evidently the issue is not settled by any use. if the question is a question of logical validity, why not rely on logic? if the issue is to be a question on the so-called semantics of natural terms (how people use 'valid') certainly you make very valid contributions to a hopeless cause happy new year On Tue, 25 Dec 2007, John McCreery wrote: > A Google search for "define: Valid" yields the following result. > ----- > > Definitions of *valid* on the Web: > > - well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force; "a valid > inference"; "a valid argument"; "a valid contract"; "a valid license" > - still legally acceptable; "the license is still valid" > > wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=0&oi=define&q=http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn%3Fs%3Dvalid&usg=AFQjCNG8JbP6yppNRxqupqXtkvVmOpzUSw> > > - In logic, the form of an argument is valid precisely if it cannot > lead from true premises to a false conclusion. An argument is said to be > valid if, in every model in which all premises are true, the conclusion is > true. ... > en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valid > > <http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=2&oi=define&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valid&usg=AFQjCNE4N8cW_r3wrOtnL6DYuOx079Lbrg> > > - Legally binding; authorized. > > www.titlecorockies.com/dictionary_v.htm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=3&oi=define&q=http://www.titlecorockies.com/dictionary_v.htm&usg=AFQjCNE8kGs0VeC3KBMHhYpqacOw2dWkrg> > > - Time at which the weather data was received. In the case of a > forecast, time at which the forecast applies. > www.intellicast.com/Help/Glossary.aspx > > <http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=4&oi=define&q=http://www.intellicast.com/Help/Glossary.aspx&usg=AFQjCNFiQOkTb_xRqJ3dVgJw4FOKlfP1rw> > > - Of taxonomic names and epithets: Published in accordance with > several articles of the Code of Nomenclature; such names may be legitimate > or illegitimate. (22) > > www.plantpath.cornell.edu/glossary/Defs_V.htm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=5&oi=define&q=http://www.plantpath.cornell.edu/glossary/Defs_V.htm&usg=AFQjCNHAHPhk5RT_lWFVKpBk57eF1fJ5fw> > > - Certificate of Insurance valid > > apps01.metrokc.gov/www6/ddes/scripts/perminfo.cfm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=6&oi=define&q=http://apps01.metrokc.gov/www6/ddes/scripts/perminfo.cfm%3Frpt%3D2&usg=AFQjCNFAmZyqNC3hkOZT5SuFikbuU-Xy4w> > > - An XML document that is verified correct against a DTD or schema. > Create a Valid XML Document valid glossary entry > > webdesign.about.com/library/weekly/aa070102a.htm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=7&oi=define&q=http://webdesign.about.com/library/weekly/aa070102a.htm&usg=AFQjCNFDBjCV2_z4O6aEgF9q55lrYPPOGA> > > - Based on proper procedures, a valid approach will lead to the > correct solution of a problem. > www.numbernut.com/glossary/v.shtml > > <http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=8&oi=define&q=http://www.numbernut.com/glossary/v.shtml&usg=AFQjCNH9HyMzcd4PUzbi_A6Iw13OEBdBkw> > > - Produces or relates to the intended results or goal. > > www.nmlites.org/standards/language/glossary.html<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=9&oi=define&q=http://www.nmlites.org/standards/language/glossary.html&usg=AFQjCNE2C2f3Pr2FsYJ3v20egWX4JcU6mQ> > > - A valid proof (or statement) is one in which all the arguments > leading up to it are correct within the logie of the system being used. > > ddi.cs.uni-potsdam.de/Lehre/TuringLectures/MathNotions.htm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=10&oi=define&q=http://ddi.cs.uni-potsdam.de/Lehre/TuringLectures/MathNotions.htm&usg=AFQjCNHWjiIO7orUx2dwslUXjU4ffXy3rw> > > - Being complete, accurate and reasonable 113 . > > www.usq.edu.au/planstats/Docs/GlossaryTerms.doc<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=11&oi=define&q=http://www.usq.edu.au/planstats/Docs/GlossaryTerms.doc&usg=AFQjCNE_ig2MsQGrSmCWxrjD13-TXyNCLQ> > > - a condition that is legally sufficient; that will be upheld by the > courts. > www.tdsf.com/foregloss.htm > > <http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=12&oi=define&q=http://www.tdsf.com/foregloss.htm&usg=AFQjCNHdodCyHbo8gtlBIzms_p2AUauWMg> > > - Having legal force. This means that if a property title is valid > then it is effective or binding by law. > > www.canequity.com/mortgage-resources/<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=13&oi=define&q=http://www.canequity.com/mortgage-resources/%3Fv%2BD&usg=AFQjCNHtaal2MCvsOwdvIyr8Fb9p8xkESA> > > - Term of appraisal applying to arguments. An argument is valid if the > truth of the premise(s) really does warrant us in asserting the truth of > the > conclusion. ... > > www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/guide/glossary.shtml<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=14&oi=define&q=http://www.abdn.ac.uk/philosophy/guide/glossary.shtml&usg=AFQjCNF2bAusgvclwAzzKl4qYx-Fwl0Yhg> > > - "valid" means issued in accordance with the applicable law or > validated under section 97. > > www.canlii.org/ca/sta/b-1.01/sec81.html<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=15&oi=define&q=http://www.canlii.org/ca/sta/b-1.01/sec81.html&usg=AFQjCNFhXLUy5ik2dhyz1sAarbvyMtMLfA> > > - Research is valid if it represents the world as it really is. > > www.barrycomp.com/bhs/guide/key_terms.html<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=16&oi=define&q=http://www.barrycomp.com/bhs/guide/key_terms.html&usg=AFQjCNFgY-9dtvNerRjFj7FJjP_jW8emuQ> > > - A binding situation that is authorized and enforceable by law. > > centapoint.com/Support/Glossary_Pages/V_Page.htm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=17&oi=define&q=http://centapoint.com/Support/Glossary_Pages/V_Page.htm&usg=AFQjCNEq933DTbGYRa25WEQBAcGlAHVLQQ> > > - The Quotation is valid for 30 days only. > > www.a1-plating.co.uk/index_files/Page707.htm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=18&oi=define&q=http://www.a1-plating.co.uk/index_files/Page707.htm&usg=AFQjCNHG5X9QW2b6OqUTLN1NHOpZ_iFpvw> > > - Having force or binding force; legally sufficient and authorized by > law. > > www.realestatemanitoba.com/glossary.htm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=19&oi=define&q=http://www.realestatemanitoba.com/glossary.htm&usg=AFQjCNGgmaKOHsawbP7gEFbDgzh8qMjaRg> > > - In logic, the term used to indicate that the conclusion follows > deductively and necessarily from the propositions of an argument, although > the conclusion may not be true. A property of arguments: being such that > the > truth of the premises guarantees or necessitates the truth of the > conclusion. > > www.rodsmith.org.uk/philosophy%20glossary/philosophy%20glossaryU-Z.htm<http://www.google.com/url?sa=X&start=20&oi=define&q=http://www.rodsmith.org.uk/philosophy%2520glossary/philosophy%2520glossaryU-Z.htm&usg=AFQjCNFV6NJ44mKuRK_2sQQpEa3CCBP-uA> > > ----------------- > As Robert Paul points out logic provides an exceptionally clear and definite > description of validity, which appears in both the third and the last of the > definitions to which Google points us. > > One can, of course, simply assert that the logical definition of validity is > the only one that counts and, going further, regard this definition of > validity as an absolute dividing line between logic and the illogical. This > is, for example, the force as I read them of palma's remarks in re > Bourdieu. > > Alternatively, we might begin by observing that the majority of these > definitions evoke the notion that validity is, in essence, a procedural > issue. There exists a procedure P, governed by a set of rules {r1, r2....}, > such that for a given set of initial conditions {c1, c2....}, there is some > outcome that satisfies the rules in question. The use of the procedure may > then be described as valid. This model applies equally to logic and to the > other legal and scientific usages mentioned in our list. > > So long as we speak hypothetically, we evade, however, the problems that > confront interpretations or explanations in terms of rules in particular > (concrete? empirical?) situations--the problems identified by Wittgenstein > in the following passage from _Philosophical Investigations_ cited by > Bourdieu in _The Logic of Practice_: > > "What do I call 'the rule by which he proceeds'??The hypothesis that > satisfactorily describes his use of words, which we observe; or the rule > which he looks up when he uses signs; or the one which he gives us in reply > when we ask what his rule is? --But if observation does not enable us to see > any clear rule, and the question brings none to light?--For he did indeed > give me a definition when I asked him what he understood by 'N', but he was > prepared to withdraw and alter it. So how am I to determine the rule > according to which he is playing? He does not know it himself. -- Or, to ask > a better question: What meaning is the expression 'the rule by which he > proceeds' supposed to have left to it here?" > > If we can neither infer the rules from our own observations or trust what we > are told are the rules, what do we do then? > > John (pleasantly muddled by turkey and nog as Christmas Day moves toward > midnight in Japan) > > > -- > John McCreery > The Word Works, Ltd., Yokohama, JAPAN > Tel. +81-45-314-9324 > http://www.wordworks.jp/ > off address: #201 West Building, Philosophy, Duke University box 90743, Durham, NC 27708 home ph#: [1] 9196881856 cellph#: [1[] 9195997065 (voicemail is available on said numbers) email palma@xxxxxxxx ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html