Hi Aaditya, In return loss, there can be a standing wave, even if there small discontinuities across the line. The standing wave has peaks and troughs spaced at lambda/2 apart. If you map it frequency domain, you will get those frequency points. It won't be there in insertion loss, but in S21 plot, I guess you have used term insertion loss for S21. Consider a lossless situation, S21 is nothing but sqrt (1 - S11^2). So you will see the effect of S11 peaks and troughs in S11 graph also. Regards Naresh -----Original Message----- From: si-list-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:si-list-bounce@xxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Aaditya Kandibanda Sent: Friday, July 13, 2012 10:04 PM To: si-list@xxxxxxxxxxxxx Subject: [SI-LIST] Peaks and Nulls in spectral density Hello Experts, Why are there peaks and nulls in spectral density and in insertion/return loss measurement graphs? Thanks and regards Aaditya. ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List forum is accessible at: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List forum is accessible at: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu