Kim, > Are there known circumstances where the optimizer does NOT choose > the lowest cost, even though same query with a hint CAN produce a > plan with a lower cost? In my humble opinion, that because desired plan branch was not analyzed by CBO because of transformation(optimizer choose another branch on previous steps), but when you hinted it, CBO chose right branch. It's quite often reason, for example a couple days ago i had issue on 11.2.0.3 with join_elimination: test case - https://gist.github.com/xtender/f0871ffa99b1413232e6 -- Best regards, Sayan Malakshinov http://orasql.org