I don't mean to nit-pick, he said, preparing to pick several, but the conquest of France in 1940 does not represent the success of a new paradigm; it represents the conquest of organization (German) over muddle and timidity (French and British) ____ Robert's right of course. And the last two war-paradigms--nuclear and information--have never, fortunately, been tested. "Fixed lines opposing each other" was also a characteristic of the Franco-Prussian War, until Napoleon III screwed it up. In my opinion, the only real 20th century innovation is Blitzkrieg. The Iraq War for example was Blitzkrieg-with-smart-bombs. So one answer to RK's WWI slaughter question is that so much slaughter ensued because that's how Europeans fought at the time. ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html