[colombiamigra] Fw: [nep-mig] 2015-01-03, 28 papers
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NEP: New Economics Papers
Economics of Human Migration
| Edited by: | Yuji Tamura |
| | La Trobe University |
| Issue date: | 2015-01-03 |
| Papers: | 28 |
In this issue we have:
- Do Migrants Send Remittances as a Way of Self-Insurance?Catia Batista;
Janis Umblijs
- When a Random Sample is Not Random. Bounds on the Effect of Migration on
Household Members Left BehindAndreas Steinmayr
- Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Results from a Pilot Project in
VietnamDinh, Ngan; Hughes, Conor; Hughes, James W.; Maurer-Fazio, Margaret
- World migration degreeIdan Porat; Lucien Penguigui
- The choice of migration destinations: cultural diversity versus cultural
distanceZhiling Wang; Thomas de Graaff; Peter Nijkamp
- Intrahousehold distribution in migrant-sending familiesLucia Mangiavacchi;
Federico Perali; Luca Piccoli
- Immigration & Ideas: What Did Russian Scientists 'Bring' to the
US?Ganguli, Ina
- How does elderly migration affect urban growth and city-size distribution
in the French Riviera?Michel Dimou; Alexandra Schaffar
- Examining the Impact of Climate Change on Migration through the
Agricultural Channel: Evidence from District Level Panel Data from
BangladeshKazi Iqbal; Paritosh K Roy
- How to woo the smart ones? Evaluating the determinants that particularly
attract highly qualified people to citiesBuch, Tanja; Hamann, Silke; Niebuhr,
Annekatrin; Rossen, Anja
- Immigration and Economic Growth in the OECD Countries, 1986-2006Boubtane,
Ekrame; Dumont, Jean-Christophe; Rault, Christophe
- Country of origin and employment prospects among immigrants: An analysis
of south-south and north-south migrants to South AfricaAmos C Peters; Asha
Sundaram
- Which factors drive the skill-mix of migrants in the long-run?Andreas
Beerli; Ronald Indergand
- New Directions in Immigration Policy: Canada's Evolving Approach to the
Selection of Economic ImmigrantsFerrer, Ana; Picot, Garnett; Riddell, W. Craig
- Analysis of Pull-Factor Determinants of Filipino International
MigrationDeluna, Roperto Jr; Darius, Artigo
- From Europe to Africa: Return migration to Senegal and the
DRCMarie-Laurence Flahaux; Cris Beauchemin; Bruno Schoumaker
- Labor Market Integration of New Immigrants in SpainRodríguez-Planas,
Núria; Nollenberger, Natalia
- Immigration : What About the Children and Grandchildren?Sweetman, A.; van
Ours, J.C.
- Do labour market conditions shape immigrant-native gaps in employment
outcomes? A comparison of 19 European countriesMarkaki, Yvonni
- Country of Origin and Immigrant Earnings, 1960-2000: A Human Capital
Investment PerspectiveDuleep, Harriet; Liu, Xingfei; Regets, Mark
- Technological Change and Declining Immigrant Outcomes, Implications for
Income Inequality in CanadaWarman, Casey; Worswick, Christopher
- Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship in England and WalesHardy, Daniel;
Rodriguez-Pose, Andres
- International Knowledge Spillovers: The Benefits from Employing
ImmigrantsJürgen Bitzer; Erkan Gören; Sanne Hiller
- Assessment of the impact of migration of health professionals on the
labour market and health sector performance in destination countries : a report
prepared for the EU-ILO project on "Decent work across borders: a pilot project
for migrant health professionals and skilled workers"Wickramasekara, Piyasiri
- In Search of Opportunities? The Barriers to More Efficient Internal Labor
Mobility in UkraineKoettl, Johannes; Kupets, Olga; Olefir, Anna; Santos, Indhira
- Job Quality in Segmented Labor Markets: The Israeli CaseShoshana Neuman
- INVENTOR DIASPORAS AND THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGYMiguelez
Ernest
- Perceptions of ethno-cultural diversity and neighborhood cohesion in three
European countriesKoopmans, Ruud; Schaeffer, Merlin
Contents.
- Do Migrants Send Remittances as a Way of Self-Insurance?
| Date: | 2014 |
| By: | Catia Batista
Janis Umblijs |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unl:unlfep:novaf:wp1402&r=mig |
| How do risk preferences affect migrant remittance behaviour?
Examination of this relationship has only begun to be explored. Using a
tailored representative survey of 1500 immigrants in the Greater Dublin Area,
Ireland, we find a positive and significant relationship between risk aversion
and migrant remittances. Risk-averse individuals are more likely to send
remittances home and are, on average, likely to remit a higher amount, after
controlling for a broad range of individual and group characteristics. The
evidence we obtain is consistent with a “purchase of self-insurance” motive to
remit in that we also find support for more remittances being sent by
risk-averse immigrants who face higher wage risks and to individuals with more
financial resources. JEL codes: D81, F22, F24, J15, J61 |
| Keywords: | Migration, Risk Aversion, Remittances, Self-Insurance |
- When a Random Sample is Not Random. Bounds on the Effect of Migration on
Household Members Left Behind
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Andreas Steinmayr |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kie:kieliw:1975&r=mig |
| A key problem in the literature on the economics of migration is how
emigration of an individual affects households left behind. Answers to this
question must confront a problem I refer to as invisible sample selection: when
entire households migrate, no information about them remains in their source
country. Since estimation is typically based on source country data, invisible
sample selection yields biased estimates if all-move households differ from
households that send only a subset of their members abroad. I address this
identification problem and derive nonparametric bounds within a principal
stratification framework. Instrumental variables estimates are biased, even if
all-move households do not differ in their potential outcomes. For this case, I
derive a corrected instrumental variables estimator. I illustrate the approach
using individual and household data from widely cited, recent studies.
Potential bias from invisible sample selection can be large, but transparent
assumptions regarding behaviors of household members and selectivity of
migrants allow identification of informative bounds |
| Keywords: | Sample selection, migration, selectivity, principal
stratification |
| JEL: | C21 F22 J61 O15 |
- Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Results from a Pilot Project in
Vietnam
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Dinh, Ngan (University of Cambridge)
Hughes, Conor (National Bureau of Economic Research)
Hughes, James W. (Bates College)
Maurer-Fazio, Margaret (Bates College) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8686&r=mig |
| Human trafficking is one of the most widely spread and fastest growing
crimes in the world. However, despite the scope of the problem, the important
human rights issues at stake and the professed intent of governments around the
world to put an end to "modern day slavery", there is very little that is
actually known about the nature of human trafficking and those most at risk as
potential victims. This is due in large part to the difficulty in collecting
reliable and statistically useful data. In this paper we present the results of
a pilot study run in rural Vietnam with the aim of overcoming these data
issues. Rather than attempt to identify victims themselves, we rely on the form
rural migration often takes in urbanizing developing countries to instead
identify households that were sources of trafficking victims. This allows us to
construct a viable sampling frame, on which we conduct a survey using novel
techniques such as anchoring vignettes, indirect sampling, list randomization
and social network analysis to construct a series of empirically valid
estimates that can begin to shed light on the problem of human trafficking. |
| Keywords: | human trafficking, labor migration, Vietnam, household
survey, indirect sampling, social network analysis, pilot study, public policy |
| JEL: | J47 J61 J82 K42 O15 |
- World migration degree
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Idan Porat
Lucien Penguigui |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p60&r=mig |
| Migration is an important aspect of human society. It has existed
throughout history, but in modern times it takes a new form. We propose a new
approach to the world migration phenomenon as two complex directed networks
(immigration and emigration) were countries represents network nodes, and
migration between countries represents directed links. We compose a general
picture by evaluating both countries of sources of migrants and countries of
receivers of migrants for which there are reliable data and statistics. Here we
analyze the migration networks of 216 destination and source countries and
territories (2006-2010), according to World Bank data. We evaluated two main
parameters: degree (D) - the number of links of a country with the rest of the
world; and weight (W) - the number of migrants to and from a country. Weight
represents the extent of the migration to/from a country and degree represents
the connectivity of a country to the global migration network. Statistical
analysis of the degree and weight distributions offers a strong potential
contribution to understanding of migration as global phenomena. Our findings
suggest that source countries network has homogeneous distribution of weight
and of degree and a strong correlation between them. The degree distribution of
the source countries is Gaussian, indicating some universality in the
emigration phenomenon. The distribution of the receiving countries shows a
completely different pattern and we identify three main groups of countries and
two main strategies of migration to destination countries: a) countries with
high degree and high weight, representing a "global world" of high connectivity
strategy; b) countries with low degree, representing a "local world" strategy
with some high weight links; c) isolated countries of low connectivity and low
migration flow. The migration is essentially a global and general process with
similar characteristics and strategies regarding connectivity and flows. This
indicates that questions about the origins and/or dynamics of the process. The
efficiency of national policies can be asked for all countries since there are
similarities between countries that are not considered as 'migration
countries'. Consequently much general approach towards the phenomena is needed
and a much larger view is required. |
| Keywords: | Immigration; Emigration; Networks; Degree |
- The choice of migration destinations: cultural diversity versus cultural
distance
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Zhiling Wang
Thomas de Graaff
Peter Nijkamp |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p1147&r=mig |
| This study analyses the impact of cultural composition on regional
attractiveness from the perspective of migrant sorting behaviour. We use an
attitudinal survey to quantify cultural distances between natives and
immigrants in the area concerned, and estimate the migrants¡¯ varying
preferences for both cultural diversity and cultural distance. To account for
regional unobserved heterogeneity, our econometric analysis employs artificial
instrumental variables, as developed by Bayer et al. (2004a). The main
conclusions are twofold. On the one hand, cultural diversity increases regional
attractiveness. On the other hand, average cultural distance greatly weakens
regional attractiveness, even when the presence of network effect is controlled
for. |
| Keywords: | migration; cultural diversity; cultural distance;
destination choice; sorting; |
| JEL: | R23 Z1 |
- Intrahousehold distribution in migrant-sending families
| Date: | 2014-10 |
| By: | Lucia Mangiavacchi (University of Balearic Islands, Spain)
Federico Perali (University of Verona, Italy)
Luca Piccoli (University of Balearic Islands, Spain) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2014-344&r=mig |
| This study proposes a novel approach for estimating the rules governing
the distribution of resources among wife, husband and children, using a
complete collective demand system with individual Engel effects. The model
contributes to the literature by explicitly modeling intrahousehold inequality
and offering a powerful tool to analyze the impact of specific factors or
policies on the share of resources of each household member. We apply the model
to Albania, a country where gender and inter-generation inequalities are
relevant social issues stemming from traditional patriarchal family values and
massive international migration of male adults. The results show that the
female share of resources is substantially lower respect to a fair
distribution. The share of resources freed by the male migrant shifts to the
left behind children but not to women, especially when migration increases the
influence of women in the decision making process. This effect is increasing
with the proportion of daughters. |
| Keywords: | Intrahousehold distribution, individual welfare,
collective consumption models, sharing rule, migration, left behind, Albania. |
| JEL: | D13 H31 I32 O15 |
- Immigration & Ideas: What Did Russian Scientists 'Bring' to the US?
| Date: | 2014-11-19 |
| By: | Ganguli, Ina (Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:hasite:0030&r=mig |
| This paper examines how high-skilled immigrants contribute to knowledge
diffusion using a rich dataset of Russian scientists and US citations to
Soviet-era publications. Analysis of a panel of US cities and scientific fields
shows that citations to Soviet-era work increased significantly with the
arrival of immigrants. A difference-in-differences analysis with matched
paper-pairs also shows that after Russian scientists moved to the US, citations
to their Soviet-era papers increased relative to control papers. Both
strategies reveal scientific field-specific effects. Ideas in high-impact
papers and papers previously accessible to US scientists were the most likely
to "spill over" to natives. |
| Keywords: | high skill immigration; citations; innovation; Russia |
| JEL: | J40 J61 O33 |
- How does elderly migration affect urban growth and city-size distribution
in the French Riviera?
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Michel Dimou
Alexandra Schaffar |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p256&r=mig |
| The main objective of this paper is to understand the effects of
regional migration of households over city-size distribution, urban growth and
real estate prices. The paper aims to study regional migration of elderly
households, mainly those over 50, in France during the last 20 years, by
emphasizing on the consequences of migration from households that quit their
initial regions in order to settle in the French Riviera where weather is
better and climate and natural amenities are higher. Most studies on cities'
demographics focus on migration of young workers and households seeking better
wages and urban amenities. However, in some cases, such as in Arizona and
Florida in the US or in the French Riviera in Europe, urban demographical
growth is driven mostly by elderly settlement, not interested in wages
differentials but in climate amenities and real-estate prices differentials.
Previous work on the way climate affects migration has been delivered from
Glaeser and Tobio (2007), Rappaport (2007) and Chesire and Magrini (2009), for
US and Europe. However none of these studies has specifically focused on
elderly migration. Economic literature draws back to seminal work from Graves
(1979) who delivered the first life-cycle empirical analysis of migration with
regards to climate. The paper focuses on elderly migration in France. It aims
to understand the way this migration flows affect urban growth patterns in the
French Mediterranean Coast, from Marseille to Nice. The paper also focuses on
the consequences of such migrations on real-estate prices and the eviction of
young households' migration, mainly because of the fact that it becomes
impossible for them to settle in such high-priced region. The paper uses
1995-2010 data both from the French National Statistic Institute (INSEE) and
from the PERVAL Agency where all real-estate sales are registered. From a
methodological point of view, it delivers three types of models: rank-size
models (Ibragimov and Gabaix, 2011), urban growth models (Schaffar and Dimou,
2011) and real-estate prices' analysis that takes into account spatial
autocorrelation effects (Basile and al, 2013). |
| Keywords: | Migration; urban growth; city-size distribution. |
- Examining the Impact of Climate Change on Migration through the
Agricultural Channel: Evidence from District Level Panel Data from Bangladesh
| By: | Kazi Iqbal
Paritosh K Roy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:snd:wpaper:84&r=mig |
| This paper studies how changes in climatic variables such as
temperature and rainfall impact migration through agriculture. We use district
level data (64 districts) for 3 inter-census periods (1974-1980, 1981-1990 and
1991-2000) to analyze historical migration related outcomes. We find that
fluctuations in temperature and rainfall contributed to a decline in
agricultural productivity as measured by revenues from agriculture. Fixed
Effect and Instrumental Variable estimations show that about one standard
deviation decrease in real per capita agricultural revenue increases the net
out-migration rate by 1.4 to 2.4 percent, controlling for unobserved effects
for districts and years. Using our estimates and available forecasts in the
literature, we predict that the net out-migration rate will be about 22 percent
higher in 2030 than in 1990, assuming the variability in temperature stays
stable and there are no behavioural responses from the farmers. |
| Keywords: | Weather Variability, Agricultural Impacts, Internal
Migration, Developing Countries Climate Change, Adaptation |
- How to woo the smart ones? Evaluating the determinants that particularly
attract highly qualified people to cities
| Date: | 2014 |
| By: | Buch, Tanja
Hamann, Silke
Niebuhr, Annekatrin
Rossen, Anja |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwirp:159&r=mig |
| Human capital is a driving factor of innovation and economic growth.
Economic prospects of cities depend on high qualified workers' knowledge and
therefore, attracting highly qualified workers plays a fundamental role for
cities' prospects. This study contributes to the question which factors
primarily determine the mobility-decision of highly qualified workers by
investigating the determinants of the migration balance of German cities
between 2000 and 2010. Furthermore, it compares the effects of several labour-
and amenity-related variables on migration rates of highly qualified workers
and the remaining workforce. Findings suggest that local labour market
conditions influence the mobility decision but amenities matter too for the
high-skilled. The preferences of the highly qualified workers partly differ
from those of the rest of the workforce. However, there are also several
factors that do not show systematic differences across skill groups. |
| Keywords: | migration,cities,qualification level,highly
qualified,labour market conditions,amenities,Germany |
| JEL: | C23 J61 R23 |
- Immigration and Economic Growth in the OECD Countries, 1986-2006
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Boubtane, Ekrame (University Paris 1)
Dumont, Jean-Christophe (OECD)
Rault, Christophe (University of Orléans) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8681&r=mig |
| This paper offers a reappraisal of the impact of migration on economic
growth for 22 OECD countries between 1986-2006 and relies on a unique data set
we compiled that allows us to distinguish net migration of the native-born and
foreign-born by skill level. Specifically, after introducing migration in an
augmented Solow-Swan model, we estimate a dynamic panel model using a system of
generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM) to deal with the risk of an endogeneity
bias of the migration variables. Two important findings emerge from our
analysis. First, there exists a positive impact of migrants' human capital on
economic growth. And second, the contribution of immigrants to human capital
accumulation tends to dominate the mechanical dilution effect while the net
effect is fairly small. This conclusion holds even in countries with highly
selective migration policies. |
| Keywords: | immigration, growth, human capital, generalized methods
of moments |
| JEL: | C23 F22 J24 J61 O41 O47 |
- Country of origin and employment prospects among immigrants: An analysis
of south-south and north-south migrants to South Africa
| Date: | 2014 |
| By: | Amos C Peters
Asha Sundaram (SALDRU and School of Economics, University of Cape Town) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:136&r=mig |
| We study the relationship between country of origin and employment
prospects for immigrants to South Africa, an emerging host country
characterized by high levels of unemployment, labour market imperfections and a
scarcity of skills. Using the 2001 South African census, we estimate the
probability of being employed for working-age immigrant men and South African
internal migrants. We find that, conditional on individual characteristics and
education levels, the probability of being employed varies by country of
origin, and that it is different for immigrants relative to native internal
migrants. Immigrants from advanced sending countries outperform natives, while
those from certain central, west-African and Asian countries underperform them.
Additionally, results indicate that education increases the probability of
employment for immigrants from all countries. These probabilities converge at
high levels of education, resulting in greater dispersion of employment
probabilities across countries at lower levels of education. |
| Keywords: | South Africa, Migration, Employment, South-south
migration |
- Which factors drive the skill-mix of migrants in the long-run?
| Date: | 2014-12 |
| By: | Andreas Beerli
Ronald Indergand |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zur:econwp:182&r=mig |
| A pervasive, yet little acknowledged feature of international migration
to developed countries is that newly arriving immigrants are increasingly
highly skilled since the 1980s. This paper analyses the determinants of changes
in the skill composition of immigrants using a framework suggested by Grogger &
Hanson (2011). We focus on Switzerland, which continuously showed very high
immigration rates and dramatic changes in the skill composition of immigrants.
In addition, the recent integration of Switzerland into the European labour
market in 2002 serves as a policy experiment which allows analysing the
influence of a reduction on immigration restrictions on immigrants from
European countries in comparison to those from other countries. Our findings
suggest that changes of education supply in origin countries and shifts to the
relative demand for education groups stand out as the two most important
drivers. Yet, while supply alone predicts only a modest increase in the case of
highly educated workers and a large increase of middle educated workers, one
particular demand channel, the polarisation of labour demand induced by the
adoption of computer capital, is crucial to explain the sharp increase in
highly educated workers and the mere stabilisation of the share of middle
educated immigrant workers. The abolition of quotas for EU residents played a
smaller role, yet may have slightly reduced the high skill share among
immigrants relative to immigrants from other countries. |
| Keywords: | International migration, self selection, migration
policy, job polarisation |
| JEL: | F22 J61 J24 J31 |
- New Directions in Immigration Policy: Canada's Evolving Approach to the
Selection of Economic Immigrants
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Ferrer, Ana (University of Waterloo)
Picot, Garnett (Queen's University)
Riddell, W. Craig (University of British Columbia, Vancouver) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8682&r=mig |
| Canada's immigration system is currently undergoing significant change
driven by several goals that include (1) a desire to improve the economic
outcomes of entering immigrants; (2) an attempt to better respond to short-term
regional labor market shortages often associated with commodity booms, and (3)
a desire to shift immigration away from the three largest cities to other
regions of the country. These goals reflect the implementation of new
immigration programs in the 2000s. The paper discusses the recent changes to
Canadian immigration policy, examines preliminary evaluations of the new
programs and discusses potential future issues emanating from the changes. |
| Keywords: | migration, immigration policy, immigrant selection,
points system, human capital, temporary foreign workers |
| JEL: | J11 J24 J61 J68 |
- Analysis of Pull-Factor Determinants of Filipino International Migration
| Date: | 2014-07-01 |
| By: | Deluna, Roperto Jr
Darius, Artigo |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:60156&r=mig |
| This paper was conducted to examine the pull-factor determinants of
Filipino international migration. This study employed Ordinary Least Square
(OLS) estimation of gravity model using panel data consisting of 27 countries
of destinations from 2007 to 2011. Results of the study revealed that migration
flow over the years is increasing. Furthermore, 39% of Filipino migrants were
located in USA, this is followed by Canada, UK, Australia and Italy which is
the home of 34%, 15%, 5% and 3% of Filipinos respectively. Estimation results
of the determinants of Filipino international migration showed that GDP,
unemployment rate, cost of living, fiscal freedom, religion, distance and being
a member of OECD are not significant pull factor indicators of Filipino
migration. Furthermore, it revealed that Filipino migration is significantly
and positively affected by population in the destination country. It shows the
higher expectancy of migrants to acquire jobs in the destination country.
Moreover, Filipino migrants preferred to migrate to a country which has less
corruption and that English speaking countries are preferred destination by
Filipino migrants. |
| Keywords: | International Migration, OLS, Panel Data, Fixed and
Random Effects |
| JEL: | C33 F22 J11 |
- From Europe to Africa: Return migration to Senegal and the DRC
| Date: | 2014 |
| By: | Marie-Laurence Flahaux
Cris Beauchemin
Bruno Schoumaker |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idg:posoce:515&r=mig |
| The MAFE surveys (Migrations between Africa and Europe) reveal a
downtrend in return migrations, notably among migrants from the Democratic
Republic of Congo (DR Congo). A large majority of returns are spontaneous,
rather than forced or encouraged by the host country. Only 16% of Senegalese
migrants and 15% of Congolese reported returning home because of difficulties
in Europe, including “problems with residence status”. Decisions to return home
are strongly dependent on the prospects of reintegration in the home country.
Moreover, the barriers to immigration set in place by European countries tend
to lower migrants’ propensity to return home. |
- Labor Market Integration of New Immigrants in Spain
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Rodríguez-Planas, Núria (Queens College, CUNY)
Nollenberger, Natalia (Queen Mary, University of London) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izapps:pp93&r=mig |
| This paper assesses how new immigrants to Spain fare in the country's
labor market, evaluating the conditions under which they are able to find
employment, and their progress out of unskilled work into middle-skilled jobs.
Using Spanish Labor Force Survey data from 2000 through 2011, we find that
immigrants who arrived before the 2008 recession had little trouble finding
work immediately, but those who arrived after 2008 struggled to find work as
Spanish unemployment rates skyrocketed. Immigrants' individual characteristics
had a limited effect on their employment trajectories. Although many immigrants
who arrived in Spain between 2000 and 2007 were able to find work and
eventually move out of the low-skilled positions, the nature of their jobs
meant that they were not protected from the recession, and many became
unemployed as the economy shed low- and middle-skilled jobs in sectors
dominated by immigrants. In the long term, Spain will likely need immigrants to
cover labor shortages because of its aging population and the emigration of
native-born workers to other countries. The findings suggest that for many
workers, finding middle-skilled work alone isn't enough, and integration
policies could aim to help workers transition from the secondary to the primary
labor market in order to find their way into more stable employment. |
| Keywords: | immigrants, Great Recession, Spain |
| JEL: | J15 J24 J61 J62 |
- Immigration : What About the Children and Grandchildren?
| Date: | 2014 |
| By: | Sweetman, A.
van Ours, J.C. (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research) |
| URL: |
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:cc9b5625-5c92-41b6-a1a4-f294de8f2088&r=mig
|
| Abstract: Intergenerational immigrant integration is central to the
economic growth and social development of many countries whose populations
comprise a substantial share of the children and grandchildren of immigrants.
In addition to basic demographics, relevant economic theories and institutional
features are surveyed to assist in understanding these phenomena. Building on
this foundation, educational and labor market success across the immigrant
generations are reviewed, and then studies on the evolution of social outcomes
across those same generations are discussed. Overall, substantial
cross-national heterogeneity in outcomes is observed as various sources of
immigration interact with distinct national labor markets and
educational/social contexts that have diverse approaches to integrating
immigrants. |
| Keywords: | Second-generation immigration; 1.5-generation
immigration; educational attainment; labor market position; intergenerational
assimilation; economic integration |
| JEL: | J15 |
- Do labour market conditions shape immigrant-native gaps in employment
outcomes? A comparison of 19 European countries
| Date: | 2014-12-01 |
| By: | Markaki, Yvonni |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ese:iserwp:2014-41&r=mig |
| This article draws from different theoretical and empirical literatures
to analyse the role of socioeconomic and regulatory conditions on
immigrant-native gaps across four outcomes; unemployment, monthly earnings,
underemployment, and precarious contracts. The empirical results suggest that
immigrant-native gaps are larger in countries with more immigrants. Evidence
also indicates that a stricter regulation of regular contracts increases the
immigrant-native earnings gap and immigrants’ chances of holding temporary
contracts. A stricter regulation of temporary contracts increases immigrants’
risk of unemployment and underemployment. A higher union density appears to
suppress wage differences across some immigrant groups, rather than in
comparison to natives. |
- Country of Origin and Immigrant Earnings, 1960-2000: A Human Capital
Investment Perspective
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Duleep, Harriet (College of William and Mary)
Liu, Xingfei (IZA)
Regets, Mark (National Science Foundation) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8628&r=mig |
| Using microdata from the 1960-2000 decennial censuses, this paper
explores how large initial differences in immigrant earnings by country of
origin change with duration in the United States. One analysis reveals that
country of origin adds less to the explanation of earnings, among working-age
adult male immigrants, the longer they reside in the United States. Another
discovers that the earnings dispersion of demographically comparable immigrants
across countries of origin diminishes with time in the United States. Both
indicate convergence in immigrant earnings by country of origin. To probe the
sensitivity of these results to immigrant emigration, we pursue a theoretical
analysis, which gauges how hypothetical patterns of selective emigration affect
the convergence results, and an empirical analysis, which could be more broadly
applied as a test for emigration bias. Both suggest that immigrant earnings
convergence by country of origin is not an artifact of emigration. The
convergence has methodological ramifications for the measurement of immigrant
economic assimilation – in studies that follow cohorts and in studies that
follow individuals with longitudinal data – and more generally for the study of
any process in which unmeasured variables jointly affect initial conditions and
subsequent growth. |
| Keywords: | immigrant economic assimilation, human capital
investment, country of origin, immigrant earnings convergence |
| JEL: | J1 J2 J3 |
- Technological Change and Declining Immigrant Outcomes, Implications for
Income Inequality in Canada
| Date: | 2014-11-25 |
| By: | Warman, Casey
Worswick, Christopher |
| URL: |
http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ubc:clssrn:clsrn_admin-2014-51&r=mig |
| The earnings and occupational task requirements of immigrants to Canada
are analyzed. The growing education levels of immigrants in the 1990s have not
led to a large improvement in earnings as one might expect if growing
computerization was leading to a rising return to non-routine cognitive skills
and a greater wage return to university education. Controlling for education,
we find a pronounced cross-arrival cohort decline in earnings that coincided
with cross cohort declines in cognitive task requirements and cross cohort
increases in manual task requirements. The immigrant earnings outcomes had only
a small effect on overall Canadian earnings inequality. |
| Keywords: | Occupational mobility; Earnings; Language Proficiency;
Skills; Human Capital; Immigration |
| JEL: | J15 J24 J31 J61 J62 J71 |
- Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship in England and Wales
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Hardy, Daniel
Rodriguez-Pose, Andres |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:10241&r=mig |
| British regions are becoming increasingly culturally diverse, with
migration as the main driver. Does this diversity benefit local economies? This
research examines the impact of cultural diversity on the entrepreneurial
performance of UK regions. We focus on two largely overlooked factors, the
measurement of diversity, and the skills composition of diverse populations.
First, more that demonstrating the importance of cultural diversity for
entrepreneurship, we show that the type of cultural diversity measured is a
decisive factor. Second, the skill composition of diverse populations is also
key. Diversity amongst the ranks of the highly skilled exerts the strongest
impact upon start-up intensities. The empirical investigation employs spatial
regression techniques and carriers out several robustness checks, including
instrumental variables specifications, to corroborate our findings. |
| Keywords: | cultural diversity; entrepreneurship; high-skilled
migration; knowledge spillovers |
| JEL: | F22 J24 L26 M13 |
- International Knowledge Spillovers: The Benefits from Employing Immigrants
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Jürgen Bitzer (Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg)
Erkan Gören (Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg and Aarhus University)
Sanne Hiller (Ruhr-University Bochum and Aarhus University) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lue:wpaper:323&r=mig |
| This paper explores the role of immigrant employees for a firm’s
capability to absorb international knowledge. Using matched employer-employee
data from Denmark for the years 1999 to 2009, we are able to show that
non-Danish employees contribute significantly to a firm’s economic output
through their ability to access international knowledge. The immigrants’ impact
increases if they come from technological advanced countries, have a high
educational level, and are employed in high skilled positions. However, the
latter does not hold for immigrant managers. |
| Keywords: | R&D Spillovers, Absorptive Capacity, Firm-Level
Analysis, Foreign Workers, Immigrants |
| JEL: | D20 J82 L20 O30 |
- Assessment of the impact of migration of health professionals on the
labour market and health sector performance in destination countries : a report
prepared for the EU-ILO project on "Decent work across borders: a pilot project
for migrant health professionals and skilled workers"
| Date: | 2014 |
| By: | Wickramasekara, Piyasiri |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:485561&r=mig |
| Keywords: | labour migration, international migration, physician,
nurse, health service, quality of care, economic implication, EU countries,
OECD countries, UK, USA, migrations de main-d'oeuvre, migration internationale,
médecin, infirmière, service de santé, qualité des soins, conséquences
économiques, pays de l'UE, pays de l'OCDE, Royaume-Uni, Etats-Unis,
migraciones laborales, migración internacional, médico, enfermera, servicio
de salud, calidad de la atención, consecuencias económicas, países de la UE,
países de la OCDE, Reino Unido, Estados Unidos |
- In Search of Opportunities? The Barriers to More Efficient Internal Labor
Mobility in Ukraine
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Koettl, Johannes (World Bank)
Kupets, Olga (National University of Kiev-Mohyla Academy)
Olefir, Anna (World Bank)
Santos, Indhira (World Bank) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8631&r=mig |
| Ukraine's economy lacks dynamism, and this is both the cause and the
effect of people not moving across the regions. The rate at which Ukrainians
move from one region to another within the country is only half of what would
be expected in comparison with other countries. This paper examines the
barriers that prevent workers from moving within Ukraine, using information
from focus group discussions and expert surveys. It also offers recommendations
for creating greater labor mobility in Ukraine through addressing institutional
bottlenecks and defines five key areas for improvement, including the
population registry system, housing and credit markets, vocational education
and training systems, labor market institutions, and the social welfare system.
|
| Keywords: | barriers to migration, housing market, internal labor
mobility, transition economies |
| JEL: | J61 J68 P25 |
- Job Quality in Segmented Labor Markets: The Israeli Case
| By: | Shoshana Neuman (Bar-Ilan University) |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biu:wpaper:2014-12&r=mig |
| Till the early-1990s the collectively-bargained labor contract (between
the trade-union that presented the employees, and the employer or the
employers'-association) was the norm, granting salaried workers a stable and
protected labor contract. Thereafter, and more significantly after 1995, the
share of unionized workers dropped constantly, to almost half of its peak level
(of more than 80 percent). In parallel, two other types of contracts became
more common: personal temporary contracts (between an individual worker and his
employer), and contracts between a labor-contractor and employees who are
employed in a triangular mode of employment (employee-contractor-client). The
latter involves precarious employment and is more common among the more
vulnerable sub-populations of new-immigrants, disabled individuals,
Israeli-Arabs, foreign-workers and women. The contractual changes resulted in
work instability, growth of the secondary labor market and segmentation.
Efforts to protect the disadvantaged secondary labor-market workers include
legislation, reforms, new regulations, and enforcement of all the above. |
| Keywords: | Israel; labor market segmentation; labor contracts;
collective bargaining; contracted labor; immigrants; foreign workers;
regulation |
| JEL: | J15 J21 J31 J41 J51 J58 J61 J81 |
- INVENTOR DIASPORAS AND THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY
| Date: | 2014-11 |
| By: | Miguelez Ernest |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa14p1030&r=mig |
| This paper documents the influence of diaspora networks of high-skilled
individuals ? i.e., inventors ? on international technological collaborations.
By means of gravity models, it studies the determinants of the
internationalization of inventive activity between a group of industrialized
countries and a sample of developing and emerging economies. The paper examines
in detail the influence exerted by skilled diasporas in fostering cross-country
co-inventorship as well as R&D offshoring. The study finds a strong and robust
relationship between inventor diaspora and different forms of international
co-patenting. However, the effect is decreasing with the level of formality of
the interactions. Interestingly, some of the most successful diasporas lately
documented ? namely, Chinese and Indian ones ? do not govern the results.
Migrant networks may smooth the obstacles to the internationalization of
inventive activity. They create trust across national boundaries, provide
information on market opportunities and, in general, reduce transaction costs
of economic interactions between countries. Diaspora networks have been studied
in the context of trade (Gould, 1994), FDI (Javorcik et al., 2011; Kugler and
Rapoport, 2007), and international diffusion of ideas (Agrawal et al., 2011;
Kerr, 2008). In parallel, numerous papers have investigated the
internationalization of R&D activities (Guellec and van Pottelsberghe de la
Potterie, 2001; Patel and Vega, 1999; Picci, 2010). To the best of my
knowledge, however, no study has looked at the role of high-skilled diasporas
in fostering international technological collaborations. To anticipate the
results to come, I find a robust and sizeable effect of high-skilled diasporas
on the internationalization of inventive activity between developed, receiving
countries and developing, sending economies. The effect is statistically and
economically significant: a 10-percent increase in the inventor diaspora abroad
is associated with a 1.5 to 2.2 percent increase in international patent
collaborations. The evidence found survives the inclusion of a large number of
controls, fixed-effects (FE), robustness checks, and identification issues.
Moreover, the effect is stronger for inventor-to-inventor collaborations ?
co-inventorship ? than for applicant-to-inventor co-patents ? R&D offshoring,
suggesting that diaspora effects mediate particularly interpersonal relations
between co-workers. |
| JEL: | C8 J61 O31 O33 R0 |
- Perceptions of ethno-cultural diversity and neighborhood cohesion in three
European countries
| Date: | 2014 |
| By: | Koopmans, Ruud
Schaeffer, Merlin |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbmit:spvi2014103&r=mig |
| The question whether ethnic diversity is associated with declining
social cohesion has produced much controversy. We maintain that more attention
must be paid to cognitive mechanisms to move the debate ahead. Using survey
data from 938 localities in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, we explore a
crucial individual-level mechanism: perceptions of diversity. We not only
consider perceptions of the amount, but also of the qualitative nature of
diversity. By asking about various qualitative aspects of diversity, we test
the cognitive salience of three explanations that have been proposed in the
literature for negative diversity effects: out-group biases, asymmetric
preferences and coordination problems. We show that all three mechanisms
matter. Perceptions both mediate statistical diversity effects, and have
important explanatory power of their own. Moreover, we are able to address the
question to what extend the relationship of perceived diversity and
neighborhood social cohesion varies across policy contexts. Based on
assumptions in the literature about positive impacts of inclusive and
culturally pluralist immigrant integration policy approaches, we hypothesize
that ethno-cultural diversity is less negatively related to neighborhood social
cohesion in more inclusive policy contexts. Our results provide partial support
for this hypothesis as perceived diversity has a significantly stronger
negative impact on neighborhood cohesion in Germany. |
| Keywords: | Social Cohesion,Social Capital,Ethnic
Diversity,Immigration,Intergroup Relations,Community Erosion |
This nep-mig issue is ©2015 by Yuji Tamura. It is provided as is without any
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