>> Ultimately, we can only attribute free will after the fact and only after considering the context. But if I cannot be certain whether another person has made their choice according to a free will, without reference to a larger context, what makes me certain that I understand the choices I am making as I am making them? As a writer, this strikes me as unfair to the narrative. Place Kant's "starry heavens above and moral law within" off to the side somewhere. Rather than going down the path Phil suggests (Diogenes with lamp, this time asking people who he is), address, instead, the question of certainty. How much certainty would be required to understand the choices I or another person makes? Do we really need a God's-eye view of certainty? Do we need to stand outside the narrative of which we are a part in order to makes reasonable judgments and actions? Modal factionalism could generate unlimited worlds in which our choices are mysteries. For example, God could have created the universe five minutes ago, complete with our memories of our pasts and our cultural heritage, set up to pose choices to us now. And yet we act. If the past isn't an illusion, we used reason to generate an abstract mathematical understanding of the universe that took us to the moon and back. We respond to posts as if they had been written by entities distinct from us. We seem to have intentions. In my opinion the universe has enough uncertainty to maintain mystery and surprise, but not enough to paralyze us...because that would be unfair to the narrative. Regards, Eric ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html