[blind-chess] February 10, 1996: Kasparov loses chess game to computer.
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February 10, 1996: Kasparov loses chess game to computer.
On this day in 1996, after three hours, world chess champion Gary Kasparov
loses the first game of a six-game match against Deep Blue, an IBM
computer capable of evaluating 200 million moves per second. Man was
ultimately
victorious over machine, however, as Kasparov bested Deep Blue in the match
with three wins and two ties and took home the $400,000 prize. An estimated
6 million people worldwide followed the action on the Internet.
Kasparov had previously defeated Deep Thought, the prototype for Deep Blue
developed by IBM researchers in 1989, but he and other chess grandmasters
had, on occasion, lost to computers in games that lasted an hour or less.
The February 1996 contest was significant in that it represented the first
time a human and a computer had duked it out in a regulation, six-game
match, in which each player had two hours to make 40 moves, two hours to
finish the next 20 moves and then another 60 minutes to wrap up the game.
Kasparov, who was born in 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan, became the Soviet
Union's junior chess champion at age 13 and in 1985, at age 22, the youngest
world champ ever when he beat legendary Soviet player Anatoly Karpov.
Considered by many to be the greatest chess player in the history of the
game, Kasparov was known for his swashbuckling style of play and his ability
to switch tactics mid-game.
In 1997, a rematch took place between Kasparov and an enhanced Deep Blue.
Kasparov won the first game, the computer the second, with the next three
games a draw. On May 11, 1997, Deep Blue came out on top with a surprising
sixth game win--and the $700,000 match prize.
In 2003, Kasparov battled another computer program, "Deep Junior." The
match ended in a tie. Kasparov retired from professional chess in 2005.
Notes on game between enhanced Deep Blue and Kasparov
Chess experts said that Kasparov should been able to get a draw in the
sixth game. Kasparov resigned at move 19. When he heard about the enhanced
version he became anxious and nervous. After Gary lost, he claimed that IBM
got a grand master to help the enhanced Deep Blue beat him.
Final Score: enhanced Deep Blue 3.5 and Kasparov 2.5
Unlike the enhanced Deep Blue Kasparov became anxious and nervous during
the last game.
GAME 6 MOVES
Deep Blue (White)
versus
Kasparov (Black)
1. e4 c6
2. d4 d5
3. Nc3 dxe4
4. Nxe4 Nd7
5. Ng5 Nf6
6. Bd3 e6
7. N1f3 h6
8. Nxe6 Qe7
9. O-O fxe6
10. Bg6+ Kd8
11. Bf4 b5
12. a4 Bb7
13. Re1 Nd5
14. Bg3 Kc8
15. axb5 cxb5
16. Qd3 Bc6
17. Bf5 exf5
18. Rxe7 Bxe7
19. c4 black Resigns
Kasparov had begun the final game of the match with an odd Carocan
opening, a favorite of Kasparov’s arch-rival Anatoly Karpov, but something
Kasparov
would almost never use. He began to goad the computer to attack, hoping to
force it into a tactical blunder, but the opposite occurred. Kasparov,
playing
black, was forced into a knight sacrifice, something that gave him a
short-term advantage but resulted in an unfavorable position on the board.
After
that
he showed little willingness to go on.
“It is highly unusual for a project categorized as research to be
developed under such a cloak of secrecy,” said Daniel Sleator, a professor of
computer science at Carnegie Mellon University where Deep Blue was
created. “They have crossed the line from computer science research to
self-aggrandizing greed.”
The ill-will between Kasparov and the Deep Blue team had reached a fever
pitch Sunday when the New York Times reported that IBM had hired additional
Grandmasters to advise them over the last week and had denied their
assistance on the project.
“There could be more players on the bench that are too shy to show up,”
Kasparov said half-jokingly after the match. “Make IBM the player, not the
sponsor at the same time and we'll see what happens.”
Immediately speculation turned to a rematch, which Kasparov said he would
welcome but would want fairer terms to even the playing field.
“Enter competitive chess,” Kasparov said forcefully to the IBM
programmers (under the rules of competitive chess the computer would have to
make
its previous games available to other players and agree not to tweak the
machine throughout the course of the match — something it was allowed to do
in this showdown).
“Play competitive chess and we shall see if the machine is a prodigy, is a
unique piece, or it was a lot of human weaknesses shown in one particular
event. I personally assure you, everybody here, that if Deep Blue will
start playing competitive chess I'll tear it in pieces.”
Garry admits he's afraid of the machine.
The end happened on Round 6, Sunday May 11th.
Disaster: I could sense it already early that morning. In the two weeks we
had all been together in New York I had never seen Garry so tense. He
hardly spoke, and on the way to the site the mood was dark. When I saw the
game
start I really had a sinking feeling. In 19 moves it was all over, with
the world champion falling into a well-known openings trap.
There has been a lot of speculation on whether Garry went into the
disastrous opening line with his eyes open, or whether he had simply committed
a
"fingerfehler". How could this have happened? Well, you are going to have to
draw your own conclusions. I will merely lay out the evidence. For
starters I present the drama as it unfolded, with Garry making the decisive
moves.
Please note that I have time-stamped the sequence (hours:min:sec), so you
know exactly how it happened.
15:07:31 - Garry plays 6...e6.
15:07:39 - Joe Hoane plays 7.N1f3 for the machine.
15:09:05 - After 1 min 24 sec Garry plays 7...h6.
15:09:15 - Deep Blue plays 8.Nxe6 out of book. Garry shakes his head
bitterly and writes down the move.
15:09:28 - Garry plays 8...Qe7 without any further thought.
15:09:40 - Deep Blue castles.
15:09:44 - Garry plays 9.fxe6 à tempo.
15:09:52 - Joe Hoane tries to move the bishop from c1 to g6 realizing that
it is the other bishop and corrects the move.
15:10:01 - Garry moves his king out of check and sinks into deep despair.
The entire drama took just one minute to unfold.
What went through his mind, what caused him to play this line? There are
some answers to be found in the final discussion with Garry, given in the
last video sequence in this article.
Just over an hour later the world champion had resigned against the
computer. He came up to the press room to face the journalists and TV cameras.
Naturally I taped the entire press conference. Here are the highlights.
Real video: Garry quells the applause saying "I don't deserve it."
Real video:"It had nothing to do with science, there was only one goal: to
beat Garry Kasparov."
Video: "Deep Blue must now enter competitive chess! I guarantee that if
they do so under regular conditions I will personally tear it to pieces."
Video: "I want to understand how Deep Blue won the match, I want the
printouts". C.J.Tan promises to publish them in due time, Monty Newborne says
it
is impossible to repeat the moves in a system as complex as Deep Blue.
Video: "I cannot explain what happened today. I am a human being and
proved to be vulnerable."
Video: "In competitive chess there is no room for friendly relations. The
next time I'll play 1.e4 and 1...c5."
Real video: "My biggest mistakes were not to demand better conditions, and
to follow the advice of computer specialists who all recommended to play
these openings."
13. A final goodbye - Monday May 12th
On the day after the disastrous last round Daniel King and I had a final
lunch with Garry, in the Plaza Grill. Naturally the burning question Danny
had was what had happened in game six, how had he collapsed in this match?
Video: "I just lost my fighting spirit, after game five I was emptied
completely. But I would be proud to play games four and five in any
championship match."
Video: So how many players in the world could beat Deep Blue? Garry thinks
just four.
Video: Is there a great difference between Deep Blue and the micros? Garry
tells us that even the strongest micro program in the world is no problem
for him.
Finally the question of questions: Why did he play 7...h6 in game six and
collapse in the match? The answer in full length - draw your own
conclusions.
Real video: "I didn't want to play. I was sorry about my decision to play
h6. Normally computers don't take on e6."
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