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|
| nep-mig | New Economics Papers |
| on Economics of Human Migration |
| Issue of 2015‒12‒08
sixteen papers chosen by
Yuji Tamura
La Trobe University
http://econpapers.repec.org/pta90
| |
- The electoral migration cycleFederico Revelli
- Can Selective Immigration Policies Reduce Migrants' Quality?Bertoli,
Simone; Dequiedt, Vianney; Zenou, Yves
- Self‐Employment amongst Migrant Groups in England and Wales: New Evidence
from Census MicrodataClark, Ken; Drinkwater, Stephen; Robinson, Catherine
- Reducing prejudice through actual and imagined contact: A field experiment
with Malawian shopkeepers and Chinese immigrantsGu, Jun; Mueller, Annika;
Nielsen, Ingrid; Shachat, Jason; Smyth, Russell
- CONCEPTUALISING INTERNATIONAL HIGHSKILLED MIGRATIONChristopher Parsons;
Sebastien Rojon; Lena Wettach
- The Gravity of High Skilled Migration PoliciesMathias Czaika; Christopher
R Parsons
- Impact of EU’s agricultural and fisheries policies on the migration of
third country nationals to the EUAlan Matthews;
- Twenty Years' Evolution of North Korean Migration, 1994–2014: A Human
Security PerspectiveJiyoung Song
- Homeownership of immigrants in France: selection effects related to
international migration flowsLaurent Gobillon; Matthieu Solignac
- Moving people with ideas - innovation inter-regional mobility and firm
heterogeneityRiccardo Crescenzi; Luisa Gagliardi
- Trade, Migration and Regional Income Differences: Evidence from
ChinaXiaodong Zhu; Trevor Tombe
- Migration and Law in JapanAtsushi Kondo
- The Nordic Welfare Model in an Open European Labor MarketBratsberg, Bernt;
Røed, Knut
- Internal migration and public policyGiuranno, Michele; Biswas, Rongili
- Left Behind but Doing Good? Civic Engagement in Two Post-Socialist
CountriesNikolova, Milena; Roman, Monica; Zimmermann, Klaus F.
- Why Does the Government Fail to Improve the Living Conditions of Migrant
Workers in Shanghai? Reflections on the Policies and the Implementations of
Public Rental Housing under NeoliberalismYang Shen
- The electoral migration cycle
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Federico Revelli |
| This paper puts forward a new test of Tiebout sorting that relies on
the exogenous time structure of recurrent local elections. The test is based on
the idea that the policy uncertainty that is associated with periodic
competitive elections should be expected to induce delay of migration, thus
generating an electoral migration cycle of relatively low rates of migration
before the elec- tions, followed by relatively high rates of migration when
electoral uncertainty is resolved. Conversely, interjurisdictional migration
flows that are unrelated to local public service provision motives ought to be
orthogonal to the timing of local elections. Empirically, I study sorting
patterns across several thousands of peninsular Italy’s municipalities through
the increasingly turbulent 2002-2013 decade. I find evidence of an electoral
migration cycle in the sense that the timing of internal migration flows is
systematically influenced by the schedule of recurrent mayoral elections. |
| Keywords: | Tiebout sorting, local elections, uncertainty |
| JEL: | D72 H77 C23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipu:wpaper:37&r=mig |
- Can Selective Immigration Policies Reduce Migrants' Quality?
| Date: | 2015-11 |
| By: | Bertoli, Simone (CERDI, University of Auvergne) ; Dequiedt,
Vianney (CERDI, University of Auvergne) ; Zenou, Yves (Stockholm University) |
| Destination countries can adopt selective immigration policies to
improve migrants' quality. Screening potential migrants on the basis of
observable characteristics also influences their self-selection on
unobservables. We propose a model that analyzes the effects of selective
immigration policies on migrants' quality, measured by their wages at
destination. We show that the prevailing pattern of selection on unobservables
influences the effect of an increase in selectivity, which can reduce migrants'
quality when migrants are positively self-selected on unobservables. We also
demonstrate that, in this case, the quality-maximizing share of educated
migrants declines with the scale of migration. |
| Keywords: | migrants' quality, self-selection, selective policies |
| JEL: | F22 J61 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9538&r=mig |
- Self‐Employment amongst Migrant Groups in England and Wales: New Evidence
from Census Microdata
| Date: | 2015-11 |
| By: | Clark, Ken (University of Manchester) ; Drinkwater, Stephen
(University of Roehampton) ; Robinson, Catherine (University of Kent) |
| Self‐employment constitutes a vital part of the economy since
entrepreneurs can provide not only employment for themselves but also for
others. The link between self‐employment and immigration is, however, complex
since self‐employment can be viewed as both a haven from the paid labour market
or as a source of economic growth. Moreover, the nature of self-employment has
changed considerably in recent decades, especially with regards to providing a
flexible form of employment for many demographic groups. We investigate the
evolving relationship between self‐employment and immigration in the UK using
recently released microdata from the 2011 Census for England and Wales. Our
findings indicate large variations, with high self‐employment rates observed
for some groups with a long established history of migration to the UK
(especially men born in Pakistan) and also for some groups who have arrived
more recently (such as from the EU's new member states). We further explore the
differences, analyse variations by gender and identify key determining factors.
In addition to certain socio‐economic characteristics, it is found that
migration‐related influences, such as English language proficiency and period
of arrival in the UK, play an important role for some groups. |
| Keywords: | self‐employment, immigrants, United Kingdom |
| JEL: | J61 F22 J21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9539&r=mig |
- Reducing prejudice through actual and imagined contact: A field experiment
with Malawian shopkeepers and Chinese immigrants
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Gu, Jun ; Mueller, Annika ; Nielsen, Ingrid ; Shachat, Jason ;
Smyth, Russell |
| We examine the ability of intergroup contact to ameliorate the effect
of in-group bias on economic outcomes. Specifically, we employ randomized
experiments to test whether actual and imagined contact is effective in
reducing prejudice between indigenous Malawian shopkeepers (in-group), and
their Chinese immigrant counterparts (out-group), and test the stability of
these changes over time. We find differing results with actual contact. Local
Malawians´ attitude towards Chinese migrants did not improve, but their
willingness to spend time did. In contrast, actual contact spurred improvement
in the Chinese migrants´ attitude toward local Malawians, but did not increase
their willingness to spend time with them. These effects persisted over a time
period of at least ten days. Imagined contact had no impact on Malawians´
attitude or behavioral intention with respect to Chinese migrants |
| Keywords: | Chinese migrants in Africa,actual contact,imagined
contact,prejudice,field experiment |
| JEL: | C93 J15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:udedao:1052015&r=mig |
- CONCEPTUALISING INTERNATIONAL HIGHSKILLED MIGRATION
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Christopher Parsons (Business School, The University of
Western Australia) ; Sebastien Rojon (VU University Amsterdam) ; Lena Wettach
(Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology) |
| Pinning down a definition of high-skilled migration is a complex issue.
The resulting ambiguity hinders the measurement of human capital, stymies
meaningful international comparisons of the mobility of skills and undermines
the evaluation of immigration policies. In this paper, we adopt three
alternative stances to conceptualise high-skilled migration: from the
perspective of those responsible for recording immigrants at the country level,
from the standpoint of the methodologies that underpin countries’ occupational
nomenclatures and lastly an inductive approach that classifies high skilled
migrants based upon nations’ unilateral immigration policies. Each of the three
approaches is contentious such that we identify three major discordances: a
definitional discordance whereby the same individual may be deemed as more or
less skilled depending upon the variables used to define them, an occupational
discordance whereby the same individual may be classified as highly skilled or
not depending upon the occupational classification used to record them and a
policy discordance whereby the skills of individuals in the same profession are
valued differently by nation states depending upon the prevailing migration
policies. We discuss all three discordances in detail, before making
recommendations to remedy them, thereby bringing clarity to scholars and policy
makers alike. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwa:wpaper:15-033&r=mig |
- The Gravity of High Skilled Migration Policies
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Mathias Czaika (International Migration Institute) ;
Christopher R Parsons (Business School, The University of Western Australia) |
| Despite the almost ubiquitously held belief among policy makers that
immigration policies aimed at attracting high-skilled workers meet their
desired aims, academics continue to debate their efficacy. This paper presents
a comprehensive assessment on the effectiveness of such policies. We combine a
unique new data set of annual bilateral high-skilled immigration labour flows
for 10 OECD destinations between 2000 and 2012, with new databases comprising
both unilateral and bilateral policy instruments, to examine which types, and
combinations, of policies are most effective in attracting and selecting high
skilled workers using a micro-founded gravity framework. Points-based systems
are much more effective in attracting and selecting high-skilled migrants in
comparison with requiring a job offer, labour market tests or working in
shortage listed occupations. Financial incentives yield better outcomes in
‘demand-driven’ systems than when combined with points-based systems however.
Offers of permanent residency, while attracting the highly skilled, overall
reduce the human capital content of labour flows since they prove more
attractive to non-high skill workers. Bilateral recognition of diploma and
social security agreements, foster greater flows of high skilled workers and
improve the skill selectivity of immigrant flows. Conversely, double taxation
agreements deter high skilled migrants, although they do not alter the overall
skill selectivity. Higher skilled wages increase the number and skill
selectivity of labour flows, whereas higher levels of unemployment exert the
opposite effects. Migrant networks, contiguous borders, common language and
freedom of movement, while encouraging greater numbers of high skilled workers,
exert greater effects on non-high skilled workers, thereby reducing the skill
content of labour flows. Greater geographic distances however, while deterring
both types of workers, affect the high skilled less, thereby improving the
selection on skills. Our results are robust to a variety of empirical
specifications, accounting for destination specific amenities, multilateral
resistance to migration and the endogeneity of immigration policies. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uwa:wpaper:15-32&r=mig |
- Impact of EU’s agricultural and fisheries policies on the migration of
third country nationals to the EU
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Alan Matthews (Department of Economics, Trinity College
Dublin) ; |
| This paper examines the possible impact of the EU’s common agricultural
policy (CAP) and its common fisheries policy (CFP) (particularly its external
dimension) on the migration of third country nationals to the EU. First, the
expected impacts of both policies are discussed taking into account that both
policies have undergone considerable changes in recent years. Data on irregular
migration (as an imperfect proxy for economic migration driven mainly by ‘push’
factors) are used to identify those countries which are the principal sources
of irregular migrants to the EU. The likely contribution of the CAP and CFP to
these migration flows is discussed. For both policies, detailed case-study work
in individual countries would be necessary to discover if either policy does
have discernible effects and, if so, the nature of those effects. |
| Keywords: | EU common agricultural policy, EU common fisheries
policy, migration |
| JEL: | F22 Q18 Q22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep0715&r=mig |
- Twenty Years' Evolution of North Korean Migration, 1994–2014: A Human
Security Perspective
| Date: | 2015-05-05 |
| By: | Jiyoung Song |
| Over the past two decades, there have been notable changes in North
Korean migration: from forced migration to trafficking in women, from heroic
underground railways to people smuggling by Christian missionaries. The
migration has taken mixed forms of asylum seeking, human trafficking,
undocumented labour migration and people smuggling. The paper follows the
footsteps of North Korean migrants from China through Southeast Asia to South
Korea, and from there to the United Kingdom, to see the dynamic correlation
between human (in)security and irregular migration. It analyses how individual
migrant's agency interacts with other key actors in the migration system and
eventually brings about emerging patterns of four distinctive forms of
irregular migration in a macro level. It uses human security as its conceptual
framework that is a people-centred, rather than state- or national
security-centric approach to irregular migration. |
| Keywords: | North Korea;migration;human trafficking;people
smuggling;human security |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201532&r=mig |
- Homeownership of immigrants in France: selection effects related to
international migration flows
| Date: | 2015-11 |
| By: | Laurent Gobillon (EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris
School of Economics, PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - ENS Paris -
École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences
sociales - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - École des
Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique,
CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR, University of Pennsylvania
[Philadelphia]) ; Matthieu Solignac (University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia])
|
| We investigate the difference in homeownership rates between natives
and first-generation immigrants in France, and how this difference evolves over
the 1975-1999 period, by using a large longitudinal dataset. We find that the
homeownership gap is large and has increased. Entries into the territory have a
large negative effect on the evolution of homeownership rates for immigrants.
Although entrants have on average better education than people staying in the
territory for the entire period (i.e. stayers), they are younger and thus at an
earlier stage in the wealth accumulation process. They are also located in
large cities, where the homeownership rate is lower, and the returns to their
characteristics are lower than those for stayers. Leavers have a positive
effect on the evolution of homeownership rates for immigrants because they have
a low access to homeownership and they exit the country. But this effect is
only one-third that of entrants. For stayers, we show that returns to
characteristics change in favor of immigrants, which is consistent with
assimilation theories. However, among stayers who access homeownership,
immigrants end up in owned dwellings that are of lesser quality than natives. |
| Keywords: | Homeownership,Immigrants,Longitudinal data |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-01233069&r=mig
|
- Moving people with ideas - innovation inter-regional mobility and firm
heterogeneity
| Date: | 2015-04 |
| By: | Riccardo Crescenzi ; Luisa Gagliardi |
| This paper looks at the link between inter-regional mobility,
innovation and firms’ behavioural heterogeneity in their reliance on localised
external sources of knowledge. By linking patent data (capturing inventors’
inter-regional mobility) with firm-level data (providing information on firms’
innovation inputs and behaviour) a robust identification strategy makes it
possible to shed new light on the geographical mobility-innovation nexus. The
analysis of English firms suggests that firm-level heterogeneity – largely
overlooked in previous studies - is the key to explain the innovation impact of
inter-regional mobility over and above learning-by-hiring mechanisms. A causal
link between inflows of new inventors into the local labour market and
innovation emerges only for firms that make the use of external knowledge
sources an integral part of their innovation strategies. |
| Keywords: | innovation; labour mobility; inter-regional migration;
spillovers |
| JEL: | J61 O15 O31 R23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:64509&r=mig |
- Trade, Migration and Regional Income Differences: Evidence from China
| Date: | 2015 |
| By: | Xiaodong Zhu (University of Toronto) ; Trevor Tombe
(University of Calgary) |
| International trade is closely related to within-country trade and
migration. To study these interrelationships, we develop a novel general
equilibrium model of internal and external trade with migration, featuring both
trade and migration frictions. We estimate these frictions using unique data on
China's trade and migration; the costs are high, but declined after 2000. We
quantify the consequences of lower trade costs (international and internal) and
migration costs on welfare, internal migration, and regional income
differences. External trade liberalization increases China's trade, but only
modestly increases welfare while increasing regional income differences.
Internal trade liberalization has large welfare gains and reduces regional
income differences. Migration cost reductions dramatically increase migration
and lower regional income differences but -- surprisingly -- only modestly
increase trade and aggregate welfare, mainly because the migration costs remain
very high. In a counterfactual exercise in which we lower the migration costs
in China to the levels similar to those in the US, we find very large increases
in both trade and aggregate welfare. Our results suggest internal reforms
dominate external trade liberalization as a source of aggregate welfare gains
and improvements in regional income inequality. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed015:1534&r=mig |
- Migration and Law in Japan
| Date: | 2015-01-05 |
| By: | Atsushi Kondo |
| It has been claimed that Japan is not a country of immigration. Where
is Japan's distinctiveness evident, and what features does it share with other
countries? This article examines the unique points of Japan and investigates
problems of residence and citizenship. This article argues that Japan's
historical legacy and international human rights have had an impact on Japan's
migration and law, takes into consideration the need for new policies and
examines some thorny issues. Globalisation and an ageing population are
generating a debate on implementing a more liberal admission policy for highly
skilled workers, students and nurses/care workers. Thorny issues comprise
ethnic discrimination underscored by a colonial legacy and the still existing
cold war in East Asia. Drawing a comparison with selected developed countries,
this article indicates several challenges for Japan's migration and law.
Markedly, Japan is the only developed industrialised democracy that does not
have an anti-discrimination law. |
| Keywords: | immigration law;regularisation;citizenship;quota
refugees;highly skilled migrants |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201512&r=mig |
- The Nordic Welfare Model in an Open European Labor Market
| Date: | 2015-11 |
| By: | Bratsberg, Bernt (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research)
; Røed, Knut (Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research) |
| Is it possible to sustain an ambitious and redistributive Nordic
welfare state in a Europe with open borders? Drawing on longitudinal
administrative records spanning four decades, we first present discouraging
historical evidence showing that labor migrants from low‐income source
countries tend to have unstable employment careers with marked
overrepresentation in welfare programs. This pattern extends to post‐accession
labor migrants from Eastern Europe, who quickly experience high rates of
unemployment. The article discusses possible avenues for making the welfare
state "migration robust." We argue that there are alternatives to reclosing
borders and/or cutting down welfare state ambitions, and recommend policies
based on strengthening of activity requirements in social insurance programs,
raising minimum job standards, and substitution of work‐oriented services for
cash‐based family allowances. |
| Keywords: | EU enlargement, social insurance, labor migration |
| JEL: | F22 H55 J22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izapps:pp109&r=mig |
- Internal migration and public policy
| Date: | 2015-12 |
| By: | Giuranno, Michele ; Biswas, Rongili |
| This paper studies the relation between internal migration and public
spending on public goods. We describe centralized public policy when a central
government is comprised of elected representatives from local electoral
districts. Internal migration determines the median voter in the districts. The
median voters decide the equilibrium policy through bargaining. We find the
conditions under which exogenous inter-jurisdictional migration results in
larger or smaller public spending. The paper also studies whether and when
inter-regional migration leads to the efficient policy outcome. We find that
the efficient size of government spending depends on the way internal migration
leads to convergence among the regional median incomes and the national average
income. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uca:ucapdv:183&r=mig |
- Left Behind but Doing Good? Civic Engagement in Two Post-Socialist
Countries
| Date: | 2015-11 |
| By: | Nikolova, Milena (IZA) ; Roman, Monica (Bucharest University
of Economic Studies) ; Zimmermann, Klaus F. (IZA and University of Bonn) |
| The fall of socialism in Central and Eastern Europe restored ordinary
citizens' rights and freedoms and ended their political and social isolation.
While the freedom of movement was quickly embraced, civil society revival
lagged due to the eroded civic norms, declining social capital, and worsening
economic conditions. In this paper, we examine the link between the
out-migration of relatives and friends and the pro-social behavior of the left
behinds in two post-socialist countries – Bulgaria and Romania – the EU's
poorest, unhappiest, and among the most corrupt members. We show that having
close contacts abroad is consistently positively associated with civic
engagement and that the cultural transmission of norms from abroad could be
driving the results. Specifically, the strength of the civic engagement culture
of the family or friend's destination matters for the pro-social behavior of
respondents in the home countries. Our results imply that the emigration of
family and friends may have positive but previously undocumented consequences
for the individuals and communities left behind in Bulgaria and Romania. Given
civil society's role for development in post-socialist Europe and the
socio-economic and institutional challenges that Bulgaria and Romania face
compared with the rest of the EU, understanding the channels fostering civil
society and well-being are important for national and EU policymakers. |
| Keywords: | international migration, left behind, civic engagement,
social remittances, post-socialism |
| JEL: | I30 I31 F22 P30 Z10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp9540&r=mig |
- Why Does the Government Fail to Improve the Living Conditions of Migrant
Workers in Shanghai? Reflections on the Policies and the Implementations of
Public Rental Housing under Neoliberalism
| Date: | 2015-01-28 |
| By: | Yang Shen |
| How to get affordable housing is the primary concern of many peasant
migrants working in Shanghai. Although the central government has issued a
series of policies regarding migrant housing in recent years, they are merely
rhetoric and incapable to meet migrant workers' needs. This article aims to
interrogate why the public housing policy cannot solve migrant housing problems
and what neoliberalism means in housing provision. It is argued that the
neoliberal approaches embedded in public rental housing implementation show
that the government prioritises public rental housing for the middle class,
which is considered important to the economy, and ignores the others. The
prioritisation gives rise to the failure of providing affordable housing to
peasant migrant workers. Living in safe and affordable housing is vital to
their well-being and the sustainable economic growth in urban China. Policy
advice is addressed in the conclusion. |
| Keywords: | public housing policies;peasant migrant
workers;participant observation;neoliberalism;China |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201506&r=mig |
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