Hi John, In your world—that is mass-produced consumer products, the pragmatic view has to be that the Pb-ban is a fact of life. And with these products it is a fact of life. But what do I tell a client with a 24-layer 250-mil thick PCB with 4 power- and ground-layers who has to put BGAs on it. They do not fall under RoHS. They do not sell in the EU, China, Japan, Korea, etc. What I tell them is to re-ball to Sn37 AND use vapor phase—works like a charm. That is why people develop these systems to re-coat, re-ball, etc., because there is a market for it, that cannot be met with Pb-free solders [they do not want to go the Bi- or In-route]. See you in London at NEW. Werner Future workshops: Reliability Issues with Lead-Free Soldering Processes, June 17, London Interconnect Failures and Design for Reliability for PCB PTHs, June 17, London Pb-Free Soldering Processes—Survival, Quality, Reliability, August 18, Orlando Reliability Issues with Lead-Free Soldering Processes, September 22, Schaumburg Failure Mode and Root Cause Analyses Reliability (Fatigue, Brittle Fracture, ENIG), September 22, Schaumburg ************** Get trade secrets for amazing burgers. Watch "Cooking with Tyler Florence" on AOL Food. (http://food.aol.com/tyler-florence?video=4?& NCID=aolfod00030000000002)