Hi New Bee .......nice name ...make sure u change it after few years ;-= ) ... I agree to Scott & Craig... Well I guess we are all passing on the same= info in our own ways right... This is what I think about 90deg bends.. Abrupt signal endings ie. discontinuities changes the signal impedance abruptly(Discontinuities can be sharp bends on the trace or at vias thr= ough board.) At bends on the trace, the cross-sectional area increases,and Z0 decrea= ses. It is possible to compensate for the bend by cutting the trace.The cut = is chosen so that the resulting diagonal is equal to the trace width. This= minimizes the delta in cross-sectional area, as well as the discontinuity.The vertical run of metal between layers is an uncontroll= ed impedance, and the more of these there are, the greater is the overall amount of uncontrolled impedance in the line. This contributes to reflections. Also, the 90=B0 bend from horizontal to vertical is a discontinuity that generates reflections. If vias cannot be avoided,use= as few as possible. As Scott said, we could account for a 1 or 2 pico seconds delay in our board, well explained by Scott. There doesnt seem to be any signal integrity issues in time domain.The impedance changes are not measurable even on a 3GHz BW N/W analyzer. Th= e velocity of propagation of the signal is oblivious to the discontinuity= unless the signals are in upper GHz freq and the edge rates are faster = than 10ps - 15 ps. Same is the case with frequency domain - not much emissions are measure= d in frequency domain also. The discontinuities within component packages , connector pin-outs, layer jumping of routed traces, vias etc in transmission lines will radiate at levels that far exceeds the ones due= to 90 degree bends. (Steve.. Pls correct me if I am wrong!!!) Regards, Sreeja S Pillai Engineer - Hardware SCM Microsystems ( India ) Pvt. Ltd. = ------------------------------------------------------------------ To unsubscribe from si-list: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'unsubscribe' in the Subject field or to administer your membership from a web page, go to: //www.freelists.org/webpage/si-list For help: si-list-request@xxxxxxxxxxxxx with 'help' in the Subject field List FAQ wiki page is located at: http://si-list.org/wiki/wiki.pl?Si-List_FAQ List technical documents are available at: http://www.si-list.org List archives are viewable at: //www.freelists.org/archives/si-list or at our remote archives: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/si-list/messages Old (prior to June 6, 2001) list archives are viewable at: http://www.qsl.net/wb6tpu