Hello, Karan, A lumped model is only useful as long as the length (delay) of each lumped section is much shorter than the length (Tr,Tf) of the signal transition. A distributed model is valid at much faster edge rates and higher clock frequencies than a lumped model. There are good models for lossy transmission lines in the literature. All of the SI tools that I am familiar with use distributed (transmission line) models. Any good undergraduate text on transmission line theory would be a good place to start. There are closed-form solutions that are sufficiently accurate for hand-calculations. Numeric field solvers provide improved accuracy over the equations. Best regards, Lynne Lynne Green Cadence Design Systems Date: Sat, 13 Sep 2003 02:30:36 -0700 (PDT) From: karan bagga <kbagga31@xxxxxxxxx> Subject: [SI-LIST] lumped vs distributed Hi Experts =20 What are the advantages of distributed modelling over lumped modelling ? Do present PCB CAD companies provide/extract Lumped or distributed models for transmission lines/pcb traces ? =20 Any reference on how can I do a distributed modelling of transmission line ? =20 Thanks & Regards Karan ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu