Lawrence: "One can now plausibly argue that there is no such thing as militant Islam, just a few blustering petty warlords who can be sufficiently cowed to keep them from causing too much trouble. And of course there are the "Jihadists" who are causing considerable trouble, but there aren't that many of them - so goes the arguments of Roy, Kepel and Fukuyama. I don't agree with this argument, but I think it a serious and interesting one. So about this war we are conducting we can say it is prudent (if the U.S. administration is correct in its assessment as I believe it is) or a mistake (if Fukuyama, Roy & Kepel are correct), but we cannot with plausibility (in my opinion) argue that we are engaged in war of empire." Conversely, if the US administration is (i), incorrect in its assessment, or worse (ii), knowingly false in its assessment, that is, there are few Islamists, then we must look at other motivations, including one of modern imperialism in the sense of seeking to expand markets for capital investment. In a related matter, it will be interesting to monitor the US administration's reactions to Venezuela's appropriation of the oil fields. Regards Simon