In a message dated 8/20/2013 6:53:35 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time, lawrencehelm@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx writes: recall reading something like that in a French work on linguistics called Parole (can’t recall the author). So, perhaps, a blurring of the two, written text and spoken word, is inevitable. Oops. I see that L. Helm did NOT mean Saussure. Still, I went to amazon and did an advanced search, Language: French, Title: Parole, and came up with a few hits including: La Parole Comme Acte: Sur La Grammaire Et La Semantique Au Xiiie Siecle (Sic Et Non) (French Edition) by Irene Rosier -- Then there's of course Austin. His "How to do things with words" applies mainly to the spoken medium, and some of his terminology can be intrusive if not irritating when thought of as applying to the 'written' (or 'graphic') medium, too: phatic, rhetic phemic acts within the illocution, say. Note, too, that Grice thinks that 'conversational implicatures' can occur in the written text. ----- This reminds me of (a) a cartoon I read today: SHOE: A: I don't understand this press release from sen. Belfry. B: It looks like his usual mumbo jumbo... Just read between the lines. ---- (b) Louis Armstrong. In "What a wonderful world" he goes: "I see trees of green, red roses too. I see them bloom, for me and you. ----> And I think to myself, what a wonderful world. I see skies of blue, And clouds of white. The bright blessed day, The dark sacred night. -----> And I think to myself, What a wonderful world. The colors of the rainbow, So pretty in the sky. Are also on the faces, Of people going by, I see friends shaking hands. Saying, "How do you do?" They're really saying, "I love you". I hear babies cry, I watch them grow, They'll learn much more, Than I'll ever know. ----> And I think to myself, What a wonderful world. Yes, I think to myself, What a wonderful world. Oh yeah." One may wonder about 'thinking to oneself'. Note that "I talked to myself" sounds cryptic. Grice refers to 'meaning', 'thinking', and 'talking' in one of his seldom-read William James lectures on conversation: Number 7 -- and it may relate. It may available in googlebooks.com The reference to Gardiner in my previous post related to the idea that Saussure's thinking that there is a 'langue' AND a 'parole' is too Platonistic to be true. And L. Helm is right about the 'hermeneutic' use of 'text' to mean almost anything (Well, L. Helm refers to 'text' to cover both 'graphic' and 'aural' or 'phonic'). Cheers, Speranza ------------------------------------------------------------------ To change your Lit-Ideas settings (subscribe/unsub, vacation on/off, digest on/off), visit www.andreas.com/faq-lit-ideas.html