Hello, Shaohua, By definition, voltage and current sources (both independent and controlled sources) are active components. SPICE3 supports non-linear controlled sources through the B element. http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Classes/IcBook/SPICE/UserGuide/elements_fr.htm l The best place to start is the manual for your particular SPICE tool (for example, the P element is not used in SPICE3). Please give special attention to how non-linear sources (especially controlled ones) are modeled for AC vs DC analysis. Best regards, Lynne "IBIS training when you need it, where you need it." Dr. Lynne Green Green Streak Programs http://www.greenstreakprograms.com 425-788-0412 lgreen22@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx -----Original Message----- From: si-list-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:si-list-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Shaohua Li Sent: Monday, November 26, 2007 12:26 AM To: si-list@xxxxxxxxxxxxx Subject: [SI-LIST] understanding voltage and current controlled sources in SPICE My understanding for voltage and current controlled sources in SPICE are they are passive and linear. They will not change S parameter simulation defined by P elements using different ac and dc options in P elements. I am wondering if my understanding is correct. Your comments are sincerely appreciated. Shaohua ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List technical documents are available at: http://www.si-list.net List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu