Malcolm's "Wittgenstein" -- how faithful to the original? R. Paul quotes: >'I can see you know nothing about rocks.' [Wittgenstein, as quoted by Norman >Malcolm] Malcolm's apocriphal quote reminds me of Humpty Dumpty (in Lewis Carroll, "Through the looking glass"), and makes me wonder if Wittgenstein was a behaviourist (or else Malcolm is misquoting). The Humpty Dumpty quote: `In winter, when the fields are white, I sing this song for your delight -- "Only I don't sing it,' he added, as an explanation. 'I see you don't,' said Alice. `If you can see whether I'm singing or not, you've sharper eyes than most,' Humpty Dumpty remarked severely. Alice was silent." The Wittgenstein quote: "I can see you know nothing about rocks". Different emphasis: b. "I can _see_ you know nothing about rocks". c. "I can _see_ you _know_ nothing about rocks." For Gettier (and Plato, etc), to 'know' is a _spiritual_ thing, while 'see' is a physiological thing (at least for Aristotle). One solution is that 'see' is used _figuratively_. Note Wittgenstein's guardedness -- reported: "I _can_ see (you know nothing about rocks), rather than "I _do_ see you know nothing about rocks"). If one wants to be more pedantic: there's the extra problem that what Wittgenstein reported _could_ see was a totally negative _fact_ (to wit: that Malcolm knew nothing about rocks). Cheers, J. L. ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html