and a comprehensive data set on the regional prices of CPI items, we
find that general level of consumer prices has declined by approximately 2.5
percent due to immigration. Prices of goods and services have declined in
similar magnitudes. We highlight that the channel through which the price
declines take place is the informal labor market. Syrian refugees supply
inexpensive informal labor and, thus, substitute the informal native workers
especially in informal labor intensive sectors. We document that prices in
these sectors have fallen by around 4 percent, while the prices in the formal
labor intensive sectors have almost remained unchanged. Increase in the supply
of informal immigrant workers generates labor cost advantages and keeps prices
lower in the informal labor intensive sectors. |
| Keywords: | immigration, consumer prices, Syrian refugees, natural
experiment, informal employment |
| JEL: | C21 E31 J61 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9642&r=mig ;|
- Job Loss and Immigrant Labor Market Performance
| Date: | 2016-02 |
| By: | Bernt Bratsberg (Frisch Centre for Economic Research) ;
Oddbjørn Raaum (Frisch Centre for Economic Research) ; Knut Røed (Frisch Centre
for Economic Research) |
| While integration policies typically focus on labor market entry, we
present evidence showing that immigrants from lowâ€income countries tend to
have more precarious jobs, and face more severe consequences of job loss, than
natives. For immigrant workers in the Norwegian private sector, the probability
of job loss in the near future is twice that of native workers. Using corporate
bankruptcy for identification, we find that the adverse effects of job loss on
future employment and earnings are more than twice as large for immigrant
employees. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:1602&r=mig ;|
- Gender Discrimination and Common Property Resources
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Casari, Marco (University of Bologna) ; Lisciandra, Maurizio
(University of Messina) |
| In an open economy with common property resources at the community
level, marriage and migratory decisions crucially depend on inheritance rules
on the commons. Motivated by the traditional management of the commons in the
Italian Alps, we present a model that fits the evolution of property rights
observed over six centuries. Women's rights over the commons were progressively
eroded from the Middle Ages until 1800, when there was an almost universal
adoption of a patrilineal inheritance system. Communities switched from an
egalitarian system to a patrilineal inheritance system in an attempt to protect
the per capita endowment of common resources from outside immigration. The
model shows that inheritance rules have clear-cut implications for marriage
strategies, migratory flows, and fertility rates. |
| Keywords: | inheritance, commons, migration, institutions, property
rights |
| JEL: | J13 J16 Q24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9601&r=mig ;|
- The Acceleration of Immigrant Unhealthy Assimilation
| Date: | 2016-01 |
| By: | Giuntella, Osea (University of Oxford) ; Stella, Luca
(University of Wuppertal) |
| It is well-known that immigrants tend to be healthier than US natives
and that this advantage erodes with time spent in the US. However, we know less
about the heterogeneity of these trajectories among arrival cohorts. Recent
studies have shown that later arrival cohorts of immigrants have lower entry
wages and experience less economic assimilation. In this paper, we investigate
whether similar cohort effects can be observed in the weight assimilation of
immigrants in the US. Focusing on obesity, we show that more recent immigrant
cohorts arrive with higher obesity rates and experience a faster "unhealthy
assimilation" in terms of weight gain. |
| Keywords: | health assimilation, healthy immigrant effect |
| JEL: | J15 I10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9664&r=mig ;|
- Job Search, Locus of Control, and Internal Migration
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Caliendo, Marco (University of Potsdam) ; Cobb-Clark, Deborah
A. (University of Sydney) ; Hennecke, Juliane (Free University of Berlin) ;
Uhlendorff, Arne (CREST) |
| Internal migration can substantially improve labor market efficiency.
Consequently, policy is often targeted towards reducing the barriers workers
face in moving to new labor markets. In this paper we explicitly model internal
migration as the result of a job search process and demonstrate that
assumptions about the timing of job search have fundamental implications for
the pattern of internal migration that results. Unlike standard search models,
we assume that job seekers do not know the true job offer arrival rate, but
instead form subjective beliefs - related to their locus of control - about the
impact of their search effort on the probability of receiving a job offer.
Those with an internal locus of control are predicted to search more
intensively (i.e. across larger geographic areas) because they expect higher
returns to their search effort. However, they are predicted to migrate more
frequently only if job search occurs before migration. We then test the
empirical implications of this model. We find that individuals with an internal
locus of control not only express a greater willingness to move, but also
undertake internal migration more frequently. |
| Keywords: | locus of control, internal migration, mobility, job
search |
| JEL: | J61 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9600&r=mig ;|
- Electoral cycles, partisan effects and U.S. immigration policies
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Drometer, Marcus ; Méango, Romuald |
| Using a panel of naturalizations in U.S. states from 1986 to 2012, we
empirically analyze the impact of elections on immigration policy. Our results
indicate that immigration policy is (partly) driven by national elections:
there are more naturalizations in presidential election years and during the
terms of Democratic incumbents. Further, the partisan effects are more
pronounced in politically contested states. |
| JEL: | H11 D72 F22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113052&r=mig ;|
- Self-Selection of Emigrants: Theory and Evidence on Stochastic Dominance
in Observable and Unobservable Characteristics
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Poutvaara, Panu ; Borjas, George ; Kauppinen, Ilpo |
| This paper uses Danish full population register data from 1995 to 2001
to analyze self-selection of migrants from Denmark. We find that Danish
emigrants are more educated and have higher pre-emigration earnings than
non-migrants. The earnings of emigrants are not higher only on average, but the
earnings distribution for emigrants stochastically dominates that of
non-migrants. Furthermore, we also find positive self-selection in terms of
residuals from earnings regressions. These results are consistent with the
positive selection hypothesis for migrants from a rich and equal country
derived from the Roy model. We also derive the stochastic dominance result from
the model. |
| JEL: | F22 J61 J24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:113140&r=mig ;|
- Urban-rural migration and congestion costs revisited: is there a triple
dividend for cities in developing countries?
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Klarl, Torben Alexander |
| Many cities in developing countries suffer from bad health and
environmental conditions due to urbanization. The paper shows that increasing
urban manufacturing congestion costs do not necessarily imply a reduction of a
city's health as well as of environmental quality as one could expect ex-ante.
The model distills a range of the urban manufacturing sector size which
generates a triple dividend: a situation in which the government can
simultaneously improve health, reduce pollution, and increase the productivity
of labour by investing in either green capital or urban infrastructure that
reduces congestion costs. |
| JEL: | R13 R23 Q52 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:112829&r=mig ;|
- What Are The Returns To Regional Mobility? Evidence From Mass Layoffs
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Findeisen, Sebastian ; Dauth, Wolfgang ; Lindner, Attila |
| This paper estimates the effects of regional mobility on individual
employment prospects and wages, exploiting rich German social security data
spanning over 30 years. Our focus is on unemployed workers with strong labor
force attachment who search for employment after being exposed to a mass
layoff. By that we concentrate on a group of individuals who are plausibly
searching for employment for exogenous reasons. Comparing individuals who stay
in the local labor market to movers, we find that employment rates are around
15 percentage points higher for movers three years after the layoff. Large
differences in employment rates persist even 10 years after the layoff. In
contrast, there are no effects of regional mobility on wages conditional on
finding employment. |
| JEL: | J61 J63 R23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc15:112908&r=mig ;|
- Weather Variability, Agricultural Revenues and Internal Migration:
Evidence from Pakistan
| By: | Heman D. Lohano |
| Migration is a widely used adaptation response to climate and weather
variability. In this paper, we investigate how variability in weather affects
migration through the agricultural channel. We estimate an instrumental
variables regression model that allows us to isolate the impacts of weather
from other drivers of migration and analyze the impact of weather-driven
changes in the crop revenue per hectare on the in-migration rate. We use panel
data for 50 districts of Pakistanand four time periods, 1971-76, 1976-81,
1988-93, and 1993-98, and estimate a two-way error components model,
controlling for unobserved district-specific and time-specific effects. Results
show that temperature has a nonlinear effect, i.e., as temperature increases,
the crop revenue per hectare initially increases and then declines.
Furthermore, a 1 ËšC increase in the variability (standard deviation) of
temperature reduces expected crop revenue per hectare by around 7.5 percent.
The instrumental variables regression results show that a 1 percent
weather-driven decrease in the crop revenue per hectare induces, on average, a
2 to 3 percent decrease in the in-migration rate into a district. Predicted
increases in temperature and its variability during 2016-2035 (relative to
1971-1998) are likely to decrease crop revenues in relatively warm districts
and increase them in cooler districts. These effects would decrease the
in-migration rate in 18- 32 districts (36-64 percent) and increase the rate in
the remaining 18-32 districts. Thus, the extent and scope of the impacts of
weather variability on migration in Pakistan depend on a district's geographic
location and the variability of temperature in the future. |
| Keywords: | Migration, weather variability, climate change,
agriculture, panel data model, instrumental variables regression, Pakistan |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:snd:wpaper:99&r=mig ;|
- A mobilidade espacial da população na região metropolitana de Belo
Horizonte
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Breno A. T. D. de Pinho (Cedeplar-UFMG) ; Fausto Brito
(Cedeplar-UFMG) ; Alane Siqueira Rocha (FEAAC/UFC) |
| The objective of this paper is to analyze migration flows involving the
municipalities of the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. Investigates the
direction and size of immigrant and migrant flows and migratory balances. The
data used come from the Demographic Census for the years 1991, 2000 and 2010.
The results reveal some detachable differences between the metropolitan center
and its periphery in relation to the net population gains, not only due to net
migration between these spatial units in metropolitan, but also by migratory
balances of these units in population exchanges with the interior cities in the
state of Minas Gerais and other states context. |
| Keywords: | Migration; Metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte;
Demographic Census. |
| JEL: | Y80 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td527&r=mig ;|
- Distribuição espacial da população, urbanização e migrações internas no
Brasil
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Fausto Brito (Cedeplar-UFMG) ; Breno A. T. D. de Pinho
(Cedeplar-UFMG) |
| The urban network spatially organizes the municipalities and their
changes, mark an increasingly integrated economy, incorporating new spaces, and
at the same time, ensuring the permanence of serious and historical regional
imbalances. The immigration point of view , the hierarchical integration of
different areas of migratory influence is nationally controlled by the
metropolitan regions of São Paulo, mainly , and Rio de Janeiro and Brasilia,
combining with regional and state hierarchies , guaranteed by the centrality of
the other metropolitan areas and medium-sized cities . Analysis of the spatial
distribution of the population of over five thousand cities, linked by internal
migration and organized by lush urban structure, is the purpose of this
article. |
| Keywords: | spatial distribution of population; urbanization;
metropolization; internal migration |
| JEL: | Y80 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td524&r=mig ;|
- A transição para um novo padrão migratório no Brasil
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Fausto Brito (Cedeplar-UFMG) |
| The purpose of this article is to clarify the concept of migratory
pattern from the history of internal migration in Brazil in the second half of
the twentieth century and the first decade of this century . The reference to
the Brazilian case is intended to place the analytical suggestions within the
limits of the historical process in which there have been internal migration .
It is important to mention that this new pattern that is announced does not
mean a complete transition, however, it coexist characteristics of old and new
and this is perhaps its most important structural mark portrayed mainly by the
stability of the migratory trajectories. |
| Keywords: | Brazil, internal migration, migration theory and
migratory pattern |
| JEL: | Y80 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td526&r=mig ;|
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