Bob Pease wrote about this in some of his columns. Jim Williams discusses this in one of the LT app notes. Keithley's white papers, app notes &c discuss these issues. Start with Keithley's low level measurements, then proceed as you see fit. But start with Keithley -- they've been doing electrometers since vacuum tube days. Specifics: 1) on board a) clean b) use guard electrodes and driven shields on cabling 2) if possible "air wire" sensitive connections 3) teflon, PTFE 4) clean (brought up again, clean repeatedly, by several methods) 5) surface prep and cleaning for VACUUM use will also be useful at reducing leakage -- so at http://www.tubebooks.org/technical_books_online.htm in particular !!! these are direct download links, clicking on them WILL START A DOWNLOAD: http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/Atwood/Kohl%201960%20Materials%20and%20Techniques%20for%20Electron%20Tubes.pdf http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/kohl_materials.pdf http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/Kohl_1951.djvu and http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/intro_RCA_1962_Electron_Tube_Design.pdf http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/intro_RCA_1940_Vacuum_Tube_Design.pdf There is more, but ... e-mail for more specifics if you want. Sincerely Kevin ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List technical documents are available at: http://www.si-list.net List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu