m. donal mcevoy is exactly on target. Kant's interest (beside historical relevance) is precisely that he rejects any "collapse" of the idea of x with x. his (very strong) empiricist bent pushes him to search for a way, often unstable --I'd suggest--, to provide real accounts of what "appears to be the case". The easy way to test the relevance of this is negation. While phenomenal (experiential in this terminolgy) knowledge will always tell you that the apple in front of the eyes was green, experience does not/cannot tell anything about the fact that it was not purple. The even more telling fact is that to the extent one takes science seriously (Kant took very, very seriously geometry and Newtonian physics) then while one could (almost) see series of events (ball xe hits ball ye and ye moves etc.) and never ever see causality facts (of the form of inertial cases, and countless others); why? because being a causal relation entails a property of being necessary (if even one ball would not move, then we are all wrong about the alleged causal facts) and necessities are never ever phenomemal. compare and constrast: nothing experientially shows an act to be free, and yet, Kant argues, nobody is able to even describe the possibility of acting, let alone acting according to laws of morality, without the doubtful notion of free act. Kant if wrong, was wrong in interesting ways. best Palma apg Philosophy Howard college Ph 27 03 12 60 15 91