I don't think we can blame the outcross stud either. Some dogs from across the ocean or across the U.S. and not related at all carry the same genetic flaw we might be trying to rid ourselves of plus carry something totally new to us. There is no guarantee with any breeding. Breeders have to come from "tough stock" themselves. <G> Unfortunately there is no safety net!! Carolyn marhaven@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx www.Marhaven.com It's all a crap shoot, even when you know the lines. I bred my first homebred bitch, Ch Awlful Good of Edan CD, TC ROM four times. The first and second litter were outcrosses, the last two, she was bred to her grandson. The first outcross produced no problems, nothing. Everything lived to be old old old. The 2nd litter to a Select Champion produced four puppies, two with bad elbows, two with bad hips. If I had gotten that in her first litter, I would never had bred her again. Her last two litters produced no problems. She was the dam of three ROM daughters, none of whom ever produced a bad elbow and quite a few were x-rayed. She also lived to be fourteen. Ann Home of Sel Ex # 6 Ch Maxwell, Sel Ex Ch Gilley and #1 Dam Muggles - owner/breeder of 69 champions and 19 ROMs ----- Original Message ----- From: Kate Syssoloff -faults in an outcross? Dogs don't have to be related to carry the same problem! You can double up on the same genetic problems when outcrossing.....and as with doubling u>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> What's interesting, is that the in-breeding that you have done.... this way.... that way... resulting is fine animals (not doubling up on illness, faults or poor temperament).... Can go to hell in a hand basket when outcrossing. Where the hell did the poor trait come from if it wasn't rearing it's ugly head in all the fine in-bred litters you did? Would the out-cross stud be dominant for this poor trait, then? This is a fun topic/ Kate ============================================================================ POST is Copyrighted 2008. All material remains the property of the original author and of GSD Communication, Inc. NO REPRODUCTIONS or FORWARDS of any kind are permitted without prior permission of the original author AND of the Showgsd-l Management. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALL PERSONS ARE ON NOTICE THAT THE FORWARDING, REPRODUCTION OR USE IN ANY MANNER OF ANY MATERIAL WHICH APPEARS ON SHOWGSD-L WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PERMISSION OF ALL PARTIES TO THE POST AND THE LIST MANAGEMENT IS EXPRESSLY FORBIDDEN, AND IS A VIOLATION OF LAW. VIOLATORS OF THIS PROHIBITION WILL BE PROSECUTED. For assistance, please contact the List Management at admin@xxxxxxxxxxxx VISIT OUR WEBSITE - http://showgsd.org NATIONAL BLOG - http://gsdnational.blogspot.com/ ============================================================================