Eac> If they really wanted to help with their families back Eac> home, financially, perhaps working in their own system to change Eac> it might be of even greater benefit than to the few they help by Eac> sending home their wages.. The history of emigration from Southern Italy to the US and from (to take a case I know even better) Wales to England suggests not. (Admittedly of course the Welsh took their nuclear family with them, or were able to return, marry, return to England with their spouse.) ("?", you say. Wales is a poor country, people left it to get jobs.) Sorry. Why does it suggest not? Because the problems in Southern Italy appeared, then, fairly intractable. I add that I am a "free immigrationist" and don't see why people should even be encouraged to stay in their own country, work down the mines in Wales, starve in Italy. And while the UK has never held out a promise to immigrants, really -- except when Enoch Powell did.. -- the US has: "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. mailto:judithevans001@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html